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Kaur K, Mohammadpour R, Sturrock A, Ghandehari H, Reilly C, Paine R, Kelly KE. Comparison of biological responses between submerged, pseudo-air-liquid interface, and air-liquid interface exposure of A549 and differentiated THP-1 co-cultures to combustion-derived particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:540-551. [PMID: 35722658 PMCID: PMC9354920 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2083429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems are gaining interest, and studies suggest enhanced response of lung cells exposed to particles at ALI as compared to submerged exposure, although the results have been somewhat inconsistent. Previous studies have used monocultures and measured particle deposition using assumptions including consistent particle deposition, particle density, and shape. This study exposed co-cultures of A549 and differentiated THP-1 cells to flame-generated particles using three exposure methods: ALI, pseudo-ALI, and submerged. The dose at ALI was measured directly, reducing the need for assumptions about particle properties and deposition. For all exposure methods an enhanced pro-inflammatory response (TNFα) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) gene expression, compared to their corresponding negative controls, was observed. ALI exposure induced a significantly greater TNFα response compared to submerged exposure. The submerged exposures exhibited greater induction of CYP1A1 than other exposure methods, although not statistically significant. Some of the factors behind the observed difference in responses for the three exposure methods include differences in physicochemical properties of particles in suspending media, delivered dose, and potential contribution of gas-phase species to cellular response in ALI exposure. However, given the difficulty and expense of ALI exposures, submerged exposure may still provide relevant information for particulate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Raziye Mohammadpour
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anne Sturrock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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2
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Juarez-Facio AT, Castilla C, Corbière C, Lavanant H, Afonso C, Morin C, Merlet-Machour N, Chevalier L, Vaugeois JM, Yon J, Monteil C. Development of a standardized in vitro approach to evaluate microphysical, chemical, and toxicological properties of combustion-derived fine and ultrafine particles. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:104-117. [PMID: 34963520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles represent a growing concern in the public health community but their precise role in many illnesses is still unknown. This lack of knowledge is related to the experimental difficulty in linking their biological effects to their multiple properties, which are important determinants of toxicity. Our aim is to propose an interdisciplinary approach to study fine (FP) and ultrafine (UFP) particles, generated in a controlled manner using a miniCAST (Combustion Aerosol Standard) soot generator used with two different operating conditions (CAST1 and CAST3). The chemical characterization was performed by an untargeted analysis using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. In conjunction with this approach, subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). CAST1 enabled the generation of FP with a predominance of small PAH molecules, and CAST3 enabled the generation of UFP, which presented higher numbers of carbon atoms corresponding to larger PAH molecules. Healthy normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI) were directly exposed to these freshly emitted FP and UFP. Expression of MUC5AC, FOXJ1, OCLN and ZOI as well as microscopic observation confirmed the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial phenotype. Study of the mass deposition efficiency revealed a difference between the two operating conditions, probably due to the morphological differences between the two categories of particles. We demonstrated that only NHBE cells exposed to CAST3 particles induced upregulation in the gene expression of IL-8 and NQO1. This approach offers new perspectives to study FP and UFP with stable and controlled properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clément Castilla
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Hélène Lavanant
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Laurence Chevalier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM-UMR6634, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Jérôme Yon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France
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3
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Guénette J, Breznan D, Thomson EM. Establishing an air-liquid interface exposure system for exposure of lung cells to gases. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:80-89. [PMID: 35212581 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2039332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing interest in non-animal-based models has led to the development of devices to expose cells to airborne substances. Cells/tissues grown at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are more representative of lung cells/tissues in vivo compared to submerged cell cultures. Additionally, airborne exposures should allow for closer modeling of human lung toxicity. However, such exposures present technical challenges, including maintaining optimal cell health, and establishing consistent exposure monitoring and control. We aimed to establish a reliable system and procedures for cell exposures to gases at the ALI. METHODS We tested and adapted a horizontal-flow ALI-exposure system to verify and optimize temperature, humidity/condensation, and control of atmosphere delivery. We measured temperature and relative humidity (RH) throughout the system, including at the outlet (surrogate measures) and at the well, and evaluated viability of lung epithelial A549 cells under control conditions. Exposure stability, dosimetry, and toxicity were tested using ozone. RESULTS Temperatures measured directly above wells vs. outflow differed; using above-well temperature enabled determination of near-well RH. Under optimized conditions, the viability of A549 cells exposed to clean air (2 h) in the ALI system was unchanged from incubator-grown cells. In-well ozone levels, determined through reaction with potassium indigotrisulfonate, confirmed dosing. Cells exposed to 200 ppb ozone at the ALI presented reduced viability, while submerged cells did not. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring near-well conditions rather than relying on surrogate measures. Rigorous assessment of ALI exposure conditions led to procedures for reproducible exposure of cells to gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Guénette
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1H 8M5
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Petersen EJ, Sharma M, Clippinger AJ, Gordon J, Katz A, Laux P, Leibrock LB, Luch A, Matheson J, Stucki AO, Tentschert J, Bierkandt FS. Use of Cause-and-Effect Analysis to Optimize the Reliability of In Vitro Inhalation Toxicity Measurements Using an Air-Liquid Interface. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1370-1385. [PMID: 34097823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro inhalation toxicology methods are increasingly being used for research and regulatory purposes. Although the opportunity for increased human relevance of in vitro inhalation methods compared to in vivo tests has been established and discussed, how to systematically account for variability and maximize the reliability of these in vitro methods, especially for assays that use cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI), has received less attention. One tool that has been used to evaluate the robustness of in vitro test methods is cause-and-effect (C&E) analysis, a conceptual approach to analyze key sources of potential variability in a test method. These sources of variability can then be evaluated using robustness testing and potentially incorporated into in-process control measurements in the assay protocol. There are many differences among in vitro inhalation test methods including the use of different types of biological test systems, exposure platforms/conditions, substances tested, and end points, which represent a major challenge for use in regulatory testing. In this manuscript, we describe how C&E analysis can be applied using a modular approach based on the idea that shared components of different test methods (e.g., the same exposure system is used) have similar sources of variability even though other components may differ. C&E analyses of different in vitro inhalation methods revealed a common set of recommended exposure systems and biological in-process control measurements. The approach described here, when applied in conjunction with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) criteria, should help improve the inter- and intralaboratory agreement of in vitro inhalation test results, leading to increased confidence in these methods for regulatory and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J Petersen
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John Gordon
- United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Aaron Katz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars B Leibrock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Matheson
- United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank S Bierkandt
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Kaur K, Overacker D, Ghandehari H, Reilly C, Paine R, Kelly KE. Determining real-time mass deposition with a quartz crystal microbalance in an electrostatic, parallel-flow, air-liquid interface exposure system. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2021; 151:105653. [PMID: 33012843 PMCID: PMC7529104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies are the first step toward understanding the biological effects of particulate matter. As a more realistic exposure strategy than submerged culture approaches, air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are gaining interest. One challenge with ALI systems is determining accurate particle mass deposition. Although a few commercially available ALI systems are equipped with online mass deposition monitoring, most studies use indirect methods to estimate mass doses. These different indirect methods may contribute to inconsistencies in the results from in vitro studies of aerosolized nanoparticles. This study explored the effectiveness of using a commercially available Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) to estimate the real-time, particle-mass deposition inside an electrostatic, parallel-flow, ALI system. The QCM system required minor modifications, including custom-designed and fabricated headers. Three QCM systems were simultaneously placed in three of the six wells in the ALI exposure chamber to evaluate the uniformity of particle deposition. The measurements from fluorescein dosimetry and QCM revealed an uneven deposition between these six wells. The performance of the QCM system was also evaluated using two different methods. First, using fluorescein deposition in one well, depositions in three other wells were estimated, which was then compared to the actual QCM readings. Second, using the QCM measured deposition in one well, the deposition in three other wells was estimated and compared to deposition measured by fluorescein dosimetry. For both methods, the expected and actual deposition yields a linear fit with the slope ~1. This good fit suggests that QCM systems can be used to measure real-time mass deposition in an electrostatic ALI system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Kerry E Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
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6
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Ward RX, Tilly TB, Mazhar SI, Robinson SE, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Wang J, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Mimicking the human respiratory system: Online in vitro cell exposure for toxicity assessment of welding fume aerosol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122687. [PMID: 32330784 PMCID: PMC7276288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In assessing the biological impact of airborne particles in vitro, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure chambers are increasingly preferred over classical submerged exposure techniques, albeit historically limited by their inability to deliver sufficient aerosolized dose. A novel ALI system, the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), bioinspired by the human respiratory system, uses water-based condensation for highly efficient aerosol deposition to ALI cell culture. Here, welding fumes (well-studied and inherently toxic ultrafine particles) were used to assess the ability of DAVID to generate toxicological responses between differing welding conditions. After fume exposure, ALI-cultured cells showed reductions in viability that were both distinct between welding conditions and linearly dose-dependent with respect to exposure time; comparatively, submerged cell cultures ran in parallel did not show these trends across exposure levels. DAVID delivers a substantial dose in minutes (> 100 μg/cm2), making it preferable over previous ALI systems, which require hours of exposure to deliver sufficient dose, and over submerged techniques, which lack comparable physiological relevance. DAVID has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of in vitro toxicity yet from the perspectives of physiological relevance to the human respiratory system and efficiency in collecting ultrafine aerosol common to hazardous exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan X Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Trevor B Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Syeda Irsa Mazhar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Female Campus, Room No. 23, Hazrat Maryam Block, H-10 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah E Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 Northeast 13thSt, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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7
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New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062124. [PMID: 32210027 PMCID: PMC7143849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution consists of highly variable and complex mixtures recognized as major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vast number of chemicals, coupled with limitations surrounding epidemiological and animal studies, has necessitated the development of new approach methods (NAMs) to evaluate air pollution toxicity. These alternative approaches include in vitro (cell-based) models, wherein toxicity of test atmospheres can be evaluated with increased efficiency compared to in vivo studies. In vitro exposure systems have recently been developed with the goal of evaluating air pollutant-induced toxicity; though the specific design parameters implemented in these NAMs-based studies remain in flux. This review aims to outline important design parameters to consider when using in vitro methods to evaluate air pollutant toxicity, with the goal of providing increased accuracy, reproducibility, and effectiveness when incorporating in vitro data into human health evaluations. This review is unique in that experimental considerations and lessons learned are provided, as gathered from first-hand experience developing and testing in vitro models coupled to exposure systems. Reviewed design aspects include cell models, cell exposure conditions, exposure chambers, and toxicity endpoints. Strategies are also discussed to incorporate in vitro findings into the context of in vivo toxicity and overall risk assessment.
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8
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Tilly TB, Nelson MT, Chakravarthy KB, Shira EA, Debrose MC, Grabinski CM, Salisbury RL, Mattie DR, Hussain SM. In Vitro Aerosol Exposure to Nanomaterials: From Laboratory to Environmental Field Toxicity Testing. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1179-1194. [PMID: 31809042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nanomaterials (NMs) is inevitable, requiring robust toxicological assessment to understand potential environmental and human health effects. NMs are favored in many applications because of their small size; however, this allows them to easily aerosolize and, subsequently, expose humans via inhalation. Toxicological assessment of NMs by conventional methods in submerged cell culture is not a relevant way to assess inhalation toxicity of NMs because of particle interference with bioassays and changes in particokinetics when dispersed in medium. Therefore, an in vitro aerosol exposure chamber (AEC) was custom designed and used for direct deposition of NMs from aerosols in the environment to the air-liquid interface of lung cells. Human epithelial lung cell line, A549, was used to assess the toxicity of copper, nickel, and zinc oxide nanopowders aerosolized by acoustic agitation in laboratory study. Post optimization, the AEC was used in the field to expose the A549 cells to NM aerosols generated from firing a hand gun and rifle. Toxicity was assessed using nondestructive assays for cell viability and inflammatory response, comparing the biologic effect to the delivered mass dose measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The nanopowder exposure to submerged and ALI cells resulted in dose-dependent toxicity. In the field, weapon exhaust from the M4 reduced cell viability greater than the M9, while the M9 stimulated inflammatory cytokine release of IL-8. This study highlights the use of a portable chamber with the capability to assess toxicity of NM aerosols exposed to air-liquid interface in vitro lung cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B Tilly
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - M Tyler Nelson
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Karthik B Chakravarthy
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Emily A Shira
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Madeline C Debrose
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christin M Grabinski
- Force Health Branch, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Richard L Salisbury
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - David R Mattie
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Saber M Hussain
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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Tilly TB, Ward RX, Luthra JK, Robinson S, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Lewis GS, Salisbury RL, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood TL, Hussain SM, Wu CY. Condensational particle growth device for reliable cell exposure at the air-liquid interface to nanoparticles. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:1415-1428. [PMID: 33033421 PMCID: PMC7540808 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1659938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A first-of-its-kind aerosol exposure device for toxicity testing, referred to as the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), was evaluated for its ability to deliver airborne nanoparticles to lung cells grown as air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures. For inhalation studies, ALI lung cell cultures exposed to airborne nanoparticles have more relevancy than the same cells exposed in submerged culture because ALI culture better represents the respiratory physiology and consequently more closely reflect cellular response to aerosol exposure. In DAVID, water condensation grows particles as small as 5 nm to droplets sized > 5 μm for inertial deposition at low flow rates. The application of DAVID for nanotoxicity analysis was evaluated by measuring the amount and variability in the deposition of uranine nanoparticles and then assessing the viability of ALI cell cultures exposed to clean-air under the same operational conditions. The results showed a low coefficient of variation, < 0.25, at most conditions, and low variability in deposition between the exposure wells, trials, and operational flow rates. At an operational flow rate of 4 LPM, no significant changes in cell viability were observed, and minimal effects observed at 6 LPM. The reliable and gentle deposition mechanism of DAVID makes it advantageous for nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan X. Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jiva K. Luthra
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Richard L. Salisbury
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tara L. Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Zavala J, Ledbetter AD, Morgan DS, Dailey LA, Puckett E, McCullough SD, Higuchi M. A new cell culture exposure system for studying the toxicity of volatile chemicals at the air-liquid interface. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:169-177. [PMID: 30086657 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1483983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A cell culture exposure system (CCES) was developed to expose cells established at an air-liquid interface (ALI) to volatile chemicals. We characterized the CCES by exposing indigo dye-impregnated filter inserts inside culture wells to 125 ppb ozone (O3) for 1 h at flow rates of 5 and 25 mL/min/well; the reaction of O3 with an indigo dye produces a fluorescent product. A 5-fold increase in fluorescence at 25 mL/min/well versus 5 mL/min/well was observed, suggesting higher flows were more effective. We then exposed primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to 0.3 ppm acrolein for 2 h at 3, 5, and 25 mL/min/well and compared our results against well-established in vitro exposure chambers at the U.S. EPA's Human Studies Facility (HSF Chambers). We measured transcript changes of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, at 0, 1, and 24 h post-exposure. Comparing responses from HSF Chambers to the CCES, differences were only observed at 1 h post-exposure for HMOX1. Here, the HSF Chamber produced a ∼6-fold increase while the CCES at 3 and 5 mL/min/well produced a ∼1.7-fold increase. Operating the CCES at 25 mL/min/well produced a ∼4.5-fold increase; slightly lower than the HSF Chamber. Our biological results, supported by our comparison against the HSF Chambers, agree with our fluorescence results, suggesting that higher flows through the CCES are more effective at delivering volatile chemicals to cells. This new CCES will be deployed to screen the toxicity of volatile chemicals in EPA's chemical inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David S Morgan
- b NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- b NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Earl Puckett
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Mark Higuchi
- a NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Zavala J, Krug JD, Warren SH, Krantz QT, King C, McKee J, Gavett SH, Lewandowski M, Lonneman WA, Kleindienst TE, Meier MJ, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. Evaluation of an Air Quality Health Index for Predicting the Mutagenicity of Simulated Atmospheres. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3045-3053. [PMID: 29406743 PMCID: PMC5858694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
No study has evaluated the mutagenicity of atmospheres with a calculated air quality health index (AQHI). Thus, we generated in a UV-light-containing reaction chamber two simulated atmospheres (SAs) with similar AQHIs but different proportions of criteria pollutants and evaluated them for mutagenicity in three Salmonella strains at the air-agar interface. We continuously injected into the chamber gasoline, nitric oxide, and ammonium sulfate, as well as either α-pinene to produce SA-PM, which had a high concentration of particulate matter (PM): 119 ppb ozone (O3), 321 ppb NO2, and 1007 μg/m3 PM2.5; or isoprene to produce SA-O3, which had a high ozone (O3) concentration: 415 ppb O3, 633 ppb NO2, and 55 μg/m3 PM2.5. Neither PM2.5 extracts, NO2, or O3 alone, nor nonphoto-oxidized mixtures were mutagenic or cytotoxic. Both photo-oxidized atmospheres were largely direct-acting base-substitution mutagens with similar mutagenic potencies in TA100 and TA104. The mutagenic potencies [(revertants/h)/(mgC/m3)] of SA-PM (4.3 ± 0.4) and SA-O3 (9.5 ± 1.3) in TA100 were significantly different ( P < 0.0001), but the mutation spectra were not ( P = 0.16), being ∼54% C → T and ∼46% C → A. Thus, the AQHI may have some predictive value for the mutagenicity of the gas phase of air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- ORISE Research Fellow, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Krug
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Q. Todd Krantz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Charly King
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John McKee
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Stephen H. Gavett
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - William A. Lonneman
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew J. Meier
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Prediction of delivery of organic aerosols onto air-liquid interface cells in vitro using an electrostatic precipitator. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:319-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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Zavala J, O'Brien B, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, Rusyn I, Jaspers I, Vizuete W. Assessment of biological responses of EpiAirway 3-D cell constructs versus A549 cells for determining toxicity of ambient air pollution. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 28:251-9. [PMID: 27100558 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1157227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT EpiAirway™ 3-D constructs are human-derived cell cultures of differentiated airway epithelial cells that may represent a more biologically relevant model of the human lung. However, limited information is available on their utility for exposures to air pollutants at the air-liquid interface (ALI). OBJECTIVE To assess the biological responses of EpiAirway™ cells in comparison to the responses of A549 human alveolar epithelial cells after exposure to air pollutants at ALI. METHODS Cells were exposed to filtered air, 400 ppb of ozone (O3) or a photochemically aged Synthetic Urban Mixture (SynUrb54) consisting of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, O3 and other secondary oxidation products for 4 h. Basolateral supernatants and apical washes were collected at 9 and 24 h post-exposure. We assessed cytotoxicity by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium and apical surface. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) proteins were measured in the culture medium and in the apical washes to determine the inflammatory response after exposure. RESULTS Both O3 and SynUrb54 significantly increased basolateral levels of LDH and IL-8 in A549 cells. No significant changes in LDH and IL-8 levels were observed in the EpiAirway™ cells, however, IL-6 in the apical surface was significantly elevated at 24 h after O3 exposure. CONCLUSION LDH and IL-8 are robust endpoints for assessing toxicity in A549 cells. The EpiAirway™ cells show minimal adverse effects after exposure suggesting that they are more toxicologically resistant compared to A549 cells. Higher concentrations or longer exposure times are needed to induce effects on EpiAirway™ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Bridget O'Brien
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kim Lichtveld
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA .,b Department of Pediatrics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA , and.,c Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
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Secondo LE, Liu NJ, Lewinski NA. Methodological considerations when conductingin vitro, air–liquid interface exposures to engineered nanoparticle aerosols. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 47:225-262. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1223015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E. Secondo
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nathan J. Liu
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nastassja A. Lewinski
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
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In vitro assays as a tool for determination of VOCs toxic effect on respiratory system: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Svensson CR, Ameer SS, Ludvigsson L, Ali N, Alhamdow A, Messing ME, Pagels J, Gudmundsson A, Bohgard M, Sanfins E, Kåredal M, Broberg K, Rissler J. Validation of an air-liquid interface toxicological set-up using Cu, Pd, and Ag well-characterized nanostructured aggregates and spheres. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 18:86. [PMID: 27069401 PMCID: PMC4805710 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-016-3389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Systems for studying the toxicity of metal aggregates on the airways are normally not suited for evaluating the effects of individual particle characteristics. This study validates a set-up for toxicological studies of metal aggregates using an air-liquid interface approach. The set-up used a spark discharge generator capable of generating aerosol metal aggregate particles and sintered near spheres. The set-up also contained an exposure chamber, The Nano Aerosol Chamber for In Vitro Toxicity (NACIVT). The system facilitates online characterization capabilities of mass mobility, mass concentration, and number size distribution to determine the exposure. By dilution, the desired exposure level was controlled. Primary and cancerous airway cells were exposed to copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag) aggregates, 50-150 nm in median diameter. The aggregates were composed of primary particles <10 nm in diameter. For Cu and Pd, an exposure of sintered aerosol particles was also produced. The doses of the particles were expressed as particle numbers, masses, and surface areas. For the Cu, Pd, and Ag aerosol particles, a range of mass surface concentrations on the air-liquid interface of 0.4-10.7, 0.9-46.6, and 0.1-1.4 µg/cm2, respectively, were achieved. Viability was measured by WST-1 assay, cytokines (Il-6, Il-8, TNF-a, MCP) by Luminex technology. Statistically significant effects and dose response on cytokine expression were observed for SAEC cells after exposure to Cu, Pd, or Ag particles. Also, a positive dose response was observed for SAEC viability after Cu exposure. For A549 cells, statistically significant effects on viability were observed after exposure to Cu and Pd particles. The set-up produced a stable flow of aerosol particles with an exposure and dose expressed in terms of number, mass, and surface area. Exposure-related effects on the airway cellular models could be asserted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Svensson
- />Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. S. Ameer
- />Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Ludvigsson
- />Department of Physics, Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - N. Ali
- />Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Alhamdow
- />Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. E. Messing
- />Department of Physics, Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J. Pagels
- />Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Gudmundsson
- />Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Bohgard
- />Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - E. Sanfins
- />Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Division of Prions and Related Diseases (SEPIA), Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - M. Kåredal
- />Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - K. Broberg
- />Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Rissler
- />Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- />Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
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Baldridge KC, Zavala J, Surratt J, Sexton KG, Contreras LM. Cellular RNA is chemically modified by exposure to air pollution mixtures. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:74-82. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.987361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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