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Liu Y, Du N, Qian B, Zou C, Yu Z, Xu F, Wang L, Qin S, You F, Tan X. Characteristics of Shisa Family Genes in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14062. [PMID: 37762365 PMCID: PMC10531659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shisa represents a type of single-transmembrane adaptor protein containing an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and a proline-rich C-terminal region. Nine shisa subfamily genes have been proposed in most vertebrates; however, some might be species-specific. The number of shisa genes present in zebrafish remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary relationships among shisa family genes in zebrafish (TU strain) using phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. The function of shisa-2 was preliminarily examined via CRISPR/Cas13d-mediated knockdown. Following identification in zebrafish, 10 shisa family genes, namely shisa-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9a, and 9b, were classified into three main clades and six subclades. Their encoding proteins contained a cysteine-rich N-terminal domain and a proline-rich C-terminal region containing different motifs. A specific syntenic block containing atp8a2 and shisa-2 was observed to be conserved across all species. Furthermore, all these genes were expressed during embryogenesis. Shisa-2 was expressed in the presomitic mesoderm, somites, and so on. Shisa-2 was identified as a regulator of the expression of the somite formation marker mesp-ab. Overall, our study provides new insights into the evolution of shisa family genes and the control of shisa-2 over the convergent extension cells of somitic precursors in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.)
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Na Du
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Beibei Qian
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Congcong Zou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Zhouxin Yu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.)
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Sishi Qin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Feng You
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xungang Tan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China (F.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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Wu G, Mou X, Song H, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Liu C. Characterization and functional analysis of pax3 in body color transition of polychromatic Midas cichlids (Amphilophus citrinellus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 263:110779. [PMID: 35926705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As the representative genetic and economic trait of ornamental fish, skin color has a strong impact on speciation and adaptation. However, the genetic basis of skin color pigmentation, differentiation and change is still not understood. The Midas cichlid fish with three typical body color transition stages of "black-gray‑gold" is an ideal model system for investigating the formation and change of fish body color. In this study, to investigate the regulatory role of the pair box 3 (pax3) gene in the early body color fading process of Midas cichlids, the complete cDNA sequence (3513 bp) of pax3 was successfully isolated from Midas cichlids (Amphilophus Citrinellus), and found to encode polypeptides of 491 amino acids. Expression patterns of the pax3 gene in tissues of Midas cichlids during different periods, including embryonic development and body color fading stages were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that pax3 was expressed in all tissues of adult fish, with a higher expression level in muscle and skin. The highest expression level in muscle tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). During embryonic development, the expression tendency of pax3 was first increased and then decreased. In the three typical stages of early skin color fading from black to gold, pax3 expression in skin, caudal fin and scales all showed a downward trend. The expression level in the black stage was significantly higher than that in other stages (P < 0.05). Positive signal of pax3 protein was detected in the three typical skin color conversion stages, and the highest positive signal intensity was detected in the black stage, which was consistent with qRT-PCR results. After pax3 RNA interference, pax3 and the downstream genes mitf and tyr all decreased, while dct mRNA expression increased in the skin of fish. Western blotting also showed a decrease in pax3 protein concentration. Those results suggest that pax3 plays an important role in skin color formation, distribution and change in Midas cichlids through the melanogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xidong Mou
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yexin Yang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Wang M, Song W, Jin C, Huang K, Yu Q, Qi J, Zhang Q, He Y. Pax3 and Pax7 Exhibit Distinct and Overlapping Functions in Marking Muscle Satellite Cells and Muscle Repair in a Marine Teleost, Sebastes schlegelii. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073769. [PMID: 33916485 PMCID: PMC8038590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 are members of the Pax gene family which are essential for embryo and organ development. Both genes have been proved to be markers of muscle satellite cells and play key roles in the process of muscle growth and repair. Here, we identified two Pax3 genes (SsPax3a and SsPax3b) and two Pax7 genes (SsPax7a and SsPax7b) in a marine teleost, black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). Our results showed SsPax3 and SsPax7 marked distinct populations of muscle satellite cells, which originated from the multi-cell stage and somite stage, respectively. In addition, we constructed a muscle injury model to explore the function of these four genes during muscle repair. Hematoxylin–eosin (H–E) of injured muscle sections showed new-formed myofibers occurred at 16 days post-injury (dpi). ISH (in situ hybridization) analysis demonstrated that the expression level of SsPax3a and two SsPax7 genes increased gradually during 0–16 dpi and peaked at 16 dpi. Interestingly, SsPax3b showed no significant differences during the injury repair process, indicating that the satellite cells labeled by SsPax3b were not involved in muscle repair. These results imply that the muscle stem cell populations in teleosts are more complicated than in mammals. This lays the foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanism of indeterminant growth and muscle repair of large fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Weihao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Chaofan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Kejia Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qianwen Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jie Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
- Correspondence:
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Jiao S, Wu Z, Tan X, Sui Y, Wang L, You F. Characterization of pax3a and pax3b genes in artificially induced polyploid and gynogenetic olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) during embryogenesis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:385-395. [PMID: 27677482 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although chromosome set manipulation techniques including polyploidy induction and gynogentic induction in flatfish are becoming increasingly mature, there exists a poor understanding of their effects on embryonic development. PAX3 plays crucial roles during embryonic myogenesis and neurogenesis. In olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), there are two duplicated pax3 genes (pax3a, pax3b), and both of them are expressed in the brain and muscle regions with some subtle regional differences. We utilized pax3a and pax3b as indicators to preliminarily investigate whether chromosome set manipulation affects embryonic neurogenesis and myogenesis using whole-mount in situ hybridization. In the polyploid induction groups, 94 % of embryos in the triploid induction group had normal pax3a/3b expression patterns; however, 45 % of embryos in the tetraploid induction group showed abnormal pax3a/3b expression patterns from the tailbud formation stage to the hatching stage. Therefore, the artificial induction of triploidy and tetraploidy had a small or a moderate effect on flounder embryonic myogenesis and neurogenesis, respectively. In the gynogenetic induction groups, 87 % of embryos in the meiogynogenetic diploid induction group showed normal pax3a/3b expression patterns. However, almost 100 % of embryos in the gynogenetic haploid induction group and 63 % of embryos in the mitogynogenetic diploid induction group showed abnormal pax3a/3b expression patterns. Therefore, the induction of gynogenetic haploidy and mitogynogenetic diploidy had large effects on flounder embryonic myogenesis and neurogenesis. In conclusion, the differential expression of pax3a and pax3b may provide new insights for consideration of fish chromosome set manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xungang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Sui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng You
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Navet S, Buresi A, Baratte S, Andouche A, Bonnaud-Ponticelli L, Bassaglia Y. The Pax gene family: Highlights from cephalopods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172719. [PMID: 28253300 PMCID: PMC5333810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax genes play important roles in Metazoan development. Their evolution has been extensively studied but Lophotrochozoa are usually omitted. We addressed the question of Pax paralog diversity in Lophotrochozoa by a thorough review of available databases. The existence of six Pax families (Pax1/9, Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, Pax4/6, Paxβ, PoxNeuro) was confirmed and the lophotrochozoan Paxβ subfamily was further characterized. Contrary to the pattern reported in chordates, the Pax2/5/8 family is devoid of homeodomain in Lophotrochozoa. Expression patterns of the three main pax classes (pax2/5/8, pax3/7, pax4/6) during Sepia officinalis development showed that Pax roles taken as ancestral and common in metazoans are modified in S. officinalis, most likely due to either the morphological specificities of cephalopods or to their direct development. Some expected expression patterns were missing (e.g. pax6 in the developing retina), and some expressions in unexpected tissues have been found (e.g. pax2/5/8 in dermal tissue and in gills). This study underlines the diversity and functional plasticity of Pax genes and illustrates the difficulty of using probable gene homology as strict indicator of homology between biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Navet
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Auxane Buresi
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Baratte
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Sorbonne-ESPE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Aude Andouche
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil-Val de Marne, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Peng LM, Zheng Y, You F, Wu ZH, Tan X, Jiao S, Zhang PJ. Comparison of growth characteristics between skeletal muscle satellite cell lines from diploid and triploid olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1519. [PMID: 26788421 PMCID: PMC4715439 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. According to myosatellite cell lines (MSCs) established in vitro from diploid and triploid flounder, we compared the characters of growth and differentiation of their MSCs. The results would be useful for learning the muscle development mechanism in teleosts. Materials and Methods. The skeletal muscle cells from the diploid and triploid olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were isolated and cultured in vitro, respectively, and the cells were characterized at the morphology and molecular level; meanwhile, the performance of these cells’ proliferation and differentiation were analyzed. Results. Two new skeletal muscle cell lines (POMSCS(2n) and POMSCS(3n)) from diploid and triploid flounder have been respectively subcultured for 67 times and 66 times. The cultured cells were mostly spindle-like mononuclear cells. They have normal flounder diploid karyotype (2n=48t) and triploid karyotype (3n=72t), respectively. Muscle satellite cell gene marker (pax7b) and myogenic cell protein marker (Desmin) were all expressed in cells of two cell lines. Both of the cells could differentiate into the large polynucleated muscle fibre cells, and immunofluorescence reactions of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) were positive. There were more cells of POMSCS(3n) to differentiate into the muscle fibre cells than that of POMSCS(2n). However, POMSCS(2n) cells proliferated more rapidly than those of POMSCS(3n) (P < 0.05). The significant fluorescent signals were observed in both POMSCS(2n) and POMSCS(3n) cells after transfected with pEGFP-N3 reporter plasmid. Conclusions. The two cell lines have been established and characterized as MSCs. We suppose that it might be the differentiation capacity, rather than the proliferation activity of MSCs to play a key role in the better growth of triploid ones than diploid. Both cell lines will become the ideal tools to learn the mechanism of fish MSCs proliferation, differentiation and regeneration during muscle development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Peng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng You
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xungang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Pei-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Bürglin TR, Affolter M. Homeodomain proteins: an update. Chromosoma 2015; 125:497-521. [PMID: 26464018 PMCID: PMC4901127 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we provide an update of our review on homeobox genes that we wrote together with Walter Gehring in 1994. Since then, comprehensive surveys of homeobox genes have become possible due to genome sequencing projects. Using the 103 Drosophila homeobox genes as example, we present an updated classification. In animals, there are 16 major classes, ANTP, PRD, PRD-LIKE, POU, HNF, CUT (with four subclasses: ONECUT, CUX, SATB, and CMP), LIM, ZF, CERS, PROS, SIX/SO, plus the TALE superclass with the classes IRO, MKX, TGIF, PBC, and MEIS. In plants, there are 11 major classes, i.e., HD-ZIP (with four subclasses: I to IV), WOX, NDX, PHD, PLINC, LD, DDT, SAWADEE, PINTOX, and the two TALE classes KNOX and BEL. Most of these classes encode additional domains apart from the homeodomain. Numerous insights have been obtained in the last two decades into how homeodomain proteins bind to DNA and increase their specificity by interacting with other proteins to regulate cell- and tissue-specific gene expression. Not only protein-DNA base pair contacts are important for proper target selection; recent experiments also reveal that the shape of the DNA plays a role in specificity. Using selected examples, we highlight different mechanisms of homeodomain protein-DNA interaction. The PRD class of homeobox genes was of special interest to Walter Gehring in the last two decades. The PRD class comprises six families in Bilateria, and tinkers with four different motifs, i.e., the PAIRED domain, the Groucho-interacting motif EH1 (aka Octapeptide or TN), the homeodomain, and the OAR motif. Homologs of the co-repressor protein Groucho are also present in plants (TOPLESS), where they have been shown to interact with small amphipathic motives (EAR), and in yeast (TUP1), where we find an EH1-like motif in MATα2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Bürglin
- />Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- />Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- />Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Jiao S, Tan X, Li M, Sui Y, Du SJ, You F. The duplicated paired box protein 7 (pax7) genes differentially transcribed during Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 189:62-8. [PMID: 26275626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PAX are important regulators of developmental processes. PAX7 plays crucial roles in patterning of the dorsal central nervous system (CNS), neural crest (NC), and skeletal muscle. Here, we identified six spliced isoforms of pax7a and one pax7b and characterized their expression patterns. All of flounder Pax7a-1, Pax7a-2, Pax7a-3, and Pax7b contain a conserved paired domain (PD), an octapeptide motif (OP), and a paired type homeodomain (HD). However, the PD of Pax7a-4 and the HD of Pax7a-5 are not intact, and there is no HD in Pax7a-4 and Pax7a-6. pax7a and pax7b show distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns during embryogenesis. Whole-mount in situ hybridization demonstrates that the expression patterns of pax7a and pax7b are overlapping but distinguishable in the dorsal central nervous system. pax7a is expressed in most part of the brain and the neural tube, while pax7b is expressed exclusively in the diencephalon and the midbrain. In addition, pax7a is also expressed in the cranial NC and the trunk NC. RT-PCR results show that there were different expression patterns between the different isoforms. These results indicate subfunction partitioning of the duplicated pax7 genes. The duplicated pax7 may provide additional flexibility in fine-tuning neurogenesis and somitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xungang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Sui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao Jun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Feng You
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
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Origins and evolvability of the PAX family. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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