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Molinari GS, Wojno M, Terova G, Wick M, Riley H, Caminiti JT, Kwasek K. The Effect of the Species Source of Muscle and/or Digestive Enzymes on the Utilization of Fish Protein Hydrolysates as a Dietary Protein Source in First Feed for Larval Walleye ( Sander vitreus). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2493. [PMID: 39272278 PMCID: PMC11394479 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish protein hydrolysates used in larval diets have been prepared from a variety of fish species, with different enzymes used to hydrolyze the protein. This study's objectives were to determine the effect of the dietary inclusion of fish muscle hydrolysates obtained from species-specific muscle/enzymes-versus hydrolysates produced from muscle/enzymes of a different species-on the growth performance, survival, skeletal development, intestinal peptide uptake, and muscle-free amino acid (FAA) composition of larval Walleye (Sander vitreus). Eight protein products were obtained for this study, comprising an unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed product from each combination of muscle/enzymes from Walleye and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four diets were produced, and the dietary protein was provided in a 50/50 ratio of unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed protein from the respective muscle/enzyme combination. Four groups were fed one of the corresponding formulated diets, and two groups of larvae, fed a commercial starter diet and Artemia, respectively, served as reference groups. Larval Walleye fed the diet containing protein produced with the species-specific muscle and enzymes had a significantly higher weight after the study-30% higher than any other group. A significant interaction effect between muscle and enzyme sources on the growth of Walleye larvae was observed. The species-specific combination also led to a significant increase in postprandial FAA and indispensable amino acid concentrations in muscle. No significant differences were observed between the hydrolysate-fed groups in survival, deformity occurrence, or peptide uptake. Each hydrolysate-based diet significantly reduced skeletal deformities and survival compared to the commercial diet. The results of this study suggest that species-specific muscles and enzymes produce a more optimal dietary protein source for larval fish than non-species-specific products. Further research should focus on improving the physical properties of the formulated diets to reduce possible leaching of hydrolyzed protein and improve the survival of fish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni S Molinari
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Michal Wojno
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Macdonald Wick
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 44691, USA
| | - Hayden Riley
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jeffery T Caminiti
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 44691, USA
| | - Karolina Kwasek
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Kabir MA, Nandi SK, Suma AY, Abdul Kari Z, Mohamad Sukri SA, Wei LS, Al Mamun A, Seguin P, Herault M, Khoo MI, Téllez-Isaías G. The Potential of Fish Protein Hydrolysate Supplementation in Nile Tilapia Diets: Effects on Growth and Health Performance, Disease Resistance, and Farm Economic Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04913-7. [PMID: 38489116 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) has shown immense potential as a dietary protein supplement and immunostimulant in aquaculture, especially in Nile tilapia production. Four isoproteic diets (30% crude protein) were prepared by including FPH at varying percentages (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). Nile tilapia fed with FPH diets for 90 days, and their growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemistry, liver and gut morphology, and resistance against Streptococcus iniae were investigated. The findings revealed that diets physical attributes such as pellet durability index and water stability were remarkably (p < 0.05) varied between experimental diet groups. Furthermore, the test diets were more palatable when FPH was included at 1% and 2%. Fish that were fed with a 2% FPH-treated diet had significantly (p < 0.05) greater growth indices than other treatments. Additionally, their feed utilization was significantly (p < 0.05) improved. The experimental diets and intestinal total bacteria count (TBC) exhibited a rising trend with FPH levels, where the 2% FPH-treated diet recorded the highest TBC. Neutrophil (109/L), lymphocyte (109/L), eosinophil (109/L), and red blood cell(1012/L) counts were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the 2% FPH-treated group, while the white blood cell (109/L), and basophil (109/L) counts were not influenced by the FPH inclusion. Moreover, the FPH-treated groups displayed lower creatinine, bilirubin, and urea levels than the control. The histological examination demonstrated that themid-intestine of 2% FPH-fed Nile tilapia had an unbroken epithelial wall, more villi with frequent distribution of goblet cells, wider tunica muscularis, and stronger stratum compactum bonding than other treatments. Additionally, this group exhibited more nuclei and erythrocytes and less vacuolar cytoplasm in liver than their counterparts. Nile tilapia that were given a diet containing 2% FPH had significantly (p < 0.05) higher resistance (83.33%) to S. iniae during the bacterial challenge test. A significant (p < 0.05) enhancement in farm economic efficiency was observed in the higher inclusion of FPH in diets. In summary, 2% FPH supplementation in Nile tilapia diets improved their growth performance, feed utilization, health status, disease resistance, and farm economic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anamul Kabir
- Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh.
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia.
| | - Shishir Kumar Nandi
- Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Afrina Yeasmin Suma
- Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia.
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia.
| | - Suniza Anis Mohamad Sukri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia
| | - Lee Seong Wei
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, Kelantan, 17600, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Fish Health Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Paul Seguin
- Symrise Aqua Feed of Taste, Nutrition & Health Segment of the Symrise AG group, Clichy, 92110, France
| | - Mikael Herault
- Symrise Aqua Feed of Taste, Nutrition & Health Segment of the Symrise AG group, Clichy, 92110, France
| | - Martina Irwan Khoo
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Chen S, Maulu S, Wang J, Xie X, Liang X, Wang H, Wang J, Xue M. The application of protease in aquaculture: Prospects for enhancing the aquafeed industry. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:105-121. [PMID: 38357575 PMCID: PMC10864210 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture. However, these diets have been associated with adverse effects on the growth performance, feed utilization, and disease resistance of aquatic animals. To mitigate these challenges, exogenous protease has been applied to enhance the quality of diets with lower protein contents or fishmeal alternatives, thereby improving the bioavailability of nutritional ingredients. Additionally, protease preparations were also used to enzymatically hydrolyze fishmeal alternatives, thus enhancing their nutritional utilization. The present review aims to consolidate recent research progress on the use of protease in aquaculture and conclude the benefits and limitations of its application, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and identifying opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Chen
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sahya Maulu
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- Centre for Innovative Approach Zambia (CIAZ), Lusaka 119825, Zambia
| | - Jie Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoze Xie
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Xue
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Nguyen MC, Fotedar R, Pham HD. Effects of dietary hydrolysate supplementation on growth, body composition, hematological responses, and liver histology of juvenile giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis Forsskal, 1775). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:216-226. [PMID: 37800368 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A feeding study was conducted to investigate how fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation affected the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and hematology of juvenile giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis Forsskal, 1775). Seven isonitrogenous (52% protein) and isocaloric diets (10% lipid) were formulated, wherein shrimp hydrolysate (SH) and tuna hydrolysate (TH) were used to replace fishmeal at inclusion levels of 0 (control), 30, 60, and 90 g/kg and labeled as control, SH30, SH60, SH90, TH30, TH60, and TH90, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile giant trevally for 8 weeks. The results showed higher final body weight and specific growth rate in fish fed SH30, SH60, TH30, and TH60 than fed control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, but reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found in fish fed SH30, SH60, TH30, and TH60, demonstrating these diets improved feed utilization. TH90 caused deposition of lipid droplet in the hepatocyte, a sign of liver damage. Total monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish were not affected by FPH supplementation. Fish fed TH30 showed lower ∑n - 3 PUFA than the fish fed remaining dietary treatments. The elevated serum protein was seen in fish fed control, SH30, SH60, and TH30, demonstrating that these diets were beneficial for the innate immune response in giant trevally. The results indicate that TH and SH could be incorporated into diets of giant trevally at 30-60 g/kg, replacing 7%-13% fishmeal with enhanced growth and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Chau Nguyen
- School of Science and Engineer, Curtin University Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No.3, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Benley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hung Duc Pham
- Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam
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Mulyasari, Subaryono, Utomo BSB, Yosmaniar, Taufik I, Yamin M, Kusmini II, Marwati T. Protein Hydrolysate from Waste of Catfish Fillet Processing for Snakehead Fish Feed Formulation. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:2815122. [PMID: 38188988 PMCID: PMC10769670 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2815122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The negative impact of fish processing industry waste needs to be minimized, by processing it into valuable products, one of which is fish feed. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum dose of crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzyme in hydrolyzing protein from the waste of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fillet processing and to evaluate the effectiveness of using protein hydrolysate in snakehead fish (Channa striata) feed. There were four doses of enzyme treatment for protein hydrolysis designed in a completely randomized design, namely, 0, 4, 6, and 8% (v/w) with three repetitions. Furthermore, to assess the quality of protein hydrolysate, an analysis of soluble protein level, hydrolysis degree, amino acid content, fatty acid content, and digestibility was carried out. The percentage of protein hydrolysate applied in the feed formula was 0, 15, 30, and 45% (v/w), which was designed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, and snakehead fish survival were measured to evaluate the effects of the feed formula. Results showed that the crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzymes at a concentration of 6% (v/w) enhanced the availability of soluble proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and feed digestibility. Protein hydrolysate application in snakehead fish feed formula up to 45% (v/w) can improve the growth performance (8.03%), protein efficiency ratio (25.66%), and feed efficiency (23.41%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulyasari
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Subaryono
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Bagus Sediadi Bandol Utomo
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Yosmaniar
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia
| | - Imam Taufik
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Yamin
- Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Irin Iriana Kusmini
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Tri Marwati
- Research Center for Food Technology and Process, National Research and Innovation Agency, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
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Prakash P, Kumar S, Sardar P, Munilkumar S, Sahoo S, Satheesh M, Reena H, Mannur V, Patel A. Optimization of weaning strategy in the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch 1792) larvae on growth, survival, digestive, metabolic and stress responses. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1151-1169. [PMID: 37843715 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A 30-day experiment was carried out to know responses of different weaning approaches to the growth and survival of Anabas testudineus larvae. A total of 10800 larvae (Avg. weight 0.016 ± 0.03 mg; 3DPH) were randomly distributed in nine treatments (triplicates), including two controls. The strategies are as follows: C1 (Control I): feeding with live food (LF) for 30 days and C2 (Control II): feeding with microparticulate diet (MPD) for 30 days; T1: LF for 5 days and MPD for next 25 days; T2: LF for 10 days and MPD for next 20 days; T3: LF for 15 days and MPD for next 15 day; T4: LF for 20 days and MPD for next 10 days; T5: LF for 25 days and MPD for next 5 days; T6: LF for 5 days, then 25% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 50% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 75% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, and 100% LF replacement by MPD for last 10 days; and T7: LF for 10 days, then 25% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 50% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 75% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, and 100% LF replacement by MPD for last 5 days. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher WG and SGR were recorded in T2 (213.17 ± 0.32, 23.98 ± 0.02) followed by T6, whereas the lowest was found in C2. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentage survival was manifested in the T7 (31.83 ± 0.22), followed by T2 (24.75 ± 0.13), and the lowest survival was observed in the C2. The digestive enzyme activities were found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) between different treatment groups. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were reported to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in C2 (68.52 ± 0.08, 19.55 ± 0.10, 21.79 ± 0.04, and 0.044 ± 0.01) followed by T1; however, their reduced level was observed in C1. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose, and cortisol levels was observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in C2 and lower in C1 and T2. As per the finding, it can be recommended that the appropriate weaning time for A. testudineus larvae is from 13 DPH onwards, in which larvae can be fed an initial ten days LF afterward MPD and the best weaning strategy can be adopted as in the T7 group for higher survival percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patekar Prakash
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Sikendra Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India.
| | - Parimal Sardar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Sukham Munilkumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Sujata Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - M Satheesh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Halpati Reena
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | | | - Anusha Patel
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
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Clavenzani P, Lattanzio G, Bonaldo A, Parma L, Busti S, Oterhals Å, Romarheim OH, Aspevik T, Gatta PP, Mazzoni M. Effects of Bioactive Peptides from Atlantic Salmon Processing By-Products on Oxyntopeptic and Enteroendocrine Cells of the Gastric Mucosa of European Seabass and Gilthead Seabream. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3020. [PMID: 37835626 PMCID: PMC10571541 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of bioactive peptides (BPs) derived from salmon processing by-products on the presence and distribution of peptic cells (oxyntopeptic cells, OPs) and enteric endocrine cells (EECs) that contain GHR, NPY and SOM in the gastric mucosa of European seabass and gilthead seabream. In this study, 27 seabass and 27 seabreams were divided into three experimental groups: a control group (CTR) fed a control diet and two groups fed different levels of BP to replace fishmeal: 5% BP (BP5%) and 10% BP (BP10%). The stomach of each fish was sampled and processed for immunohistochemistry. Some SOM, NPY and GHR-IR cells exhibited alternating "open type" and "closed type" EECs morphologies. The BP10% group (16.8 ± 7.5) showed an increase in the number of NPY-IR cells compared to CTR (CTR 8.5 ± 4.8) and BP5% (BP10% vs. CTR p ≤ 0.01; BP10% vs. BP5% p ≤ 0.05) in the seabream gastric mucosa. In addition, in seabream gastric tissue, SOM-IR cells in the BP 10% diet (16.8 ± 3.5) were different from those in CTR (12.5 ± 5) (CTR vs. BP 10% p ≤ 0.05) and BP 5% (12.9 ± 2.5) (BP 5% vs. BP 10% p ≤ 0.01). EEC SOM-IR cells increased at 10% BP (5.3 ± 0.7) compared to 5% BP (4.4 ± 0.8) (5% BP vs. 10% BP p ≤ 0.05) in seabass. The results obtained may provide a good basis for a better understanding of the potential of salmon BPs as feed ingredients for seabass and seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Giulia Lattanzio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Alessio Bonaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Luca Parma
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Serena Busti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Åge Oterhals
- Nofima, the Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 5141 Fyllingsdalen, Norway; (Å.O.); (O.H.R.); (T.A.)
| | - Odd Helge Romarheim
- Nofima, the Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 5141 Fyllingsdalen, Norway; (Å.O.); (O.H.R.); (T.A.)
| | - Tone Aspevik
- Nofima, the Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 5141 Fyllingsdalen, Norway; (Å.O.); (O.H.R.); (T.A.)
| | - Pier Paolo Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (P.C.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (S.B.); (P.P.G.)
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Qiu Z, Zhao J, Xie D, de Cruz CR, Zhao J, Xu H, Xu Q. Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Cottonseed Protein on the Growth Performance, Immunity, Antioxidation, and Intestinal Health of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:6628805. [PMID: 37266415 PMCID: PMC10232096 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6628805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dietary effects of replacing fish meal with enzymatic cottonseed protein (ECP) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, and intestinal health of Chinese soft-shelled turtles have not been explored. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted with a quadruplicated group of turtles (3.44 ± 0.01 g) that were randomly assigned to 16 cages (0.6 m × 0.6 m × 0.6 m) with 30 turtles that were stocked in each cage. Four dietary groups were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 2%, 4%, and 6% (ECP0 group (control group), ECP2 group, ECP4 group, ECP6 group) of enzymatic cottonseed protein replacing fishmeal. The present study illustrated that the final weight and WG in the ECP2 and ECP4 groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. The ECP2, ECP4, and ECP6 groups significantly reduced the feed coefficient (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the SGR (P < 0.05). The serum TP and ALB of the ECP4 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The ECP2, ECP4, and ECP6 groups significantly increased the activity of intestinal pepsin (P < 0.05), and the activity of intestinal lipase of the EPC4 group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The intestinal villus height of the EPC4 group and EPC6 group, the villus width of the EPC2 group and EPC4 group, and the intestinal muscle thickness of the EPC4 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). At the same time, replacing fishmeal with enzymatic cottonseed protein also affected the intestinal inflammation-related genes compared with the control group. Besides that, the expression of the IL-10 gene in the experimental group was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 genes in the ECP2 group and TNF-α and IL-1β genes in the ECP4 group was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). In summary, replacing fish meal with enzymatic cottonseed protein positively affects the growth, immunity, and intestinal health of Chinese soft-shelled turtles. The appropriate proportion of enzymatic cottonseed protein to replace fish meal in turtle feed is 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsheng Qiu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Jiantao Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
- Zhejiang Jindadi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 311800, China
| | - Dazhang Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
- Zhejiang Jindadi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 311800, China
| | - Clement R. de Cruz
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Qiyou Xu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, China
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9
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Printzi A, Koumoundouros G, Fournier V, Madec L, Zambonino-Infante JL, Mazurais D. Effect of Early Peptide Diets on Zebrafish Skeletal Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040659. [PMID: 37189406 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of dietary peptides has been correlated with decreased presence of skeletal abnormalities in marine larvae. In an attempt to clarify the effect of smaller protein fractions on fish larval and post-larval skeleton, we designed three isoenergetic diets with partial substitution of their protein content with 0% (C), 6% (P6) and 12% (P12) shrimp di- and tripeptides. Experimental diets were tested in zebrafish under two regimes, with inclusion (ADF-Artemia and dry feed) or lack (DF-dry feed only) of live food. Results at the end of metamorphosis highlight the beneficial effect of P12 on growth, survival and early skeletal quality when dry diets are provided from first feeding (DF). Exclusive feeding with P12 also increased the musculoskeletal resistance of the post-larval skeleton against the swimming challenge test (SCT). On the contrary, Artemia inclusion (ADF) overruled any peptide effect in total fish performance. Given the unknown species' larval nutrient requirements, a 12% dietary peptide incorporation is proposed for successful rearing without live food. A potential nutritional control of the larval and post-larval skeletal development even in aquaculture species is suggested. Limitations of the current molecular analysis are discussed to enable the future identification of the peptide-driven regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Printzi
- Biology Department, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
- IFREMER, University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Lauriane Madec
- IFREMER, University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | - David Mazurais
- IFREMER, University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
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10
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A Novel Approach in the Development of Larval Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides Diets Using Largemouth Bass Muscle Hydrolysates as the Protein Source. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030373. [PMID: 36766261 PMCID: PMC9913688 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study's objectives were to determine the effect of Largemouth Bass (LMB) muscle hydrolysates obtained using same-species digestive enzymes and the degree of LMB muscle hydrolysis when included in the first feeds of growth performance and survival, skeletal development, intestinal peptide uptake, and muscle-free amino acid composition of larval LMB. LMB muscle was mixed with digestive enzymes from adult LMB, and hydrolyzed for 1.5, 3, and 6 h, respectively. Five diets were produced, the intact diet containing non-hydrolyzed muscle and four diets with 37% muscle hydrolysate inclusion. Those diets were characterized by their level of each hydrolysate (presented as a ratio of 1.5, 3, and 6 Ts hydrolysates): 1:1:1, 1:3:6, 1:3:1, 6:3:1 for diets A, B, C, and D, respectively. To account for gut development, one group of larval LMB was fed a weekly series of diets B, C, and D to provide an increasing molecular weight profile throughout development. This group was compared against others that received either; (1) diets D, C, and B; (2) diet A; or (3) intact diet. The initial inclusion of the hydrolysates significantly improved the total length of the larval LMB; however, neither the hydrolysate inclusion nor the series of dietary molecular weight profiles improved the overall growth of larval LMB. The inclusion of hydrolysates significantly decreased the occurrence of skeletal deformities. The degree of hydrolysis did not have a significant effect on the parameters measured, except for intestinal peptide uptake, which was increased in the group that received the most hydrolyzed diet at the final time of sampling. The lack of overall growth improvement suggests that while the hydrolysates improve the initial growth performance, further research is necessary to determine the optimal molecular weight profile, hydrolysate inclusion level, and physical properties of feeds for larval LMB.
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11
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van Raamsdonk LWD, Genouel C, Weiner A, Prins TW, Jardy N, Vonsovic S, Barbu IM, Bescond M, Paprocka I, Kwiatek K. Development and application of criteria for classification of hydrolysed proteins in the framework of feed safety. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1674-1690. [PMID: 35997510 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In the view of a circular economy, there is an increasing need for (re-)using animal by-products that have a wide range of applications and sufficient safety. Hydrolysates of animal proteins (HPs) are frequently used as feed ingredients. Nevertheless, clear criteria for legal use and methods for monitoring feed applications are not available. Here, a range of methods have been used and evaluated for characterizing a set of 26 samples of hydrolysed proteins, 'hydrolysed' feather meals and processed animal proteins (PAPs), with verification based on an additional set of eight samples. Methods included determination of ash content, sediment (mineral fraction) content, protein content, species identity, solubility, protein solubility, size exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After a comparison of results obtained with water and SDS, water was chosen as the solvent for environmental and occupational reasons. Typical HP samples have a protein content higher than 60%, a solubility exceeding 50% and a virtual absence of a mineral fraction. The first discrimination between HPs and PAPs could be based on the absence or presence, respectively, of a mineral fraction. An approach for HP characterization is designed using a Hydrolysation Index (HI) based on the fraction of peptides smaller than 10 kDa, the solubility of the sample and the fraction of soluble proteins. A simplified version (HIs), exclusively based on the fraction of peptides smaller than 10 kDa and the solubility of the sample, shows a trend among the samples highly comparable to HI. Values for HI and HIs exceeding 60% would characterise HPs. Feather meals, which are heat treated instead of treatment by a chemical process of hydrolysation, range among the PAPs and should not be indicated as "hydrolysed." The HIs can be used as an easy parameter for classifying HPs and for legal enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Weiner
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Theo W Prins
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nelly Jardy
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ioana M Barbu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Sheng Z, Turchini GM, Xu J, Fang Z, Chen N, Xie R, Zhang H, Li S. Functional Properties of Protein Hydrolysates on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Protein Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Larval Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Front Immunol 2022; 13:913024. [PMID: 35928824 PMCID: PMC9343713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of protein hydrolysates on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, protein metabolism, and intestinal health in larval largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The experimental feeding trial presented in this study was based on five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets formulated with graded inclusion levels of protein hydrolysates, and it showed that protein hydrolysates improved growth performance, reduced larval deformity rate, and increased the activity of digestive enzymes, including pepsin and trypsin. Gene expression results revealed that the supplementation of protein hydrolysates upregulated the expression of intestinal amino acid transporters LAT2 and peptide transporter 2 (PepT2), as well as the amino acid transporters LAT1 in muscle. Dietary provision of protein hydrolysates activated the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway including the up-regulation of TOR and AKT1, and down-regulation of 4EBP1. Additionally, the expression of genes involved in the amino acids response (AAR) pathway, ATF4 and REDD1, were inhibited. Protein hydrolysates inhibited the transcription of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-8 and 5-LOX, but promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10. The 16S rRNA analysis, using V3-V4 region, indicated that dietary protein hydrolysates supplementation reduced the diversity of the intestine microbial community, increased the enrichment of Plesiomonas and reduced the enrichment of Staphylococcus at the genus level. In summary, protein hydrolysates have been shown to be an active and useful supplement to positively complement other protein sources in the diets for largemouth bass larvae, and this study provided novel insights on the beneficial roles and possible mechanisms of action of dietary protein hydrolysates in improving the overall performance of fish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Sheng
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Giovanni M. Turchini
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianming Xu
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zishuo Fang
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naisong Chen
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruitao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhangjiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhangjiang, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Songlin Li,
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13
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Reis B, Ramos-Pinto L, Cunha SA, Pintado M, da Silva JL, Dias J, Conceição L, Matos E, Costas B. Chlorella vulgaris Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (Sparus aurata). Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070407. [PMID: 35877700 PMCID: PMC9323325 DOI: 10.3390/md20070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term supplementation, with 2% Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) biomass and two 0.1% C. vulgaris extracts, on the health status (experiment one) and on the inflammatory response (experiment two) of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). The trial comprised four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude fat) diets. A fishmeal-based (FM), practical diet was used as a control (CTR), whereas three experimental diets based on CTR were further supplemented with a 2% inclusion of C. vulgaris biomass (Diet D1); 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris peptide-enriched extract (Diet D2) and finally a 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris insoluble fraction (Diet D3). Diets were randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of 97 fish/tank (IBW: 33.4 ± 4.1 g), fed to satiation three times a day in a recirculation seawater system. In experiment one, seabream juveniles were fed for 2 weeks and sampled for tissues at 1 week and at the end of the feeding period. Afterwards, randomly selected fish from each group were subjected to an inflammatory insult (experiment two) by intraperitoneal injection of inactivated gram-negative bacteria, following 24 and 48 h fish were sampled for tissues. Blood was withdrawn for haematological procedures, whereas plasma and gut tissue were sampled for immune and oxidative stress parameters. The anterior gut was also collected for gene expression measurements. After 1 and 2 weeks of feeding, fish fed D2 showed higher circulating neutrophils than seabream fed CTR. In contrast, dietary treatments induced mild effects on the innate immune and antioxidant functions of gilthead seabream juveniles fed for 2 weeks. In the inflammatory response following the inflammatory insult, mild effects could be attributed to C. vulgaris supplementation either in biomass form or extract. However, the C. vulgaris soluble peptide-enriched extract seems to confer a protective, anti-stress effect in the gut at the molecular level, which should be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Reis
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal; (J.D.); (L.C.)
- Sorgal S.A., EN 109-Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728 São João de Ovar, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (B.C.); Tel.: +351-223-401-840 (B.R.); +351-223-401-838 (B.C.)
| | - Lourenço Ramos-Pinto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Sara A. Cunha
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Joana Laranjeira da Silva
- Allmicroalgae, Natural Products SA, Industrial Microalgae Production, Apartado 9, 2449-909 Pataias, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal; (J.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Luís Conceição
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal; (J.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Elisabete Matos
- Sorgal S.A., EN 109-Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728 São João de Ovar, Portugal
- B2E Associação para a Bioeconomia Azul—Laboratório Colaborativo, Av. Liberdade, UPTEC Mar, 4450-718 Leça da Palmeira, Portugal;
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (B.C.); Tel.: +351-223-401-840 (B.R.); +351-223-401-838 (B.C.)
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14
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Shao Y, Xie Z, Liang S, Chen C, Tocher DR, Lin L, Huang Y, Li Y, Xie D, Hong Y, Wang S, You C. Dietary calcium pyruvate could improve growth performance and reduce excessive lipid deposition in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) fed a high fat diet. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:555-570. [PMID: 35461391 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive lipid deposition in farmed fish is a challenge in the aquaculture industry. To study the effect of dietary calcium pyruvate (CaP) on lipid accumulation in fish, we used a high fat diet (HFD) to establish a lipid accumulation model in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) and supplemented with 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0% CaP (diets D0-D4, respectively). After 8-week feeding in floating cages, dietary CaP significantly improved growth performance, which peaked in fish fed diet D3. Supplementation of CaP significantly decreased whole body lipid content in fish fed D2-D4 and hepatosomatic index and liver lipid content in fish fed D3 and D4. Serum and hepatic antioxidant indices, including glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase, showed generally increasing trends in fish fed diets with CaP. In addition, increasing dietary CaP increasingly reduced hepatic activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase involved in glycolysis, and increased glycogen contents of the liver and muscle. Dietary CaP up-regulated the liver mRNA expression of pparα, cpt1, hsl and fabp1, but down-regulated expression of srebp-1, fas and acc. In conclusion, 0.75% CaP improved growth performance and reduced excessive lipid deposition by affecting fatty acid synthesis and lipolysis in juvenile T. ovatus fed HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology & Research Center for Nutrition & Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology & Research Center for Nutrition & Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shusheng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology & Research Center for Nutrition & Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Cuiying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology & Research Center for Nutrition & Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology & Research Center for Nutrition & Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyou Li
- School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dizhi Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yucong Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Larvae Feed, Guangdong Yuequn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology & Research Center for Nutrition & Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals, Shantou University, Shantou, China.
| | - Cuihong You
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Gao J, He S, Nag A, Zeng X. Physicochemical and rheological properties of interacted protein hydrolysates derived from tuna processing by‐products with sodium alginate. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Shan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park 5042 Australia
| | - Anindya Nag
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany
- Centre for Tactile Internet with Human‐in‐the‐Loop (CeTI) Technische Universität Dresden Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Xin‐An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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16
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Fan Z, Wu D, Li J, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Li T, Zheng X, Liu H, Wang L, Li H. Assessment of Fish Protein Hydrolysates in Juvenile Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides) Diets: Effect on Growth, Intestinal Antioxidant Status, Immunity, and Microflora. Front Nutr 2022; 9:816341. [PMID: 35634365 PMCID: PMC9136635 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.816341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Varying dietary inclusion levels of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were applied in a feeding experiment with juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to assess their effects on growth, intestinal antioxidant status, immunity, and microflora. FPH were added in 4 dietary levels: 0 g/kg (control group, FPH-0), 10 g/kg (FPH-10), 30 g/kg (FPH-30), and 50 g/kg (FPH-50) dry matter, respectively substituting 0, 5.3, 16.3, and 27.3% of fish meal with dietary fish meal. Quadruplicate groups of 25 juvenile largemouth bass with initial body weight 9.51 ± 0.03 g were fed during the 56-day feeding experiment. Experimental results showed that fish fed FPH-30 obtained a significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and significant feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the other three groups (P < 0.05). FPH-30 group also promoted protein synthesis and deposition, as evidenced by the higher whole-body crude protein contents, the higher expressions of GH1, IGF-1, TOR, and S6K in the liver, and SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SLC38A2, and SLC15A2 in the intestine than the other three groups. FPH-30 group could also enhance intestinal health status by increasing the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, GSH-Px, and T-AOC activities by upregulating the expressions of SOD, GSH-Px, IL1β, and TNFβ, and by reducing the MDA contents and the expressions of IL15, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and Caspase 10 than other groups. Compared to the control group, the Actinobacteriota abundance markedly decreased in FPH treatments, while the variation tendency of the phylum Proteobacteria was opposite. The peak value of Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and the lowest of Bacteroidetes abundance were seen in largemouth bass fed FPH-30 (P < 0.05). Fish in three FPH treatments had lower abundances of opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus and Plesiomonas than fish in the control group. In conclusion, FPH is a nutritious feed ingredient for juvenile largemouth bass, and can be added to a dietary level of 30 g/kg dry matter replacing fish meal without any negative effect on growth and feed utilization. FPH supplements could also strengthen the intestinal immune mechanisms of largemouth bass to tackle the immunodeficiency produced by fish meal replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiying Cui
- Guangdong Xipu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianbi Li
- Guangdong Xipu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongqin Li
- Animal Feed Science Research Institute, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
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17
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Aragão C, Gonçalves AT, Costas B, Azeredo R, Xavier MJ, Engrola S. Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 35565636 PMCID: PMC9103129 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Aragão
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- SPAROS Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Maria João Xavier
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Sofia Engrola
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
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Liu Y, Cheng J, Xia Y, Li X, Liu Y, Liu PF. Response mechanism of gut microbiome and metabolism of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to temperature stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151786. [PMID: 34942265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In animals, the gut microbiome is vital to growth, and changes in the composition of these microbial communities may affect growth and adaptability to the environment. Temperature is another important factor that influences the healthy growth of animals. To date, the mechanism by which juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and their symbiotic flora adapt to changes in environmental temperature is not well understood. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of temperature on the gut microbiota and metabolism of European seabass juveniles. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and non-targeted liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics to study the gut microbes of European seabass after 60 days of rearing of water temperature at 10 °C (T1), 15 °C (T2) and 20 °C (T3). At the phylum level, the abundance of the gut microbiota did not differ significantly among the three groups after 60 days of cultivation. At the genus level, however, the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Filifactor, Butyricicoccus, and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-006 in the intestines differed significantly among the temperature groups. Compared with T2, the relative abundance of Filifactor in T1 was significantly increased, while Faecalibacterium was significantly decreased, while the relative abundance of Butyricicoccus and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-006 in T3 was significantly increased. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 107 metabolites in the 10 °C group and 68 metabolites in the 20 °C group that differed significantly from those in the intestines of fish in the 15 °C control group. These metabolites are closely related to several metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Correlation analysis of the Intestine microbiota, metabolic pathways, and metabolites identified metabolic pathways and metabolites that were strongly related to the observed significant differences in the microbiome among the temperature groups. These results show that temperature can induce significant changes in the gut microbiota and metabolism of European seabass juveniles, and that significant changes in metabolites may be mediated through the interaction of the microbiome and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University) Ministry of Education, 116023, China
| | - Jianxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University) Ministry of Education, 116023, China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University) Ministry of Education, 116023, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaohao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University) Ministry of Education, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University) Ministry of Education, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University) Ministry of Education, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Fish muscle hydrolysate obtained using largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides digestive enzymes improves largemouth bass performance in its larval stages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261847. [PMID: 34962940 PMCID: PMC8714084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study utilized digestives tracts from adult largemouth bass (LMB) to hydrolyze Bighead carp muscle and obtain an optimal profile of muscle protein hydrolysates that would be easily assimilated within the primitive digestive tract of larval LMB. Specifically, muscle protein source was digested for the larva using the fully developed digestive system of the same species. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop an optimal in vitro methodology for carp muscle hydrolysis using LMB endogenous digestive enzymes, and 2) to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of the carp muscle protein hydrolysate on LMB growth, survival, occurrence of skeletal deformities, and whole-body free amino acid composition. The study found that the in vitro hydrolysis method using carp intact muscle and LMB digestive tracts incubated at both acid and alkaline pH (to mimic digestive process of LMB) yielded a wide range of low molecular weight fractions (peptides), as opposed to the non-hydrolyzed muscle protein or muscle treated only with acid pH or alkaline pH without enzymes from LMB digestive tracts, which were comprised of large molecular weight fractions (polypeptides above 150 kDa). Overall, the dietary inclusion of the carp muscle hydrolysate improved growth performance of larval LMB in terms of final average weight, weight gain, DGC, SGR, and body length after 21 days of feeding compared to fish that received the diet based on non-hydrolyzed carp muscle. The study also found that hydrolysate-based feed significantly reduced skeletal deformities. The positive growth performance presented by fish in the hydrolysate-fed group possibly resulted from matching the specific requirements of the larvae with respect to their digestive organ development, levels of digestive enzymes present in the gut, and nutritional requirements.
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20
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Rashidian G, Abedian Kenari A, Nikkhah M. Dietary effects of a low-molecular weight fraction (<10 kDa) from shrimp waste hydrolysate on growth performance and immunity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Employing nanodelivery systems. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:294-302. [PMID: 34537336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture by-products have been of great interest for producing protein hydrolysates with multiple biological activities. The present experiment was carried out to evaluate dietary effects of a low-molecular fraction (<10 kDa) from shrimp waste hydrolysate in forms of unprotected and nanocapsulated on growth and immunity of rainbow trout. Therefore, six diets were designed including a control diet (no supplementation), D1 (1 g kg-1 of unprotected fraction), D2 (1 g kg-1 chitosan nanocapsules), D3 (1 g kg-1 liposome nanocapsules), D4 (1 g kg-1 of fraction-loaded chitosan nanocapsules), D5 (1 g kg-1 of fraction-loaded liposome nanocapsules). Fish (0.91 ± 0.15 g) were fed with experimental diets until apparent satiation for six weeks followed by a 5-day experimental challenge with Streptococcus iniae. Results revealed that growth is strongly affected in fish receiving the fraction with D4 treatment showing the highest weight gain, SGR, final weight and the lowest FCR (p < 0.05). Nanocapsules without fraction did not show remarkable effects when compared to control group. In terms of serum and mucus immune parameters of lysozyme, complement activity, myeloperoxidase activity, and total protease, fish from D4 group showed the highest measured values followed by D5 (p < 0.05). Key immune related genes of IL-6 and TNF-α were noticeably up-regulated in fish from D1, D4, and D5 groups, which were consistent with survival rate after 5 days challenge with Streptococcus iniae. All together, the present findings highlighted the application of chitosan and liposome nanocarriers in aquaculture and potential of low-molecular weight fraction (<10 kDa) from shrimp wastes hydrolysate to improve growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Rashidian
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 64414-356, Noor, Iran
| | - Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 64414-356, Noor, Iran.
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Diwan AD, Harke SN, Gopalkrishna, Panche AN. Aquaculture industry prospective from gut microbiome of fish and shellfish: An overview. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:441-469. [PMID: 34355428 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome actually deals with micro-organisms that are associated with indigenous body parts and the entire gut system in all animals, including human beings. These microbes are linked with roles involving hereditary traits, defence against diseases and strengthening overall immunity, which determines the health status of an organism. Considerable efforts have been made to find out the microbiome diversity and their taxonomic identification in finfish and shellfish and its importance has been correlated with various physiological functions and activities. In recent past due to the availability of advanced molecular tools, some efforts have also been made on DNA sequencing of these microbes to understand the environmental impact and other stress factors on their genomic structural profile. There are reports on the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, including amplicon and shot-gun approaches, and associated bioinformatics tools to count and classify commensal microbiome at the species level. The microbiome present in the whole body, particularly in the gut systems of finfish and shellfish, not only contributes to digestion but also has an impact on nutrition, growth, reproduction, immune system and vulnerability of the host fish to diseases. Therefore, the study of such microbial communities is highly relevant for the development of new and innovative bio-products which will be a vital source to build bio and pharmaceutical industries, including aquaculture. In recent years, attempts have been made to discover the chemical ingredients present in these microbes in the form of biomolecules/bioactive compounds with their functions and usefulness for various health benefits, particularly for the treatment of different types of disorders in animals. Therefore, it has been speculated that microbiomes hold great promise not only as a cure for ailments but also as a preventive measure for the number of infectious diseases. This kind of exploration of new breeds of microbes with their miraculous ingredients will definitely help to accelerate the development of the drugs, pharmaceutical and other biological related industries. Probiotic research and bioinformatics skills will further escalate these opportunities in the sector. In the present review, efforts have been made to collect comprehensive information on the finfish and shellfish microbiome, their diversity and functional properties, relationship with diseases, health status, data on species-specific metagenomics, probiotic research and bioinformatics skills. Further, emphasis has also been made to carry out microbiome research on priority basis not only to keep healthy environment of the fish farming sector but also for the sustainable growth of biological related industries, including aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind D Diwan
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission's (MGM) Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay N Harke
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission's (MGM) Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gopalkrishna
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE, Deemed University), ICAR, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana N Panche
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission's (MGM) Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Porcine Protein Hydrolysates (PEPTEIVA ®) Promote Growth and Enhance Systemic Immunity in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072122. [PMID: 34359250 PMCID: PMC8300170 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The development of functional feeds based on additives intended for supporting somatic growth, as well as promoting and modulating the host’s immune response is a promising and reliable strategy in the post-antibiotic era. In this study, we have evaluated porcine plasma protein hydrolysate (PPH), a by-product of the rendering industry, as a functional ingredient in aquafeeds. Thus, a 92-day nutritional trial was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of PPH in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diets. In particular, the control diet contained 7% fishmeal (48% protein, 17% fat, and 22 MJ kg−1 gross energy), whereas the PPH was included in the experimental diet at the expense of 5% fish meal. Results indicated that this rendering by-product had a beneficial effect on the growth performance and feed-efficiency parameters, as well as promoted systemic immunity. In addition, no differences in biochemical skin mucus biomarkers were found between both groups. The present study indicated that porcine protein hydrolysate obtained from blood plasma may be considered as a safe and functional ingredient for aquafeeds. Abstract The effects of porcine plasma protein hydrolysate (PPH) on growth, feed efficiency, and immune responses was evaluated in Sparus aurata. Fish were fed two isoproteic (48% protein), isolipidic (17% fat), and isoenergetic diets (21.7 MJ/kg) diets, one of them containing 5% PPH at the expense of fishmeal. Both diets were tested for 92 days. A significant increase in growth was observed in fish fed the PPH diet in comparison to the control group (182.2 ± 4.4 vs. 173.8 ± 4.1 g), as well as an increase in feed intake without worsening FCR values. An ex vivo assay, with splenocytes incubated with lipopolysaccharide, was conducted to evaluate the cellular immune competence of fish. Genes involved in humoral immunity (lys, IgM), pro- (tnf-α, il-1β), and anti-inflammatory (tgf-β1, il10) cytokines were upregulated in the PPH group in comparison to the control group. The inclusion of PPH in diets enhanced the antibacterial capacity of skin mucus, as the co-culture of selected bacteria (E. coli, V. anguillarum, and P. anguilliseptica) with skin mucus indicated. The present results showed that the PPH in low fishmeal diets (2%) promoted growth and feed efficiency, as well as enhancing the immune response, which indicates that this is a safe and functional ingredient for aquafeeds.
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Debnath S, Saikia SK. Absorption of protein in teleosts: a review. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:313-326. [PMID: 33405061 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Teleost is a widely diverse group of fishes and so do their feeding habits. From aquaculture points of view, there have been un-interrupted efforts to optimize feeding rates with protein as the chief ingredients in the supplementary diet. However, knowledge on its protein absorption is incomplete so far, to acquire absolute feeding design to mobilize enhanced production of animal-source protein as fish biomass. In this review, the variable protein absorption across digestive tract (DT) in this group of fish has been highlighted. Emphasis is given to outline how DT components, like enterocyte specific absorptive mechanisms, are different in anterior and posterior regions of DT or from the absorptive transporter system. The existence of a transporter-based absorption mechanism brings more variability in the protein absorption in teleosts. At least two such transport systems (Na+-dependent and Na+-independent) with within-system differences impart more variability to protein absorption. Further, shifting from one stage to another stage of development involves considerable modification of the protein absorptive mechanism in teleosts. Gut microbes may also indirectly facilitate protein absorption in teleosts. Overall, the present review projects a comprehensive understanding of the protein absorption in teleosts that will help to strategize the modulation of feeding technology in fish culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Debnath
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Surjya Kumar Saikia
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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Supplementation of tuna hydrolysate and insect larvae improves fishmeal replacement efficacy of poultry by-product in Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) juveniles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4997. [PMID: 33654188 PMCID: PMC7925588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding different levels of poultry by-product meal (PBM) replacing fishmeal (FM) protein, supplemented with tuna hydrolysate (TH) and Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae, on the growth, fillet quality, histological traits, immune status, oxidative biomarker levels and gut microbiota of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer were investigated for six weeks. Barramundi were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets in which a FM based diet was used as the Control diet (Diet1) and compared with other non-FM diets containing 80%, 85% and 90% PBM along with the concurrent supplementation of 5% and/or 10% TH and HI larvae meal. These treatment diets were designated as 80PBM10TH+10HI (Diet2), 85PBM5TH+10HI (Diet3) and 90PBM5TH+5HI (Diet4). The growth and condition factor of fish fed 80PBM10TH+10HI and 85PBM5TH+10HI were significantly higher than the Control. Total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid retention in the fish muscle increased in fish fed PBM-based diets, supplemented with TH and HI larvae meal, with no adverse effect on post-harvest characteristics such as texture and colour of fish fillets. Improvement in serum total bilirubin and total protein content was found in all fish fed TH and HI larvae supplemented PBM. Similarly, immune response showed a significant increase in fish fed non-FM test diets than the Control. In the distal intestine, supplementation of any quantities of TH and HI larvae to PBM led to an increase in the microvilli density and neutral mucins while the number of goblet cells in the skin were unchanged. Liver, kidney, and spleen histology demonstrated a normal structure with no obvious changes in response to all test diets. Bacterial diversity increased in fish fed Diets 2 and 3 with a high abundance of Proteobacteria in Diets 1 and 4 and Firmicutes in Diets 2 and 3. The fish on test diets showed a lower abundance of genus Vibrio. Fish fed TH and HI larvae supplemented PBM diets showed lower infection rate to V. harveyi than the Control. Collectively, concurrent supplementation of TH and HI larvae could improve the quality of PBM diets with positive effects on growth, fillet quality, intestinal health, immunity, and disease resistance.
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25
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Two transcription factors PU.1a and PU.1b have different functions in the immune system of teleost ayu. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:1-13. [PMID: 33610121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor PU.1 is a regulator of macrophage function, however, the specific function of PU.1 in teleost monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) remains unknown. We determined the cDNA sequence of two PU.1 genes from ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis; PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b). Sequence comparisons showed that PaPU.1 were most closely related to the PU.1 of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). The PU.1 transcripts were mainly expressed in the spleen, and their expression was altered in various tissues upon infection with Vibrio anguillarum. PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b proteins were upregulated in MO/MФ, after infection. RNA interference was employed to knockdown PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b to investigate their function in MO/MФ. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was regulated by PaPU.1a, but not PaPU.1b, in ayu MO/MФ upon V. anguillarum infection. Both PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b knockdown lowered the phagocytic activity of MO/MФ. Furthermore, PaPU.1b knockdown attenuated MO/MФ bacterial killing capability. Our results indicate that two PaPU.1 genes differentially modulate the immune response in ayu MO/MФ against bacterial infection.
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26
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Tejpal C, Vijayagopal P, Elavarasan K, Prabu D, Lekshmi R, Anandan R, Sanal E, Asha K, Chatterjee N, Mathew S, Ravishankar C. Evaluation of pepsin derived tilapia fish waste protein hydrolysate as a feed ingredient for silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fingerlings: Influence on growth, metabolism, immune and disease resistance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Landy N, Kheiri F, Faghani M. Effects of periodical application of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed on performance, immunity, total antioxidant activity of serum and intestinal development of broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:134-141. [PMID: 33997341 PMCID: PMC8110846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to examine the effect of periodical application of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed (BPC) in comparison with using sub-therapeutic doses of lincomycin and the excessive inclusion of vitamin E on performance, immunity, total antioxidant capacity of serum and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-d-old male broiler chicks with similar initial weight (Ross strain) were randomly assigned to 6 groups (8 chicks/pen): non-treated group (basal diet), basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg lincomycin, basal diet supplemented with 50 IU vitamin E, basal diet supplemented with 6 g BPC/kg in starter period, basal diet supplemented with 6 g BPC/kg in starter and grower periods and basal diet supplemented with 6 g BPC/kg throughout the whole experiment. The highest final body weight was obtained in the group supplemented with BPC in starter and grower periods. In the finisher phase, broilers fed the diet containing BPC in the starter period and in the whole trial had significantly (P < 0.05) better feed conversion ratios (FCR). Jejunal villus height was significantly elevated in broilers supplemented with antibiotic (P < 0.001), furthermore it tended to be greater in broilers fed BPC in the starter period. The jejunal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in broilers fed the diet containing antibiotic in comparison to other groups. Humoral immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine tended to be elevated in broilers fed the diet containing BPC in the whole trial (P > 0.05). Broilers supplemented with BPC in starter and grower, and in the whole trial had significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The highest total antioxidant capacity was obtained in broilers supplemented with the excessive level of vitamin E, furthermore it tended to improve in broilers fed the diet containing BPC in the whole trial. In summary, the results of the study indicated that addition of BPC in broiler diets in the whole trial could improve FCR, immune responses and total antioxidant activity of serum, and BPC could be used in broiler diets as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Landy
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 8813733395, Iran
| | - Farshid Kheiri
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 8813733395, Iran
| | - Mostafa Faghani
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 8813733395, Iran
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28
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Nouri K, Khalaji S, Zamani A, Saki A. Acid hydrolysis of gelatin extracted from cow skin: properties and potential for use as a source of small peptides and free amino acids for broiler chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Acid hydrolysis of animal and plant protein ingredients can generate beneficial and cost-effective peptides and free amino acids for use in livestock feed.
Aims
The aim was to determine whether a cow-skin gelatin (CSG) hydrolysate, rich in low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acid and produced through acid (4 M HCl) hydrolysis, improved the digestibility of CSG and performance of broilers.
Methods
Day-old Ross 308 chicks (n = 320) were allocated to four treatments (control, maize–soy basal diet; CSG at 92 g/kg basal diet; acid-hydrolysed CSG (AHCSG) at 45 and 92 g/kg basal diet) in a completely randomised design with eight replicate pens per treatment and 10 chicks in each pen. Molecular weights of CSG and AHCSG were characterised by SDS–PAGE, and protein concentration and degree of hydrolysis of AHCSG determined. Broilers were assessed for performance measures and intestinal and serum characteristics.
Key results
The AHCSG had a protein concentration of 84.3%, with a degree of hydrolysis of 66.5%. Respective molecular weights of CSG and AHCSG were 20–128 kDa and 3.5–10 kDa. Bodyweight gain and feed intake were dramatically (P ≤ 0.001) reduced and feed conversion ratio increased with inclusion of CSG and especially AHCSG in the diet. Inclusion of AHCSG reduced (P < 0.05) ileal digesta viscosity compared with CSG, and reduced (P < 0.05) plasma uric acid concentration, villi height and crypt depth compared with the CSG and control diets. AHCSG inclusion in the diet reduced protein digestibility by ~25% (at 45 g/kg) and 50% (at 92 g/kg) compared with the control; CSG also reduced protein digestibility by ~50%. The Salmonella population of ceca was reduced (P = 0.05) with the diet containing 92 g AHCSG/kg compared with the CSG and control diets. Trypsin activity was not affected by diet, but total alkaline protease activity was reduced (P < 0.01) at days 35 of age by inclusion of AHCSG in the diet. Carcass and breast relative weight, and breast fillet crude protein were lower (P < 0.05) for broilers fed diets containing CSG or AHCSG than the control.
Conclusions
Acid hydrolysis of CSG produced large quantities of free amino acids and small peptides, but this did not improve the performance of broiler chickens compared with CSG. Performance was similarly poor with dietary inclusion of AHCSG and CSG relative to the control diet without CSG products.
Implications
Although large quantities of free amino acids and small peptides were produced by acid hydrolysis of CSG, further research is needed to understand the possible problems with acid hydrolysis and why it negatively affects broiler performance.
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Effects of single- and tri-frequency ultrasound on self-assembly and characterizations of bionic dynamic rat stomach digestion of pepsin-soluble collagen from chicken leg skin. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109710. [PMID: 33233284 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chicken feet, aplenty by-products in the chicken industry, are rich in collagen and contain abundant amino acids so that it can be used as an important source for the collagen market. Pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) was extracted from chicken leg skin and explored the effects of single- and tri-frequency ultrasound on the self-assembly and vitro digestion characteristics. By the diverging and tri-frequency ultrasound reactor, PSC was treated with 20 kHz/270w (C20H5m), 40 kHz/270w (C40H5m), 60 kHz/270w (C60H5m), 20/40/60 kHz/90w × 3 (CtH5m) for 5 min. Results showed that ultrasound could accelerate the process of collagen self-assembly, and 60 kHz/270w was the fastest. Microfiber diameters of C60H5m were 65-89 nm, which was significantly lower than the control without ultrasound (80-161 nm). The digestion results indicated polypeptides with relative molecular weights founded in the range 200-5000 Da were exceeded 85%. The final digested product had the highest content of oligopeptide, consistent rheological properties, and elastic behavior. The cavitation and mechanical of ultrasound have effects on the self-assembly process and collagen gel structure and digestion characteristics, which is of great significance for the development of the chicken industry and collagen market.
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30
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Landy N, Kheiri F, Faghani M. Evaluation of cottonseed bioactive peptides on growth performance, carcase traits, immunity, total antioxidant activity of serum and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1844085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Landy
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Farshid Kheiri
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mostafa Faghani
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Chaklader MR, Fotedar R, Howieson J, Siddik MAB, Foysal MJ. The ameliorative effects of various fish protein hydrolysates in poultry by-product meal based diets on muscle quality, serum biochemistry and immunity in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:567-578. [PMID: 32562869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to reduce the use of fishmeal (FM), the effect of using protein from poultry by product meal (PBM) along with the supplementation of three different fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) including yellowtail kingfish, carp and tuna hydrolysate (designated as KH, CH and TH, respectively) were evaluated in juvenile barramundi for growth performance, fillet quality, mucosal immunity, serum biochemistry, immune response and infection against Vibrio harveyi. Fish were fed a FM based control diet + three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 90% of PBM protein supplemented with different types of hydrolysates: 90% PBM +10% KH (90PBM + KH), 90% PBM + 10% CH (90PBM + CH) and 90% PBM + 10% TH (90PBM + TH). Growth performance and indices were unaffected by the hydrolysate supplemented diets when compared to the control. FPH supplemented PBM diets resulted in improved muscle quality by improving poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ∑n-3, ∑n-6 and ∑n-9, and health related lipid indexes were not affected. The internal architecture of spleen and kidney were not altered by test diets whilst FPH supplemented PBM modulated acidic mucins in intestine and skin of fish. Improved infection rate in response to two weeks post infection with V. harveyi in the FPH supplemented diets was further associated with an increased serum immune response and a concomitant regulation of proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines in the head kidney. Serum biochemistry including alanine transaminase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and total bilirubin (TB) showed a decreasing trend both in pre-challenge and post-challenge barramundi fed FPH supplemented diets whereas cholesterol level decreased significantly in post-challenge groups fed 90PBM + KH and 90PBM + TH than pre-challenge barramundi. This study signifies that supplementation of 10% with different three FPH, hydrolysed by an alcalase® enzyme in PBM-based diets for barramundi could be good strategies to overcome the negative consequences triggered by animal by-product ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Janet Howieson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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Kokou F, Sasson G, Mizrahi I, Cnaani A. Antibiotic effect and microbiome persistence vary along the European seabass gut. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10003. [PMID: 32561815 PMCID: PMC7305304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant increase in aquaculture production has led to extensive use of antibiotics as a means to prevent and treat diseases, with adverse implications on the environment, animal health and commensal microbes. Gut microbes are important for the host proper functioning, thus evaluating such impacts is highly crucial. Examining the antibiotic impact on gut segments with different physiological roles may provide insight into their effects on these microhabitats. Hence, we evaluated the effect of feed-administrated antibiotics on the composition and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome in the European seabass, an economically important aquaculture species. We used quantitative PCR to measure bacterial copy numbers, and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to describe the composition along the gut, after 7-days administration of two broad-range antibiotic mixtures at two concentrations. While positive correlation was found between antibiotic concentration and bacterial abundance, we showed a differential effect of antibiotics on the composition along the gut, highlighting distinct impacts on these microbial niches. Moreover, we found an increase in abundance of predicted pathways related to antibiotic-resistance. Overall, we show that a high portion of the European seabass gut microbiome persisted, despite the examined antibiotic intake, indicating high stability to perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Kokou
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel. .,Department of Life Sciences & the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. .,Wageningen University and Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Goor Sasson
- Department of Life Sciences & the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Itzhak Mizrahi
- Department of Life Sciences & the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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Irm M, Taj S, Jin M, Timothée Andriamialinirina HJ, Cheng X, Zhou Q. Influence of dietary replacement of fish meal with fish soluble meal on growth and TOR signaling pathway in juvenile black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:269-276. [PMID: 32244030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) with fish soluble meal (FSM) on growth performance, feed utilization and expression of genes involved in TOR signaling pathway for juvenile black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Six isonitrogenous (41%) and isolipidic diets were prepared to contain graded levels of FSM which replaced 0% (control diet), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 60% protein from FM. Triplicate groups of 20 fish with initial weight 0.51 ± 0.01 g were fed with experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation. The results showed significant differences in growth performance and feed utilization among all treatments, final body weight (FBW), percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) significantly increased with dietary replacement levels of FM with FSM increasing from 0% to 40% (P < 0.05), PWG, SGR and PER were significantly reduced when replacement of FM with FSM further increased from 40% to 60%. Based on PWG against replacement levels of FM with FSM, A two-slope broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimal replacement of FM with FSM is to be 42.59%. Moreover, the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed the 40% FSM replacement diet. Muscle amino acid profile in muscle revealed that total essential amino acids, arginine and threonine were significantly influenced by replacement levels of FSM, while there was no significant difference in NEAA among all treatments. The hematological indices were not affected by the replacement levels of FM with FSM. The relative expression levels of irs-1, pi3k, akt, igf-1, s6k1 and tor were up-regulated when replacement levels of FM with FSM increased from 0% to 40%, and higher values were observed in fish fed with 40% FSM replacement diet compared to those fed the other diets. However, relative expression of 4e-bp2 was down-regulated when replacement levels of FM with FSM increased from 0% to 40% (P < 0.05). In summary, the results of present study indicated that FSM could be a viable alternative protein source for black sea bream, dietary FSM supplementation could improve growth and up-regulate the relative expression of irs-1, pi3k, akt, igf-1, s6k1 genes related to TOR signaling pathway in liver of juvenile black sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Irm
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Sehrish Taj
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | | | - Xin Cheng
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Gasco L, Acuti G, Bani P, Dalle Zotte A, Danieli PP, De Angelis A, Fortina R, Marino R, Parisi G, Piccolo G, Pinotti L, Prandini A, Schiavone A, Terova G, Tulli F, Roncarati A. Insect and fish by-products as sustainable alternatives to conventional animal proteins in animal nutrition. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1743209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Acuti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Dalle Zotte
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Danieli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Fortina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Aldo Prandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Toledo-Solís FJ, Martínez-García R, Galaviz MA, Hilerio-Ruiz AG, Álvarez-González CA, de Rodrigáñez MS. Protein and lipid requirements of three-spot cichlid Cichlasoma trimaculatum larvae. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:23-37. [PMID: 31401709 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the main nutritional requirements at different developmental stages is a prerequisite in the formulation of feeds for newly cultured fish species. In the present study, the lipid and protein requirements of larvae of a native Mexican fish, the three-spot cichlid Cichlasoma trimaculatum, were assessed using a two-factor experimental design that considered four protein (35, 40, 45, and 50%) and two lipid levels (16 and 22%) on growth, survival, and digestive enzyme activities. The best growth and feed efficiency results were obtained when larvae were fed diets including 45% protein and 22% lipids. Comprehensive evaluation of the profile of digestive enzymes using multivariate analysis also demonstrated significant differences in nutritional condition generated by varying inclusion of nutrients. Thus, an increase in protein led to an increase in alkaline protease activity and a reduction in leucine aminopeptidase activity, and the reduction of dietary lipid content led to a significant increase in lipase and trypsin enzymatic activities. Based on our results, C. trimaculatum larvae have a high capacity to hydrolyze both nutrients (protein and lipids) for the high digestive enzyme activities and increase their growth, particularly with a diet containing 45% protein and 22% lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Toledo-Solís
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas,, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - R Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas,, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - M A Galaviz
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), PO Box 76, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - A G Hilerio-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas,, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - C A Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 0.5 km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas,, C.P. 86039, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - M Saenz de Rodrigáñez
- Colección de Ictiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
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Qin Q, Cao XF, Dai YJ, Wang LN, Zhang DD, Jiang GZ, Liu WB. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and gene expressions of the TOR signaling pathway in fingerling Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1747-1757. [PMID: 31297679 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary protein levels (37, 40, and 43%) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity, and gene expressions of target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway in fingerling yellow catfish. One hundred and eighty fingerlings (average weight 0.77 ± 0.03 g) were equally distributed across four replicate tanks for each of the three treatments, with 15 fish per tank. No difference (P > 0.05) was observed in initial body weight, survival rate (SR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscera index (VSI), dressing percentage (DP), and condition factor (CF) among all the treatments. The diet containing 40% protein increased significantly (P < 0.05) final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), nitrogen retention (NRE), and energy retention (ERE) in fish. The highest protease activity in the stomach and intestine was observed in the P40 group (P < 0.05), while amylase and lipase were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The transcriptional levels of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and Akt were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed P40 or P43 than those of fish fed P37. TOR and S6K1 mRNA expressions were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the P40 groups. Hence, the diet containing 40% protein would be suitable for the optimum growth and effective protein utilization of fingerling Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. In vitro, the transcriptional levels of IGF-1, IGF-1R, Akt, TOR, and S6K1 in hepatocyte supplemented with a 40-μM mixed amino acids were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to other treatments. No difference (P > 0.05) was observed in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 in vivo and in vitro among all the treatments. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance likely are involved in the activation of TOR signaling pathway in fingerling Pelteobagrus fulvidraco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210017, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu K, Lu XJ, Chen J. The interleukin-6 regulates the function of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) via the interleukin-6 receptor β in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:191-199. [PMID: 31326589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the most pleiotropic cytokines because of its wide range of effects on cells of the immune and non-immune systems in the body. However, the role of IL-6 in fish monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) is poorly understood. In this study, we cloned the cDNA sequence of the IL-6 gene from ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and demonstrated using a tissue distribution assay that ayu interleukin-6 (PaIL-6) mRNA is expressed in all tested tissues. Changes in expression were observed in immune tissues as well as in MO/MФ after a Vibrio anguillarum infection; subsequently, PaIL-6 was expressed and purified to prepare anti-PaIL-6 antibodies. Recombinant PaIL-6 protein (rPaIL-6) treatment enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Ayu interleukin-6 receptor β (PaIL-6Rβ) knockdown resulted in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in MO/MФ treated with rPaIL-6, whereas no significant changes were observed after ayu interleukin-6 receptor α (PaIL-6Rα) knockdown in MO/MФ. PaIL-6 and PaIL-6Rβ knockdown in MO/MФ inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Moreover, PaIL-6Rβ knockdown inhibited the phagocytic and bactericidal ability of ayu MO/MФ treated with rPaIL-6. These data indicate that PaIL-6 may be able to regulate the function of ayu MO/MФ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Fang H, Xie J, Liao S, Guo T, Xie S, Liu Y, Tian L, Niu J. Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Shrimp Paste on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes Activities, Antioxidant and Immunological Status and Intestinal Morphology of Hybrid Snakehead ( Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂). Front Physiol 2019; 10:1027. [PMID: 31440171 PMCID: PMC6693359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A nutritional feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of shrimp paste on feeding attractiveness, growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, immune-related genes and intestinal morphology in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂). Two diets were formulated with or without shrimp paste supplementation (D1:0% and D2: 3%) to feed fish for 8 weeks. Results showed that growth performance (FBW, WG and SGR) and feed intake (FI) significantly increased with shrimp paste supplemented (P < 0.05), while FCR and SR of hybrid snakehead fed diets supplemented with shrimp paste or not showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Gut lipase and amylase activities were significantly higher in diet supplemented with shrimp paste than that in control one (P < 0.05). Hepatic antioxidant statuses of hybrid snakehead fed dietary shrimp paste or not showed no significant differences in total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase of fish (P > 0.05). Results showed that fish fed diet with shrimp paste supplemented did not show significant difference in expression of GR, IκB, P65 and IL8 than that in control group (P > 0.05). There are significantly more goblet cells in shrimp paste supplemented diet than that in control diet (P < 0.05). However, villi length and muscle thickness showed no significant difference compared to control diet (P > 0.05). The results indicated that dietary 3% shrimp paste supplementation improved the growth performance of hybrid snakehead by enhancing feed intake (FI) while made no difference to antioxidant capacity and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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39
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Siddik MAB, Howieson J, Fotedar R. Beneficial effects of tuna hydrolysate in poultry by-product meal diets on growth, immune response, intestinal health and disease resistance to Vibrio harveyi in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:61-70. [PMID: 30904684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects that tuna hydrolysate (TH) supplementation in poultry by-product meal (PBM) diets would have on growth, immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing fishmeal (FM) without TH supplementation (control) and four diets with 10% TH supplementation viz. a FM protein diet (FMBD + TH), a 75% PBM protein diet (LPBM + TH) and two 90% PBM protein diets, either bioprocessed (BPBM + TH) or unprocessed (HPBM + TH), were formulated for juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile barramundi (average pool weight 12.63 ± 0.11 g) for 10 weeks. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher final body weights and specific growth rates were noted in fish fed with FMBD + TH and BPBM + TH diets when compared to the control. Transmission electron microscopy observation of fish distal intestines revealed a significant enhancement of microvilli length in fish fed FMBD + TH and BPBM + TH whereas scanning electron microscopy analysis found no significant difference in microvilli density. A bacterial challenge with Vibrio harveyi was conducted for 14 days after the growth trial to test the immune response and survival of barramundi. In the pre-challenge condition, a significant reduction in blood glucose was found in BPBM + TH compared to the control, and fish in the post-challenge at 24 h had higher glucose levels compared to fish in the pre- and post-challenge conditions at 72 h. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in FMBD + TH and BPBM + TH compared to the control and fish at 72 h post-challenge exhibited higher lysozyme activity in each treatment compared to all dietary groups in the post-challenge condition at 24 h and to HPBM + TH and BPBM + TH in the pre-challenge condition. Fish fed FMBD + TH, LPBM + TH and BPBM + TH diets had significantly higher survival to the bacterial challenge than fish in the control and HPBM + TH. These results showed that PBM supplemented with TH could successfully replace FM without compromising growth, however, bioprocessed PBM supplemented with TH (BPBM + TH) may significantly improve growth performance, immune response, intestinal health and disease resistance in juvenile barramundi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia; Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh.
| | - Janet Howieson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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Wang Y, Liu X, Jin L, Wen Q, Zhang Y, Narasimha K, Yan E, Wang C, Zheng Y. Effects of fermented corn gluten meal on growth performance, serum parameters, intestinal morphology, and immunity performance of three-yellow broilers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of a diet containing solid-state fermented corn gluten meal (FCGM) with Bacillus natto and Lactobacillus on the growth performance, serum parameters, immune indices, and intestinal morphology of three-yellow broilers. A total of 450 one-d-old three-yellow male broilers were randomly allocated into three dietary treatment groups: control (without FCGM), T1, and T2 [5% and 10% replacement with corn gluten meal (CGM) and FCGM, respectively]. Ten replications per treatment and 15 birds per repeat were utilized. The results showed that the FCGM had a lower neutral detergent fiber content and higher small peptide content than the CGM. The average daily gain values, globulin content, the thymus and spleen indices of three-yellow broilers fed 5% and 10% FCGM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control group, and the three-yellow broilers that were fed 10% FCGM increased more than those that were fed 5% FCGM (P < 0.05). The villus lengths and the ratios of the villus height to crypt depth (V:C) of the duodenum of three-yellow broilers fed 5% and 10% FCGM were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). From this study, it can be concluded that the productivity performances of three-yellow broilers fed with 5% FCGM and 10% FCGM increased, and with the additive level increase in the diet, increases of the productivity performance were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Jin
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinan Wen
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kumar Narasimha
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eryun Yan
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changping Wang
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People’s Republic of China
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Bi-objective optimization of tuna protein hydrolysis to produce aquaculture feed ingredients. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Dietary tuna hydrolysate modulates growth performance, immune response, intestinal morphology and resistance to Streptococcus iniae in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15942. [PMID: 30374125 PMCID: PMC6206086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of tuna hydrolysate (TH) inclusion in fishmeal (FM) based diets on the growth performance, innate immune response, intestinal health and resistance to Streptococcus iniae infection in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were prepared with TH, replacing FM at levels of 0% (control) 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, and fed fish to apparent satiation three times daily for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed diets containing 5% and 10% TH had significantly higher final body weight and specific growth rate than the control. A significant reduction in blood glucose was found in fish fed 10%, 15% and 20% TH compared to those in the control whereas none of the other measured blood and serum indices were influenced by TH inclusion. Histological observation revealed a significant enhancement in goblet cell numbers in distal intestine of fish fed 5 to 10% TH in the diet. Moreover, fish fed 10% TH exhibited the highest resistance against Streptococcus iniae infection during a bacterial challenge trial. These findings therefore demonstrate that the replacement of 5 to 10% FM with TH improves growth, immune response, intestinal health and disease resistance in juvenile barramundi.
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Neuman C, Hatje E, Smullen R, Bowman J, Katouli M. The effect of fishmeal inclusion and prebiotic supplementation on the hindgut faecal microbiota of farmed Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:952-963. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Neuman
- Genecology Research Centre; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
| | - E. Hatje
- Genecology Research Centre; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
| | - R. Smullen
- Ridley Aqua-Feed Pty; Narangba Qld Australia
| | - J.P. Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - M. Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
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Leduc A, Zatylny-Gaudin C, Robert M, Corre E, Corguille GL, Castel H, Lefevre-Scelles A, Fournier V, Gisbert E, Andree KB, Henry J. Dietary aquaculture by-product hydrolysates: impact on the transcriptomic response of the intestinal mucosa of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed low fish meal diets. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:396. [PMID: 29793421 PMCID: PMC5968468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aquaculture production is expected to double by 2030, and demands for aquafeeds and raw materials are expected to increase accordingly. Sustainable growth of aquaculture will require the development of highly nutritive and functional raw materials to efficiently replace fish meal. Enzymatic hydrolysis of marine and aquaculture raw materials could bring new functionalities to finished products. The aim of this study was to determine the zootechnical and transcriptomic performances of protein hydrolysates of different origins (tilapia, shrimp, and a combination of the two) in European seabass (Dicentrarchux labrax) fed a low fish meal diet (5%), for 65 days. Results Results were compared to a positive control fed with 20% of fish meal. Growth performances, anterior intestine histological organization and transcriptomic responses were monitored and analyzed. Dietary inclusion of protein hydrolysates in the low fish meal diet restored similar growth performances to those of the positive control. Inclusion of dietary shrimp hydrolysate resulted in larger villi and more goblet cells, even better than the positive control. Transcriptomic analysis of the anterior intestine showed that dietary hydrolysate inclusion restored a pattern of intestinal gene expression very close to the pattern of the positive control. However, as compared to the low fish meal diet and depending on their origin, the different hydrolysates did not modulate metabolic pathways in the same way. Dietary shrimp hydrolysate inclusion modulated more metabolic pathways related to immunity, while nutritional metabolism was more impacted by dietary tilapia hydrolysate. Interestingly, the combination of the two hydrolysates enhanced the benefits of hydrolysate inclusion in diets: more genes and metabolic pathways were regulated by the combined hydrolysates than by each hydrolysate tested independently. Conclusions Protein hydrolysates manufactured from aquaculture by-products are promising candidates to help replace fish meal in aquaculture feeds without disrupting animal metabolism and performances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4780-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leduc
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France.,Aquativ (DianaAqua, Symrise Group), Elven, France
| | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France
| | - Marie Robert
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Hélène Castel
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Lefevre-Scelles
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | | | - Enric Gisbert
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Joël Henry
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France.
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Egerton S, Culloty S, Whooley J, Stanton C, Ross RP. The Gut Microbiota of Marine Fish. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:873. [PMID: 29780377 PMCID: PMC5946678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The body of work relating to the gut microbiota of fish is dwarfed by that on humans and mammals. However, it is a field that has had historical interest and has grown significantly along with the expansion of the aquaculture industry and developments in microbiome research. Research is now moving quickly in this field. Much recent focus has been on nutritional manipulation and modification of the gut microbiota to meet the needs of fish farming, while trying to maintain host health and welfare. However, the diversity amongst fish means that baseline data from wild fish and a clear understanding of the role that specific gut microbiota play is still lacking. We review here the factors shaping marine fish gut microbiota and highlight gaps in the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Egerton
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Culloty
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason Whooley
- Bio-marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Killybegs, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Teagasc and University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Teagasc and University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Olukosi OA, Xiao W, Jia J. Peptide supplementation to nutrient-adequate diets enhanced internal egg quality during storage in hens at peak production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1850-1855. [PMID: 28885687 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is paucity of information on the use of dietary peptides in laying hens and its effects on egg production and quality. In the current study, peptide from enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean protein was incorporated into laying hens' diets to investigate its effect on egg production and internal egg quality. RESULTS There were no treatment effects on egg production (average hen day production was 96%) during the experiment. Final body weight of the hens increased quadratically (P < 0.05) in response to peptide supplementation. There were no significant effects of peptide supplementation on internal egg quality of the fresh eggs. Peptide supplementation tended to increase yolk colour (P < 0.10) in eggs collected at 4 weeks of the study and stored at room temperature for 14 days. For the eggs collected at 8 weeks of the experiment and stored at room temperature for 14 days, peptide supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) albumen height, Haugh unit and yolk index but linearly decreased (P < 0.01) yolk width. CONCLUSION Peptide supplementation to laying hens at peak production, receiving diets meeting their nutrient requirement, did not improve hen production but positively helped to maintain hens' body weight and egg quality during storage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jing Jia
- Mytech Biotech Co. Ltd, Chengdu, PR China
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Lorenz EK, Barone RSC, Yamamoto FY, Cyrino JEP. Dietary Protein Hydrolysates from Animal By-Products: Digestibility and Enzymatic Activity for Dourado Salminus brasiliensis. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2018.1424745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Kleber Lorenz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens [PPG-CAP], Departamento de Zootecnia [LZT], Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz [ESALQ], Universidade de São Paulo [USP]; Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Simões Coelho Barone
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens [PPG-CAP], Departamento de Zootecnia [LZT], Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz [ESALQ], Universidade de São Paulo [USP]; Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Yugo Yamamoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens [PPG-CAP], Departamento de Zootecnia [LZT], Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz [ESALQ], Universidade de São Paulo [USP]; Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
- Departamento de Zootecnia [LZT], Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz [ESALQ], Universidade de São Paulo [USP], Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Xu L, Geelen D. Developing Biostimulants From Agro-Food and Industrial By-Products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1567. [PMID: 30425724 PMCID: PMC6218572 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In modern agriculture, seeking eco-friendly ways to promote plant growth and enhance crop productivity is of priority. Biostimulants are a group of substances from natural origin that contribute to boosting plant yield and nutrient uptake, while reducing the dependency on chemical fertilizers. Developing biostimulants from by-products paves the path to waste recycling and reduction, generating benefits for growers, food industry, registration and distribution companies, as well as consumers. The criteria to select designated by-products for valorizing as biostimulant are: absence of pesticide residue, low cost of collection and storage, sufficient supply and synergy with other valorization paths. Over the years, projects on national and international levels such as NOSHAN, SUNNIVA, and Bio2Bio have been initiated (i) to explore valorization of by-products for food and agriculture industries; (ii) to investigate mode of action of biostimulants from organic waste streams. Several classes of waste-derived biostimulants or raw organic material with biostimulant components were shown to be effective in agriculture and horticulture, including vermicompost, composted urban waste, sewage sludge, protein hydrolysate, and chitin/chitosan derivatives. As the global market for biostimulants continues to rise, it is expected that more research and development will expand the list of biostimulants from by-products. Global nutrient imbalance also requires biostimulant to be developed for targeted market. Here, we review examples of biostimulants derived from agricultural by-products and discuss why agricultural biomass is a particularly valuable source for the development of new agrochemical products.
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In vitro characteristics of an Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) hind gut microbial community in relation to different dietary treatments. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:751-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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50
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Ceppa F, Faccenda F, De Filippo C, Albanese D, Pindo M, Martelli R, Marconi P, Lunelli F, Fava F, Parisi G. Influence of essential oils in diet and life-stage on gut microbiota and fillet quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:318-333. [PMID: 28859525 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1370699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing fish farming to meet the demands of food security and sustainability in the 21st century will require new farming systems and improved feeds. Diet and microbe interactions in the gut is an important variable with the potential to make a significant impact on future fish farming diets and production systems. It was monitored the gut microbiota of farmed rainbow trout using 16S rRNA profiling over 51 weeks during standard rearing conditions and feeding diet with supplementation of an essential oils (MixOil) mixture from plants (at a concentration in diet of 200 mg/kg). Gut microbiota 16S rRNA profiling indicated that the fish gut was dominated by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Although the dietary supplementation with MixOil had no impact on either the composition or architecture of gut microbiota, significant changes in alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of groups of gut bacteria were evident during growth stages on test feeds, especially upon prolonged growth on finishing feed. Fish fillet quality to guarantee palatability and safety for human consumption was also evaluated. Significant differences within the gut microbiota of juvenile and adult trout under the same rearing conditions were observed, The addition of essential oil blend affected some physicochemical characteristics of trout fillets, including their resistance to oxidative damage and their weight loss (as liquid loss and water holding capacity) during the first period of storage, that are two important parameters related to product shelf life and susceptibility to spoilage. The results highlighted the need for further studies concern dietary microbiome modulation at different life stages and its influence on animal health, growth performance and final product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Ceppa
- a Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Filippo Faccenda
- b Technology Transfer Centre, Experiment and Technological Services Department , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- c Institute of Biometeorology , National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR) , Firenze , Italy
| | - Davide Albanese
- d Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- e Genomics Platform, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Roberta Martelli
- f Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
| | - Paola Marconi
- g Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri , Firenze , Italy
| | - Fernando Lunelli
- b Technology Transfer Centre, Experiment and Technological Services Department , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- a Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Trento , Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- f Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Firenze , Firenze , Italy
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