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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Thierry T, Giuso V, Polo F, Mercandelli P, Chen YT, Chang CH, Mauro M, Bellemin-Laponnaz S. A stable and true-blue emissive hexacoordinate Si(IV) N-heterocyclic carbene complex and its use in organic light-emitting diodes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6445-6450. [PMID: 38511259 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00420e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A neutral hexacoordinate Si(IV) complex containing two tridentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands is synthesised and characterized by X-ray crystallography, optical spectroscopy, electrochemistry and computational methods. The stable compound exhibits remarkable deep-blue photoluminescence particularly in the solid state, which enables its use as an electroluminescent material in organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Thierry
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Valerio Giuso
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Ca' Bottacin, 30124, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, 32003 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, 32003 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Matteo Mauro
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stéphane Bellemin-Laponnaz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Duan C, Cui C. Boryl-substituted low-valent heavy group 14 compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:361-379. [PMID: 38086648 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Low valent group 14 compounds exhibit diverse structures and reactivities. The employment of diazaborolyl anions (NHB anions), isoelectronic analogues to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in group 14 chemistry leads to the exceptional structures and reactivity. The unique combination of σ-electron donation and pronounced steric hindrance impart distinct structural characteristics to the NHB-substituted low valent group 14 compounds. Notably, the modulation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in these compounds with the diazaborolyl substituents results in novel reaction patterns in the activation of small molecules and inert chemical bonds. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances in NHB-substituted low-valent heavy Group 14 compounds, emphasizing their synthesis, structural characteristics and application to small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Wilde T, Murphy F, Smylie CRT, Kennedy AR, Weetman CE. Synthesis and Reactivity of an Aluminium N-heterocyclic Aminal. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301058. [PMID: 38149325 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Tethered N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are an emerging class of ligand, as they feature all the desirable aspects of NHCs (ease of synthesis, high tunabilty) but also enable metal-ligand cooperativity when combined with Lewis acidic metal centres due to the donor-acceptor nature of the complexes formed. Herein we report a simple ethoxy-tethered NHC for the stabilisation of Al(III) hydrides, resulting in the unexpected formation of a bicyclic N-heterocyclic aminal (1). Compound 1 behaves as a metal hydride, capable of reducing benzophenone and carbodiimide to yield compounds 2 and 3, respectively. Furthermore, we show that 1 behaves as an efficient catalyst in the dehydrocoupling of amine-boranes due to the hemi-labile nature of the supporting ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Wilde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL
| | - Fáinché Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL
| | - Cooper R T Smylie
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL
| | - Catherine E Weetman
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL
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5
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Liu W, Sun J, Xie Y, Chen L, Xu J. The effective regulation of heterogeneous N-heterocyclic carbenes: structures, electronic properties and transition metal adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28382-28392. [PMID: 37842982 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02777e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous N-heterocyclic carbene materials have attracted increasing interest in the fields of materials science and catalysis due to their unique properties and potential applications. However, current heterogeneous systems primarily focus on a single class of carbene. In this work, we simultaneously introduce two classes of typical five-membered carbenes into a graphene lattice, forming a series of novel two-dimensional heterogeneous N-heterocyclic carbene nanomaterials (2D-NCMs) composed of multiple carbenes. First-principles calculations demonstrate the thermodynamic stability of the designed 2D-NCMs, as well as their diverse electronic properties ranging from metallic to semiconducting. The incorporation of carbenes in the 2D-NCMs enables them to adsorb both acidic BCl3 and basic CO molecules, thus exhibiting unique amphoteric properties. Furthermore, the 2D-NCMs exhibit remarkable adsorption capacities for ten transition metals, highlighting their promising potential for future catalytic applications. By adjusting the proportions of the two classes of carbenes, we can effectively regulate the electronic properties and adsorption capacities of small molecules and transition metals in the 2D-NCMs. This study presents a novel strategy for designing and regulating the properties of heterogeneous N-heterocyclic carbenes, offering significant implications in the fields of catalysis and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Jingchao Sun
- College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yunhao Xie
- College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
- College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
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Horrer G, Luff MS, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic carbene and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene ligated half-sandwich complexes of chromium(II) and chromium(I). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13244-13257. [PMID: 37667868 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a series of Cr(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) complexes of the type [{Cr(NHC)Cl(μ-Cl)}2] and [(Cyp)Cr(NHC)X] (Cyp = η5-C5H5, cyclopentadienyl; η5-C5Me5, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; X = Cl, η3-C3H5; NHC = IMeMe, IiPrMe, IMes, IDipp) as well as the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene cAACMe ligated complexes [(η5-C5H5)Cr(cAACMe)X] (X = Cl, NPh2), [(η5-C9H7)Cr(cAACMe)Cl] (C9H7 = Ind, indenyl) and [(η5-C13H9)Cr(cAACMe)Cl] (C13H9 = Fl, fluorenyl) are reported. The reduction of [(η5-C5Me5)Cr(IMeMe)Cl] with KC8 in the presence of CO afforded the NHC ligated Cr(I) metallo-radical [(η5-C5Me5)Cr(IMeMe)(CO)2]. Quantum chemical calculations performed on [(η5-C5Me5)Cr(IMeMe)(CO)2] confirm for this complex a predominantly chromium centered radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Horrer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Martin S Luff
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Bensalah D, Gurbuz N, Özdemir I, Gatri R, Mansour L, Hamdi N. Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Properties, and Antioxidant Activities of Silver-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:3066299. [PMID: 37274082 PMCID: PMC10238139 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3066299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a major handicap in the fight against bacterial infections, prompting researchers to develop new, more effective, and multimodal alternatives. Silver and its complexes have long been used as antimicrobial agents in medicine because of their lack of resistance to silver, their low potency at low concentrations, and their low toxicity compared to most commonly used antibiotics. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are widely used for coordination of transition metals, mainly in catalytic chemistry. In this study, several N-alkylated benzimidazolium salts 2a-j were synthesized. Then, the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor was treated with Ag2O to give silver (I) NHC complexes (3a-j) at room temperature in dichloromethane for 48 h. Ten new silver-NHC complexes were fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, and LC-MSMS (for complexes) techniques. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of salt 2 and its silver complex 3 were evaluated. All of these complexes were more effective against bacterial strains than comparable ligands. With MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 100 g/ml, the Ag-NHC complex effectively showed strong antibacterial activity. Antioxidant activity was also tested using conventional techniques, such as 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. In DPPH and ABTS experiments, compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3e, 3g, and 3i showed significant clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Bensalah
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09), Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Nevin Gurbuz
- İnönü University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Malatya 44280, Turkey
- İnönü University, Catalysis Research and Application Center, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Ismail Özdemir
- İnönü University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Malatya 44280, Turkey
- İnönü University, Catalysis Research and Application Center, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Rafik Gatri
- Laboratory of Selective and Heterocyclic Organic Synthesis Biological Evaluation (LR17ES01), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Campus, Tunis 1092, Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Arras, Qassim University, P.O. Box 53, Arras 51921, Saudi Arabia
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Morales-Manrique C, Baquero EA, Guevara-Pulido J. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyran-2-Ones Organocatalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093743. [PMID: 37175154 PMCID: PMC10179788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have gained recognition as versatile molecules capable of acting as organocatalysts in various reactions, particularly through the activation of aldehydes via Breslow-type adducts. This organocatalytic activation has enabled the production of numerous 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones and related derivatives. In this review, we provide an overview of the production of 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones and derivatives via organocatalytic processes involving NHCs over the past eight years. These processes involve the use of a diverse range of substrates, catalysts, and reaction conditions, which can be classified into [4+2]-and [3+3]-type cycloadditions, primarily aimed at synthesizing this skeleton due to its biological activity and multiple stereocenters. These processes are scaled up to the gram scale, and the resulting products are often directed towards epimerization and functionalization to produce more complex molecules with potential applications in the biological field. Finally, we provide a perspective and the future directions of this topic in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Morales-Manrique
- Estado Sólido y Catálisis Ambiental (ESCA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- INQA, Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 11001, Colombia
| | - Edwin A Baquero
- Estado Sólido y Catálisis Ambiental (ESCA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - James Guevara-Pulido
- INQA, Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 11001, Colombia
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Ring opening polymerization of lactide promoted by Zinc and Magnesium complexes with a N-heterocyclic carbene-phenoxy-imine hybrid non-innocent ligand. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Ibrahim H, Bala MD, Friedrich HB. Poly-functional imino-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: Synthesis, complexation, and catalytic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mármol I, Quero J, Azcárate P, Atrián-Blasco E, Ramos C, Santos J, Gimeno MC, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. Biological Activity of NHC-Gold-Alkynyl Complexes Derived from 3-Hydroxyflavones. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102064. [PMID: 36297498 PMCID: PMC9612383 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe the synthesis of new N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) derivatives with flavone-derived ligands with a propargyl ether group. The compounds were screened for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities, showing greater activity against bacteria than against colon cancer cells (Caco-2). Complexes [Au(L2b)(IMe)] (1b) and [Au(L2b)(IPr)] (2b) were found to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The mechanism of action of 1b was evaluated by measurement of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity, besides scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Inhibition of the enzyme thioredoxin reductase is not observed in either Escherichia Coli or Caco-2 cells; however, DHFR activity is compromised after incubation of E. coli cells with complex 1b. Moreover, loss of structural integrity and change in bacterial shape is observed in the images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after treatment E. coli cells with complex 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón, IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Quero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón, IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Azcárate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Atrián-Blasco
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carla Ramos
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico No. 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico No. 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - María Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón, IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.-Y.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.-Y.); (E.C.)
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Nadeem RY, Yaqoob M, Yam W, Haque RA, Iqbal MA. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of Bis-benzimidazolium salts and their silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Kadafour AN, Ibrahim H, Bala MD. Synthesis, characterization and application of new imino-functionalized 1,3-diazolium salts as antimicrobial agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Mourão H, Gomes CSB, Realista S, Royo B. Visible Light‐Induced Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Ketones Mediated by Manganese NHC Complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Mourão
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República Oeiras Portugal
| | - Clara S. B. Gomes
- LAQV‐REQUIMTE and UCIBIO‐Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Campus de Caparica NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon Caparica Portugal
- Associated Laboratory i4HB‐Institute for Health and Bioeconomy School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon Caparica Portugal
| | - Sara Realista
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República Oeiras Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Ed. C8 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Beatriz Royo
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República Oeiras Portugal
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Horrer G, Krummenacher I, Mann S, Braunschweig H, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic carbene and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene complexes of vanadium(III) and vanadium(V). Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11054-11071. [PMID: 35796195 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
[VCl3(THF)3] offers a convenient entrance point into the chemistry of carbene stabilized V(III) complexes. Herein we report the paramagnetic mono- and biscarbene complexes [VCl3(cAACMe)] 1, [VCl3(cAACMe)(THF)] 1(thf), [VCl3(IMes)] 2, [{VCl2(IiPrMe)(μ-Cl)}2] 3, [VCl3(IDipp)] 4, [VCl3(SIDipp)] 5, [VCl3(SIDipp)(THF)] 5(thf), [VCl3(ItBu)] 6, [VCl3(cAACMe)2] 7 and [VCl3(IiPrMe)2] 8. Reaction of 1 with MesMgCl, MesLi and LiNPh2 afforded the complexes [VCl2(Mes)(cAACMe)] 9, [cAACMeH]+[VCl2Mes2]-10 and [VCl2(NPh2)(cAACMe)] 11. The V(V) complexes [V(O)Cl3(IDipp)] 12 and [V(O)Cl3(SIDipp)] 13 were selectively prepared from oxygen oxidation of 4 and 5. [V(O)Cl3(IDipp)] 12 and [V(O)Cl3(IMes)] react with isocyanates to yield the NHC-ligated imido complexes [V(N-p-CH3C6H4)Cl3(IDipp)] 14, [V(N-p-FC6H4)Cl3(IDipp)] 15, [V(N-p-CH3C6H4)Cl3(SIDipp)] 16, [V(N-p-FC6H4)Cl3(SIDipp)] 17, [V(N-p-CH3C6H4)Cl3(IMes)] 18 and [V(N-p-FC6H4)Cl3(IMes)] 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Horrer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. .,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Mann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. .,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Ruamps M, Bastin S, Rechignat L, Sournia-Saquet A, Vendier L, Lugan N, Mouesca JM, Valyaev DA, Maurel V, César V. Redox-Switchable Behavior of Transition-Metal Complexes Supported by Amino-Decorated N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123776. [PMID: 35744903 PMCID: PMC9227367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand IMes(NMe2)2, derived from the well-known IMes ligand by substitution of the carbenic heterocycle with two dimethylamino groups, was investigated with d6 [Mn(I), Fe(II)], d8 [Rh(I)], and d10 [Cu(I)] transition-metal centers. The redox behavior of the resulting organometallic complexes was studied through a combined experimental/theoretical study, involving electrochemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. While the complexes [CuCl(IMes(NMe2)2)], [RhCl(COD)(IMes(NMe2)2)], and [FeCp(CO)2 (IMes(NMe2)2)](BF4) exhibit two oxidation waves, the first oxidation wave is fully reversible but only for the first complex the second oxidation wave is reversible. The mono-oxidation event for these complexes occurs on the NHC ligand, with a spin density mainly located on the diaminoethylene NHC-backbone, and has a dramatic effect on the donating properties of the NHC ligand. Conversely, as the Mn(I) center in the complex [MnCp(CO)2 ((IMes(NMe2)2)] is easily oxidizable, the latter complex is first oxidized on the metal center to form the corresponding cationic Mn(II) complex, and the NHC ligand is oxidized in a second reversible oxidation wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Ruamps
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Stéphanie Bastin
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Lionel Rechignat
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Jean-Marie Mouesca
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.V.); (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Correspondence: (D.A.V.); (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent César
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.R.); (S.B.); (L.R.); (A.S.-S.); (L.V.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.V.); (V.M.); (V.C.)
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17
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Poland EM, Ho CC. Photoactive N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Transition Metal Complexes in Bond‐Forming Photocatalysis: State‐of‐the‐Art and Opportunities. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eve M. Poland
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Curtis C. Ho
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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18
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Pallova L, Abella L, Jean M, Vanthuyne N, Barthes C, Vendier L, Autschbach J, Crassous J, Bastin S, César V. Helical Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands in Enantioselective Gold Catalysis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200166. [PMID: 35143078 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first chiral helicene-NHC gold(I) complexes efficient in enantioselective catalysis were prepared. The L-shaped chiral ligand is composed of an imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene (IPy) scaffold laterally substituted by a configurationally stable [5]-helicenoid unit. The chiral information was introduced in a key post-functionalization step of a NHC-gold(I) complex bearing a symmetrical anionic fluoreno[5]helicene substituent, leading to a racemic mixture of complexes featuring three correlated elements of chirality, namely central, axial and helical chirality. After HPLC enantiomeric resolution, X-ray crystallography and theoretical calculations enabled structural and stereochemical characterization of these configurationally stable NHC-gold(I) complexes. The high potential in asymmetric catalysis is demonstrated in the benchmark cycloisomerization of N-tethered 1,6-enynes with up to 95 : 5 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Pallova
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of chemistry, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille university, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Ism2, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille university, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Ism2, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Barthes
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of chemistry, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Campus de Beaulieu CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Vincent César
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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19
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Musso JV, De Jesus Silva J, Benedikter MJ, Groos J, Frey W, Copéret C, Buchmeiser MR. Cationic molybdenum oxo alkylidenes stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbenes: from molecular systems to efficient supported metathesis catalysts. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8649-8656. [PMID: 35974748 PMCID: PMC9337747 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The first cationic molybdenum oxo complexes were synthesized and immobilized on partially dehydroxylated silica. Vastly enhanced catalytic activity for terminal olefins was found compared to their neutral congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis V. Musso
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jordan De Jesus Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mathis J. Benedikter
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas Groos
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research (DITF) Denkendorf, Körschtalstr. 26, 73770 Denkendorf, Germany
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20
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Thapa Magar R, Breen DJ, Schrage BR, Ziegler CJ, Rack JJ. Slow 3MLCT Formation Prior to Isomerization in Ruthenium Carbene Sulfoxide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16120-16127. [PMID: 34672621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of photochromic complexes with general formulas of [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-SR)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-S(O)R)]2+ were prepared and investigated by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy {where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and NHC-SR and NHC-S(O)R are chelating thioether (-SR) and chelating sulfoxide [-S(O)R] N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands}. The only differences between these complexes are the nature of the R group on the sulfur (Me vs Ph), the identity of the carbene (imidazole vs benzimidazole), and the number of linker atoms in the chelate (CH2 vs C2H4). A total of 13 structures are presented {four [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-SR)]2+ complexes, four [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-S(O)R)]2+ complexes, and five uncomplexed ligands}, and these reveal the expected coordination geometry as predicted from other spectroscopy data. The data do not provide insight into the photochemical reactivity of these compounds. These carbene ligands do impart stability with respect to ground state and excited state ligand substitution reactions. Bulk photolysis reveals that these complexes undergo efficient S → O isomerization, with quantum yields ranging from 0.24 to 0.87. The excited state reaction occurs with a time constant ranging from 570 ps to 1.9 ns. Electrochemical studies reveal an electron transfer-triggered isomerization, and voltammograms are consistent with an ECEC (electrochemical-chemical electrochemical-chemical) reaction mechanism. The carbene facilitates an unusually slow S → O isomerization and an unusally fast O → S isomerization. Temperature studies reveal a small and negative entropy of activation for the O → S isomerization, suggesting an associative transition state in which the sulfoxide simply slides along the S-O bond during isomerization. Ultrafast studies provide evidence of an active role of the carbene in the excited state dynamics of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Thapa Magar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, United States
| | - Douglas J Breen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, United States
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Knight Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Knight Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, United States
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21
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22
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Neururer F, Liu S, Leitner D, Baltrun M, Fisher KR, Kopacka H, Wurst K, Daumann LJ, Munz D, Hohloch S. Mesoionic Carbenes in Low- to High-Valent Vanadium Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15421-15434. [PMID: 34590834 PMCID: PMC8527456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of vanadium(V) oxo complex 1 with a pincer-type dianionic mesoionic carbene (MIC) ligand L1 and the general formula [VOCl(L1)]. A comparison of the structural (SC-XRD), electronic (UV-vis), and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) properties of 1 with the benzimidazolinylidene congener 2 (general formula [VOCl(L2)]) shows that the MIC is a stronger donor also for early transition metals with low d-electron population. Since electrochemical studies revealed both complexes to be reversibly reduced, the stronger donor character of MICs was not only demonstrated for the vanadium(V) but also for the vanadium(IV) oxidation state by isolating the reduced vanadium(IV) complexes [Co(Cp*)2][1] and [Co(Cp*)2][2] ([Co(Cp*)2] = decamethylcobaltocenium). The electronic structures of the compounds were investigated by computational methods. Complex 1 was found to be a moderate precursor for salt metathesis reactions, showing selective reactivity toward phenolates or secondary amides, but not toward primary amides and phosphides, thiophenols, or aryls/alkyls donors. Deoxygenation with electron-rich phosphines failed to give the desired vanadium(III) complex. However, treatment of the deprotonated ligand precursor with vanadium(III) trichloride resulted in the clean formation of the corresponding MIC vanadium(III) complex 6, which undergoes a clean two-electron oxidation with organic azides yielding the corresponding imido complexes. The reaction with TMS-N3 did not afford a nitrido complex, but instead the imido complex 10. This study reveals that, contrary to popular belief, MICs are capable of supporting early transition-metal complexes in a variety of oxidation states, thus making them promising candidates for the activation of small molecules and redox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian
R. Neururer
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shenyu Liu
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Leitner
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marc Baltrun
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Katherine R. Fisher
- Department
Chemie, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13 Haus D, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Kopacka
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department
Chemie, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13 Haus D, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Fakultät
NT, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Dodonov VA, Chen W, Liu L, Sokolov VG, Baranov EV, Skatova AA, Zhao Y, Wu B, Yang XJ, Fedushkin IL. Reactions of Iso(thio)cyanates with Dialanes: Cycloaddition, Reductive Coupling, or Cleavage of the C═S or C═O Bond. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14602-14612. [PMID: 34551514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The dialanes [(dpp-Bian)Al-Al(dpp-Bian)] (1) and [(dpp-dad)Al(THF)-(THF)Al(dpp-dad)] (2) (dpp-Bian = 1,2-[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC]2C12H6, dpp-dad = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(CH3)]2) react with some isothiocyanates, isocyanates, and diphenylketene via [2 + 4] cycloaddition of the C═O or C═S bond across the C═C-N-Al fragment to afford complexes [L(X═C-Y)Al-Al(X═C-Y)L] with an intact Al-Al single bond (3, L = dpp-Bian, X = PhN, Y = O; 4, L = dpp-Bian, X = Ph2C, Y = O; 6, L = dpp-dad, X = BnN, Y = S; 7, L = dpp-dad, X = tBuN, Y = O; 8, L = dpp-dad, X = iPrN, Y = S; and 9, L = dpp-dad, X = CyN, Y = S). A mixed C═N and C═O mode cycloadduct, [(dpp-Bian)(TosN═C-O)Al-Al(TosN-C═O)(dpp-Bian)] 5, was obtained in the reaction of 1 with tosylisocyanate. Heating the solution of 3 resulted in a thermal transformation and a change of the cycloaddition mode from C═O to C═N to give the product [(dpp-Bian)(PhN-C═O)Al(O)Al(PhN-C═O)(dpp-Bian)] 10. The reduction of 7 and 8 with Na yielded the products [Na(THF)n]2[(dpp-dad-H)(X═C-Y)Al]2 (12, X = iPrN, Y = S, n = 2 and 13, X = tBuN, Y = O, n = 3) in which one of the methyl groups of the backbone of the initial dpp-dad ligand was dehydrogenated. When 2 was reacted with the bulky adamantyl isocyanate AdNCO, the C-C coupling of two substrates occurred to form 14 [(dpp-dad)Al(O═C-NAd)2Al(dpp-dad)] in which the coupled dianionic oxamide ligand bridged two Al atoms in a μ,η4-N,O/N,O mode. Moreover, in the presence of 2.0 equiv of Na metal, precursor 2 reacts with tBuNCS, p-TolylNCS, or Me3SiNCO, possibly through the reduced AlI intermediate, to yield the sulfur- or oxygen-bridged dimer [Na(solv)n]2[(dpp-dad)Al(μ-E)]2 (15, E = S, solv = THF, n = 3 and 16, E = O, solv = DME, n = 2) upon C═S or C═O bond cleavage. Dialane 1 reacts with dimethylsulfone to give a Lewis adduct [(dpp-Bian)(Me2SO2)Al]2 (17), which releases dimethylsulfone upon heating. The diamagnetic compounds 3-10 and 12-17 were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 3-17 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electronic structures of the compounds and possible isomers have been examined by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Dodonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Weixing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Vladimir G Sokolov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V Baranov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A Skatova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Biao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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24
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Roux SL, Ori G, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Boero M. Tridentate complexes of group 4 bearing bis-aryloxide N-heterocyclic carbene ligand: Structure, spin density and charge states. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Schwarz N, Sun X, Yadav R, Köppe R, Simler T, Roesky PW. Application of the Redox-Transmetalation Procedure to Access Divalent Lanthanide and Alkaline-Earth NHC Complexes*. Chemistry 2021; 27:12857-12865. [PMID: 34165229 PMCID: PMC8518399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Divalent lanthanide and alkaline-earth complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been accessed by redox-transmetalation between air-stable NHC-AgI complexes and the corresponding metals. By using the small ligand 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe), two series of isostructural complexes were obtained: the tetra-NHC complexes [LnI2 (IMe)4 ] (Ln=Eu and Sm) and the bis-NHC complexes [MI2 (IMe)2 (THF)2 ] (M=Yb, Ca and Sr). In the former, distortions in the NHC coordination were found to originate from intermolecular repulsions in the solid state. Application of the redox-transmetalation strategy with the bulkier 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) ligand yielded [SrI2 (IMes)(THF)3 ], while using a similar procedure with Ca metal led to [CaI2 (THF)4 ] and uncoordinated IMes. DFT calculations were performed to rationalise the selective formation of the bis-NHC adduct in [SrI2 (IMe)2 (THF)2 ] and the tetra-NHC adduct in [SmI2 (IMe)4 ]. Since the results in the gas phase point towards preferential formation of the tetra-NHC complexes for both metal centres, the differences between both arrangements are a result of solid-state effects such as slightly different packing forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Schwarz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM) CNRS, École PolytechniqueInstitut Polytechnique de Paris91120PalaiseauFrance
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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26
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Fostvedt JI, Boreen MA, Bergman RG, Arnold J. A Diverse Array of C-C Bonds Formed at a Tantalum Metal Center. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9912-9931. [PMID: 34125521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation of a diverse array of organic and organometallic products containing newly formed C-C bonds via successive methyl transfers from di-, tri-, and tetramethyl Ta(V) precursors to unsaturated small molecule substrates under mild conditions. The reactions of Ta(V) methyl complexes 1-X [H2B(MesIm)2]TaMe3X (X = Me, Cl; Im = imidazole, Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) with CO led to oxo enolate Ta(V) products, in which the enolate ligands were constructed from Ta-Me groups and two equivalents of CO. Similarly, the reaction of 1-Me with CNXyl yielded an imido enamine Ta(V) product. Surprisingly, 1-Cl reacted with CNXyl (1 equiv) at the borate backbone of the [H2B(MesIm)2] ligand with concomitant methyl transfer from the metal center to form a new, dianionic scorpionate ligand that supported a Ta(V) dimethyl chloro complex (6). Treatment of 1-Cl with further CNXyl led to an azaallyl scorpionate complex, and an imido isocyanide scorpionate complex, along with propene and xylyl ketenimine. Complex 6 reacted with CO to yield a pinacol scorpionate complex 10-a new reaction pathway in early transition metal chemistry. Mechanistic studies revealed that this proceeded via migratory insertion of CO into a Ta-Me group, followed by methyl transfer to form an η2-acetone intermediate. Elimination of acetone furnished a CO-stabilized Ta(III) intermediate capable of rebinding and subsequently coupling two equivalents of CO-derived acetone to form the pinacol ligand in 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade I Fostvedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael A Boreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Kawamoto Y, Elser I, Buchmeiser MR, Nomura K. Vanadium(V) Arylimido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Alkyl and Perhalophenoxy Alkylidenes for the Cis, Syndiospecific Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Norbornene. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0927, Japan
| | - Iris Elser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research (DITF) Denkendorf, Körschtalstr. 26, D-73770 Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0927, Japan
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Chibde P, Raut RK, Kumar V, Deb R, Gonnade R, Majumdar M. Intramolecularly Double-Donor-Stabilized Stannylene and Its Coordination towards Ag(I) and Au(I) Centers. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2118-2125. [PMID: 34137196 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecularly double-donor-stabilized stannylene 1 has been synthesized from the salt-metathesis reaction between two equivalents of lithium pyridine ene-amide L1 and SnCl2 . Compound 1 exhibits dipolar behavior when reacted with B(C6 F5 )3 leading to the zwitterionic compound 2. The reaction of 1 with one equivalent and 0.5 equivalent of AgOTf (OTf=trifluoromethane sulfonate) result in the formation of a stannylene-AgOTf complex 3 and a homoleptic distannylene-silver ionic complex 4, respectively. Analogous to complex 4, the gold(I) complex 5 has been synthesized from the reaction between two equivalents of 1 and 0.5 equivalent of AuCl.SMe2 /Me3 SiOTf. Complex 5 is the first example of homoleptic stannylene-Au(I) ionic complex among the very scarce reports on stannylene-gold(I) coordination complexes. All compounds have been structurally characterized using single crystal X-ray crystallography. Solution-state characterization have been performed using multinuclear NMR techniques. Detailed DFT calculations on the optimized geometries 1 o, 3 o-5 o reveal the change in sp- hybridization on the pyramidal Sn(II) center upon metal coordination and their bonding overlaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Chibde
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindra K Raut
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Deb
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Centre for Material Characterization, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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29
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Suresh L, Finnstad J, Törnroos KW, Le Roux E. Bis(phenolate)-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of oxo- and imido-vanadium(V). Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Friães S, Realista S, Gomes CSB, Martinho PN, Veiros LF, Albrecht M, Royo B. Manganese complexes with chelating and bridging di-triazolylidene ligands: synthesis and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5911-5920. [PMID: 33949500 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
New manganese complexes bearing di-triazolylidene (di-trz) ligands are described. Depending on the wingtip substituents of the triazolylidene ligand and the synthetic procedure, two different ligand coordination modes were observed, i.e, bridging and chelating. A series of Mn(i) complexes of the general type fac-[Mn(di-trzR)(CO)3Br] (R = Me, Et, Mes) with a chelating di-trz ligand were prepared via Ag-transmetalation. In contrast, the in situ deprotonation of the triazolium salts with KOBut yielded the bimetallic Mn(0) complexes [Mn2(CO)8(μ-di-trzR)] with a bridging di-trz ligand when short alkyl chains (Me, Et, i-Pr) are present as the N1 substituents of the triazolylidene ligand. The molecular structures of monometallic and bimetallic complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction studies. In addition, the cationic fac-[Mn(di-trzEt)(CO)2(PPh3)2]Br complex, a rare example of a dicarbonyl Mn(i) N-heterocyclic carbene, was obtained when fac-[Mn(di-trzEt)(CO)3Br] was irradiated with visible light in the presence of PPh3. The crystal structure revealed a slightly distorted octahedral geometry around the Mn(i) centre, with the chelating di-triazolylidene ligand situated in trans position to the two CO ligands in the equatorial plane, and the two phosphine ligands occupying the axial positions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show reversible redox processes for the monometallic Mn(i) complexes, and a quasi-reversible EC mechanism for the oxidation of the bimetallic complexes. Infrared spectroelectrochemical studies along with DFT calculations for fac-[Mn(di-trzEt)(CO)3Br] suggest that the observed two consecutive reductions both occur at the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Friães
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Sara Realista
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Clara S B Gomes
- LAQV- and UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paulo N Martinho
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Luis F Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Royo
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Guarra F, Pratesi A, Gabbiani C, Biver T. A focus on the biological targets for coinage metal-NHCs as potential anticancer complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111355. [PMID: 33596529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are the object of increasing attention for therapeutic purposes. Among the different metal centres, interest on Au-based compounds started with the application as anti-arthritis drugs. On the other hand, Ag(I) antimicrobial properties have been known for a long time. For Au(I)/Au(III)-NHC and Ag(I)-NHC anti-tumour and anti-proliferative properties have been quite recently demonstrated. In addition to these and as for Group 11, copper is a much less investigated metal centre, but a few papers underline its pharmacological potential. This review wants to focus on the different biological targets for these metal-based compounds. It is divided into chapters which are respectively devoted on: i) mitochondria and thiol oxidoreductase systems; ii) other relevant enzymes; iii) nucleic acids. Examples of representative coinage NHCs for each of the targets are provided together with significant references on recent advances on the topic. Moreover, a final comment summarises the aspects enlightened by each chapter and provides some hints to better understand the metal-NHCs mechanistic behaviour based on structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Guarra
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tarita Biver
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Prencipe F, Zanfardino A, Di Napoli M, Rossi F, D’Errico S, Piccialli G, Mangiatordi GF, Saviano M, Ronga L, Varcamonti M, Tesauro D. Silver (I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A Winning and Broad Spectrum of Antimicrobial Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052497. [PMID: 33801394 PMCID: PMC7958610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of antibacterial resistance has arisen as the main downside in fighting bacterial infections pushing researchers to develop novel, more potent and multimodal alternative drugs.Silver and its complexes have long been used as antimicrobial agents in medicine due to the lack of silver resistance and the effectiveness at low concentration as well as to their low toxicities compared to the most commonly used antibiotics. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) have been extensively employed to coordinate transition metals mainly for catalytic chemistry. However, more recently, NHC ligands have been applied as carrier molecules for metals in anticancer applications. In the present study we selected from literature two NHC-carbene based on acridinescaffoldand detailed nonclassicalpyrazole derived mono NHC-Ag neutral and bis NHC-Ag cationic complexes. Their inhibitor effect on bacterial strains Gram-negative and positivewas evaluated. Imidazolium NHC silver complex containing the acridine chromophore showed effectiveness at extremely low MIC values. Although pyrazole NHC silver complexes are less active than the acridine NHC-silver, they represent the first example of this class of compounds with antimicrobial properties. Moreover all complexesare not toxic and they show not significant activity againstmammalian cells (Hek lines) after 4 and 24 h. Based on our experimental evidence, we are confident that this promising class of complexes could represent a valuable starting point for developing candidates for the treatment of bacterial infections, delivering great effectiveness and avoiding the development of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Prencipe
- Institute of Crystallography (IC) CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.P.); (G.F.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Zanfardino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Cynthia, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Michela Di Napoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Cynthia, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Filomena Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (F.R.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (F.R.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (F.R.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC) CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.P.); (G.F.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France;
| | - Mario Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Cynthia, 80143 Naples, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.D.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (D.T.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6643 (D.T.)
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (F.R.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (D.T.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6643 (D.T.)
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Silva MJSA, Gois PMP, Gasser G. Unveiling the Potential of Transition Metal Complexes for Medicine: Translational in Situ Activation of Metal-Based Drugs from Bench to in Vivo Applications. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1740-1742. [PMID: 33507625 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of metal-based anticancer drugs has been hampered, among other reasons, by their lack of selectivity for cancer cells. In a recent article, Zou and co-workers presented the successful intracellular activation of organogold(I) complexes for potential cancer treatment through Pd(II)-mediated transmetallation, overcoming some off-target activity of novel gold-based drugs. This unique strategy builds the perfect bridge between metallodrug usage and bioorthogonal intracellular catalysis for more advanced and selective therapies. Such an approach will hopefully pave the way for forthcoming studies in medicinal inorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J S A Silva
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, FR-75005, Paris, France.,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, FR-75005, Paris, France
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Bolley A, Specklin D, Dagorne S. NHC-stabilized Al(III) and Ga(III) cationic alkyls: Synthesis, structure and use in hydrosilylation catalysis. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Suresh L, Lalrempuia R, B. Ekeli J, Gillis-D’Hamers F, Törnroos KW, Jensen VR, Le Roux E. Unsaturated and Benzannulated N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Titanium and Hafnium: Impact on Catalysts Structure and Performance in Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide with CO 2. Molecules 2020; 25:E4364. [PMID: 32977466 PMCID: PMC7582562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tridentate, bis-phenolate N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are among the ligands giving the most selective and active group 4-based catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) with CO2. In particular, ligands based on imidazolidin-2-ylidene (saturated NHC) moieties have given catalysts which exclusively form polycarbonate in moderate-to-high yields even under low CO2 pressure and at low copolymerization temperatures. Here, to evaluate the influence of the NHC moiety on the molecular structure of the catalyst and its performance in copolymerization, we extend this chemistry by synthesizing and characterizing titanium complexes bearing tridentate bis-phenolate imidazol-2-ylidene (unsaturated NHC) and benzimidazol-2-ylidene (benzannulated NHC) ligands. The electronic properties of the ligands and the nature of their bonds to titanium are studied using density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The metal-NHC bond distances and bond strengths are governed by ligand-to-metal σ- and π-donation, whereas back-donation directly from the metal to the NHC ligand seems to be less important. The NHC π-acceptor orbitals are still involved in bonding, as they interact with THF and isopropoxide oxygen lone-pair donor orbitals. The new complexes are, when combined with [PPN]Cl co-catalyst, selective in polycarbonate formation. The highest activity, albeit lower than that of the previously reported Ti catalysts based on saturated NHC, was obtained with the benzannulated NHC-Ti catalyst. Attempts to synthesize unsaturated and benzannulated NHC analogues based on Hf invariably led, as in earlier work with Zr, to a mixture of products that include zwitterionic and homoleptic complexes. However, the benzannulated NHC-Hf complexes were obtained as the major products, allowing for isolation. Although these complexes selectively form polycarbonate, their catalytic performance is inferior to that of analogues based on saturated NHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Ralte Lalrempuia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jonas B. Ekeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Francis Gillis-D’Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Karl W. Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Erwan Le Roux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway; (L.S.); (R.L.); (J.B.E.); (F.G.-D.); (K.W.T.)
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