Effects of chronic prometryn exposure on antioxidative status, intestinal morphology, and microbiota in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

Unveiling the toxicological effects and risks of prometryn on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Health assessments, ecological, and molecular insights

Prometryn is commonly used in agricultural and non-agricultural settings. However, possible harm to aquatic organisms remains a persistent concern. Prometryn was also the only one of the 26 triazine herbicides detected in this study. Numerous studies have assessed the harmful effects of prometryn in teleost fish and shrimp. There is a lack of information regarding the ecological and human health risks, as well as the toxic mechanisms affecting crayfish. In this study, human health risk assessment (THQ) and ecological risk assessment (RQ) were conducted on P. clarkii in the rice-crayfish co-culture (IRCC) farming model. The 96 h of exposure to 0.286 mg/L and 1.43 mg/L prometryn was conducted to investigate the potential effects and molecular mechanisms of hepatopancreatic resistance to prometryn in P. clarkii. The original sample analysis revealed that the THQ calculated from the prometryn levels in the muscle and hepatopancreas was below 0.1, suggesting no threat to human health. However, the calculated RQ values were >0.1, indicating a risk to P. clarkii. Histological analysis and biochemical index detection of the experimental samples revealed that the hepatopancreatic injury and oxidative damage in P. clarkii were caused by prometryn. Moreover, transcriptome analysis identified 2512 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 96 h of prometryn exposure. Prometryn exposure caused significant changes in metabolic pathways, including oxoacid metabolic processes and cytochrome P450-associated drug metabolism. Further hub gene analysis via PPI indicated that exposure to prometryn may inhibit lipid synthesis, storage, and amino acid transport and affect glucose metabolic pathways and hormone synthesis. Additionally, we hypothesized that prometryn-triggered cell death could be linked to the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade. This study's findings have significant meaning for the efficient and logical application of herbicides in IRCC, ultimately aiding in advancing a highly productive agricultural system.

Unveiling the hidden risks: Pesticide residues in aquaculture systems

The present study systematically assessed the presence and ecological risks of 79 pesticides in various aquaculture systems, namely pond aquaculture (PA), greenhouse aquaculture (GA), and raceway aquaculture (RA) at different aquaculture stages, along with evaluating the pesticide removal of four tailwater treatment systems. Sixteen herbicides and two fungicides were identified, with the total concentrations ranging from 8.33 ng/L to 3248.45 ng/L. The PA system demonstrated significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) and a wider range of pesticide residues compared to the GA and RA systems. Prometryn, simetryn, atrazine, and thifluzamide were found to be the predominant pesticides across all three aquaculture modes, suggesting their significance as pollutants that warrant monitoring. Additionally, the findings indicated that the early aquaculture stage exhibits the highest levels of pesticide concentration, underscoring the importance of heightened monitoring and regulatory interventions during this phase. Furthermore, among the four tailwater treatment systems analyzed, the recirculating tailwater treatment system exhibited the highest efficacy in pesticide removal. A comprehensive risk assessment revealed minimal ecological risks in both the aquaculture and tailwater environments. However, the pesticide mixtures present high risks to algae and low to medium risks to aquatic invertebrates and fish, particularly during the early stages of aquaculture. Simetryn and prometryn were identified as high-risk pesticides. Based on the prioritization index, simetryn, prometryn, diuron, and ametryn are recommended for prioritization in risk assessment. This study offers valuable data for pesticide control and serves as a reference for the establishment of a standardized pesticide monitoring and management system at various stages of aquaculture.

Sea cucumber physiological response to abiotic stress: Emergent contaminants and climate change

The ocean is facing a multitude of abiotic stresses due to factors such as climate change and pollution. Understanding how organisms in the ocean respond to these global changes is vital to better predicting consequences. Sea cucumbers are popular echinoderms with multiple ecological, nutritional, and pharmaceutical benefits. Here, we reviewed the effects of environmental change on an ecologically important echinoderm of the ocean, aiming to understand their response better, which could facilitate healthy culture programs under environmental changes and draw attention to knowledge gaps. After screening articles from the databases, 142 studies were included on the influence of emergent contaminants and climate variation on the early developmental stages and adults of sea cucumbers. We outlined the potential mechanism underlying the physiological response of sea cucumbers to emerging contaminants and climate change. It can be concluded that the physiological response of sea cucumbers to emergent contaminants differs from their response to climate change. Sea cucumbers could accumulate pollutants in their organs but are aestivated when exposed to extreme climate change. Research showed that the physiological response of sea cucumbers to pollutants indicates that these pollutants impair critical physiological processes, particularly during the more susceptible early phases of development compared to adults, and the accumulation of these pollutants in adults is often observed. For climate change, sea cucumbers showed gradual adaptation to the slight variation. However, sea cucumbers undergo aestivation under extreme conditions. Based on this review, critical suggestions for future research are presented, and we call for more efforts focusing on the co-occurrence of different stressors to extend the knowledge regarding the effects of environmental changes on these economically and ecologically important species.

Microbial community structure and co-occurrence network stability in seawater and microplastic biofilms under prometryn pollution in marine ecosystems

Prometryn has been extensively detected in marine environment because of its widespread usage in agriculture and aquaculture and has been concerns since its serious effects on aquatic organisms. However, its impact on the microbial community in the marine ecosystem including seawater and biofilm is still unclear. Therefore, a short-term indoor microcosm experiment of prometryn exposure was conducted. This study found that prometryn had a more significant impact on the structure and stability of the microbial community in seawater compared to microplastic biofilms. Additionally, we observed that the assembly of the microbial community in biofilms was more affected by stochastic processes than in seawater under the exposure of prometryn. Our study provided evidence for the increasing impact of the microbial communities under the stress of prometryn and microplastics.

Gut microbiota dynamics interacting with gastrointestinal evacuation of Apostichopus japonicus: novel insights into promising strategies for environmental improvement

As an important input of environmental micropollutants into aquaculture environment, feed is now considered to be a critical factor in shaping gastrointestinal evacuation characteristics of animals. We analyzed the gastrointestinal evacuation characteristics and gut bacteria of Apostichopus japonicus within 30 h after feeding in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and explored the evacuation mechanism interacting by bacteria. The Gauss model was the most precise gastrointestinal evacuation curve, and 80% of gastrointestinal evacuation time was 27.81 h after feeding. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed that gut microbial abundance associated significantly with time (P < 0.05), and 42 biomarkers that could predict gastrointestinal evacuation were totally detected, such as Lutibacter and Vibrio. Biomarkers at 25 h after feeding were related to harmful bacteria. A dynamic response between gastrointestinal content ratio and gut microbial abundance was detected. Taken together, we could discharge sewage about 25 h after feeding and carry out the next round of feeding activities.

Effects of Prometryn Exposure on Hepatopancreas Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Flora in Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda)

There is growing evidence that long-term exposure to prometryn (a widely used herbicide) can induce toxicity in bony fish and shrimp. Our previous study demonstrated its 96 h acute toxicity on the crab Eriocheir sinensis. However, studies on whether longer exposure to prometryn with a lower dose induces toxicity in E. sinensis are scarce. Therefore, we conducted a 20 d exposure experiment to investigate its effects on the hepatopancreas and intestine of E. sinensi. Prometryn reduce the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increase the level of lipid peroxidation and cause oxidative stress. Moreover, long-term exposure resulted in immune and detoxification fatigue, while short-term exposure to prometryn could upregulate the expression of genes related to immunity, inflammation and detoxification. Prometryn altered the morphological structure of the hepatopancreas (swollen lumen) and intestine (shorter intestinal villi, thinner muscle layer and thicker peritrophic membrane). In addition, prometryn changed the species composition of the intestinal flora. In particular, Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria showed a dose-dependent decrease accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in Firmicutes at the phylum level. At the genus level, all exposure groups significantly increased the abundance of Zoogloea and a Firmicutes bacterium ZOR0006, but decreased Shewanella abundance. Interestingly, Pearson correlation analysis indicated a potential association between differential flora and hepatopancreatic disorder. Phenotypic abundance analysis indicated that changes in the gut flora decreased the intestinal organ's resistance to stress and increased the potential for opportunistic infection. In summary, our research provides new insights into the prevention and defense strategies in response to external adverse environments and contributes to the sustainable development of E. sinensis culture.