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Zhu JH, Mao Q, Wang SY, Liu H, Zhou SS, Zhang W, Kong M, Zhu H, Li SL. Optimization and validation of direct gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of ten short-chain fatty acids in rat feces. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462958. [PMID: 35303574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play key roles in maintaining health and treating disease. Quantification of important fecal SCFAs is necessary to facilitate the clarification of their biological roles. However, the existing quantifying methods mainly depend on complicated precolumn derivatization, and/or are unable to determine formic acid, a SCFA commonly associated with toxicity. In this study, a direct gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous quantification of ten SCFAs including formic acid in rat feces was developed. The approach was optimized in terms of chromatographic and spectrometric conditions as well as sample preparation. DB-FFAP capillary column with temperature programming was used to get baseline separation and symmetrical peak shape of SCFAs without precolumn derivatization in a relatively short running time (8 min). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan mode was employed to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of SCFAs. Acidification with 50% HCl and immediate extraction with diethyl ether were utilized to achieve sample preparation of ten SCFAs from feces. Furthermore, the developed method was validated with wide linear range, high sensitivity and precision, low matrix effect and acceptable accuracy. The established method was successfully applied to compare the contents of fecal SCFAs between normal and immunosuppressed animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
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Li Y, Li R, Zeng Z, Li S, Luo S, Wu J, Zhou C, Xu D. Prediction of the mechanisms of Xiaoai Jiedu Recipe in the treatment of breast cancer: A comprehensive approach study with experimental validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112603. [PMID: 31981747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds a great promise for preventing complex chronic diseases through a holistic way. Certain Chinese medicine formulae from TCM are effective for treating and preventing cancer in clinical practice. Xiaoai Jiedu Recipe (XJR) is a Chinese medicine formula that has been used to treat breast cancer (BC). However, its active ingredients and therapeutic mechanisms on tumor are unclear. Therefore, further investigation is necessary. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to elucidate the active compounds of XJR and its molecular mechanisms for the treatment of BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive approach was used to clarify the pharmacodynamic basis of XJR and its pharmacological mechanism, including the acquisition of differentially expressed genes of BC, screening of active ingredients and their targets, construction of complex internetwork between drugs and diseases, and analysis of the key subnetwork. Finally, these results were validated by in vitro experiments and comparison with literature reviews. RESULTS By using bioinformatics, 5211 differentially expressed genes of BC were identified, more than half of them had been reported in previous studies. By using network analysis, 113 potential bioactive compounds in the ten component herbs of XJR and 157 BC-related targets were identified, which were significantly enriched in 85 pathways and 1321 GO terms. The in vitro studies showed that quercetin and ursolic acid, the active components of XJR, could effectively inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells, and the combination of the two components could significantly decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and suppress the activation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, thus inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS XJR played an important role in anti-BC through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms, in which quercetin and ursolic acid may be the key active components. The anticancer effect of multi-component application was better than that of a single component. This study not only deepened our understanding of the role of TCM in the prevention and treatment of diseases, but also provided a reference for the in-depth research, development and application of the ancient medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Rang Li
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zhanwei Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Siyan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Shiying Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Jiahuan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Chenhui Zhou
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Daohua Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
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