A randomized phase II dose-response exercise trial among colon cancer survivors: Purpose, study design, methods, and recruitment results

Evaluating recruitment, retention and adherence patterns in the GET FIT fall prevention exercise trial in older, postmenopausal cancer survivors

Purpose

The GET FIT trial tested fall prevention exercise approaches in older (50-75 years) post-chemotherapy, postmenopausal cancer survivors. We describe recruitment, retention, and adherence patterns from GET FIT to inform future trials.

Methods

Participants were recruited through multiple strategies (e.g., cancer and research registries, clinician referral, outreach, electronic health record (EHR) screening) and were randomized to one of three supervised, facility-based, group exercise programs for six months. We compared effectiveness of accrual across recruitment strategies, examined characteristics of women who completed the interventions to those who withdrew, and women with good (≥ 50%) versus poor (< 50%) adherence to training.

Results

Of 1490 interested women, 442 women were eligible, randomized, and received the assigned intervention (30% accrual rate). Accrual was similar across recruitment strategies, except for EHR screening which yielded no accruals. Retention over 12 months was 87% with most dropouts occurring within the first month. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between women who did or did not drop out. Poor adherers (n = 60) had higher baseline BMI, comorbidities, pain, disability and lower physical functioning (p < 0.05) compared to more adherent women (n = 377).

Conclusions

A variety of recruitment strategies appear to be effective for enrolling older, postmenopausal cancer survivors into a facility-based exercise trial, except for directly approaching women identified through the EHR. Women with poorer health were at risk for study drop-out and poor adherence to exercise.

A randomized trial of aerobic exercise in colorectal cancer: Rationale, design, recruitment, and exercise adherence results

BACKGROUND

Physical activity is associated with improved disease-free survival in colorectal cancer survivors. This report describes the purpose, design, recruitment, and exercise adherence results of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored Exercise and Colorectal Cancer Treatment (EXACT) trial.

METHODS

The primary objective of the EXACT trial is to determine if randomization to 150 min per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduces systemic inflammation among stage I-III colorectal cancer survivors compared with a waitlist control group over 12 weeks. Participants were provided with an in-home treadmill and heart rate monitor. Characteristics associated with randomization were identified using χ2 or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and t-tests or analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Exercise adherence was calculated as the total minutes exercised by total minutes prescribed.

RESULTS

Between August 2019 and February 2023, 3082 colorectal cancer survivors were invited to participate, 89 were screened, and 60 were randomized to the study protocol. Younger age (P = 0.02), female sex (P = 0.002), white race (P = 0.01), proximal time since tumor resection (P = 0.02), and regional tumor stage (P < 0.001) were associated with study participation. Average exercise adherence was 92.2 % (95 % CI: 85.5, 98.8) and all study participants achieved ≥80 % exercise adherence. Endpoint data collection was completed for all participants in May 2023.

CONCLUSION

The results from the EXACT trial will characterize the changes that occur from exercise to advance our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which exercise may prevent tumor recurrence and death in colorectal cancer survivors.

The usage of population and disease registries as pre-screening tools for clinical trials, a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aims to outline the use of population and disease registries for clinical trial pre-screening.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The search was conducted in the time period of January 2014 to December 2022 in three databases: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection. References were screened using the Rayyan software, firstly based on titles and abstracts only, and secondly through full text review. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the List of Included Studies and quality Assurance in Review tool, enabling inclusion of publications of only moderate to high quality.

RESULTS

The search originally identified 1430 citations, but only 24 studies were included, reporting the use of population and/or disease registries for trial pre-screening. Nine disease domains were represented, with 54% of studies using registries based in the USA, and 62.5% of the studies using national registries. Half of the studies reported usage for drug trials, and over 478,679 patients were identified through registries in this review. Main advantages of the pre-screening methodology were reduced financial burden and time reduction.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The use of registries for trial pre-screening increases reproducibility of the pre-screening process across trials and sites, allowing for implementation and improvement of a quality assurance process. Pre-screening strategies seem under-reported, and we encourage more trials to use and describe their pre-screening processes, as there is a need for standardized methodological guidelines.

The dose-response effect of aerobic exercise on inflammation in colon cancer survivors

Background

Physical activity after surgical resection for colon cancer is associated with significantly longer disease-free survival. Inflammation is hypothesized to mediate the association between physical activity and disease-free survival in colon cancer.

Methods

In this exploratory analysis of a randomized dose-response trial, 39 colon cancer survivors who completed standard therapy were stratified by cancer stage and randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three treatment groups for 24 weeks of usual-care control, 150 min/wk of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (low-dose), or 300 min/wk of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (high-dose). Inflammation outcomes included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 (sTNFαR2). Mixed models for repeated measures were used to test the hypothesis that exercise was associated with dose-response reductions in inflammation; exploratory analyses examined treatment effects by cancer stage.

Results

In the overall population, aerobic exercise was not associated with dose-response reductions in hs-CRP, IL6, or sTNFαR2. Cancer stage modified the association between randomized group and hs-CRP (P=0.022) and IL6 (P<0.001) but not sTNFαR2 (P=0.39). In stage I-II disease, compared to control, exercise was not associated with inflammation outcomes. In stage III disease, compared to control, low-dose exercise reduced hs-CRP: -35.4% (95% CI: -70.1, -0.7) and IL6: -29.6% (95% CI: -58.4, -0.8) but not sTNFαR2: 2.7% (95% CI: sTNFαR2: -15.7, 21.1); high-dose exercise was not associated with inflammation outcomes in stage III disease.

Conclusion

This exploratory analysis offers preliminary data to support the hypothesis that inflammation may mediate the association between physical activity and disease-free survival in colon cancer.

Clinical trial registration

clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02250053.

Behaviour change techniques used in lifestyle interventions that aim to reduce cancer-related fatigue in cancer survivors: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Lifestyle interventions that target dietary and/or physical activity behaviours may impact cancer-related fatigue in cancer survivors. Changing lifestyle may be especially difficult for cancer survivors suffering from cancer-related fatigue. To increase effectiveness of lifestyle interventions, behaviour change techniques (BCTs) can be applied. The aim of this review is to systematically describe which BCTs are applied in lifestyle interventions targeting cancer-related fatigue among cancer survivors who finished primary treatment.

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of dietary and/or physical activity interventions targeting cancer-related fatigue in cancer survivors. The BCT taxonomy was used to code the BCTs that were applied in those interventions. BCTs that were reported in at least 25% of effective interventions were indicated as 'promising BCT', but only retained this classification when these BCTs were present in less than 25% of ineffective interventions.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine RCTs were identified, of which 17 were effective in reducing cancer-related fatigue. The most frequently applied BCTs were Goal setting (behaviour), Instruction on how to perform the behaviour, Demonstration of the behaviour, Behavioural practice/rehearsal, and Credible Source. The BCT 'Generalisation of the target behaviour' was identified as promising. These results should be interpreted with caution as only three studies screened their participants on level of cancer-related fatigue and most studies focused only on physical activity. Furthermore, many studies did not include a measure for actual behaviour change and had no follow-up period after the intervention ended.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a need for studies that screen their participants on level of cancer-related fatigue and a need for studies that focus more on dietary behaviours as a possible intervention to reduce fatigue. Also, studies should include follow-up timepoints after the interventions ends to examine long-term behaviour change. Future lifestyle interventions should describe interventions in detail to allow for easier coding of BCTs, and report on actual behaviour change following the intervention. Interventions may apply the BCT 'Generalisation of the target behaviour' to incorporate lifestyle behaviours in daily life. This may increase the chance that interventions will effectively reduce cancer-related fatigue.

Feasibility of a 12-Month Exercise Intervention in Postsurgical Colorectal Cancer Patients

Background

Extensive physical activity (PA; ≥18 MET∗h/week, MET metabolic equivalent of tasks hours) postcancer diagnosis has shown favorable effects on colorectal cancer disease-free survival. However, the feasibility of introducing this high volume of PA in this patient group is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the F-PROTECT study was to evaluate the feasibility of extensive and prolonged PA (≥18 MET∗h/week over 12 months) in colorectal cancer patients with the primary objectives to (1) recruit 50 patients within 12 months and (2) reach an attendance rate of ≥70%.

Methods

Single-armed, bicentric, prospective intervention study in colorectal cancer patients (≤80 years; UICC II/III Union for International Cancer Control) after histopathological confirmed R0-resection who were consecutively recruited from visceral surgery units of 10 clinics in Germany. Recruitment rates were calculated using screening logs. Intervention was a 12-month endurance-focused exercise program with supervised and home-based training. Attendance rates defined as ≥70% participation in training sessions were calculated by training diaries.

Results

Out of 521 patients who were screened for eligibility, 50 (23 female; 59 ± 10 years, UICC 44% II, 56% III; adjuvant chemotherapy 60%) were recruited within 15 months. Mean duration between surgery and first training was 103 ± 57 days. Training attendance rate was 64% (including 9 dropouts). Six (12%) participants reached ≥18 MET∗h/week in ≥70% of training sessions between 4-12 months. 28 adverse events (n = 9 serious) occurred, however, were not assessed as training related.

Conclusions

The present intervention involving a combination of supervised and home-based exercise training in postsurgical colorectal cancer patients was not feasible. Strategies specifically designed for this patient group must be developed and investigated to motivate long-term PA. Registration. The study was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01991847).

Exercise and colorectal cancer: prevention and molecular mechanisms

Exercise and physical activity have been shown to be strongly associated with a decreased incidence rate of various chronic diseases especially numerous human malignancies. A huge number of clinical trials and meta-analysis have demonstrated that exercise is significantly effective in lowering the risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, it is suggested as an effective therapeutic modality against this cancer type. Therefore, in this review, we will review comprehensibly the effects of exercise in preventing, treating, and alleviating the adverse effects of conventional therapeutic options in colorectal cancer. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying the positive effects of exercise and physical activity in colorectal cancer, including regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, growth factor axis, immunity, epigenetic, etc. will be also discussed.

Exercise is an effective post-treatment management program in colorectal cancer survivals

Exercise improves muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, emotional distress, physical activity, fatigue, and sleep quality in colorectal patients undergoing chemotherapy

Targeting and modulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, inflammation, apoptosis, immunity, epigenetic, Leptin and Ghrelin, and signaling pathways are major underlying mechanisms for preventive effects of exercise in colorectal cancer

The many faces of recruitment in a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Thoughtful approaches to study recruitment are a critical step in designing and implementing randomized controlled trials. Delays and challenges in recruitment can be costly and can result in smaller than proposed sample sizes which have downstream effects, such as underpowered studies.

PURPOSE

The current study evaluated recruitment methods (e.g., targeted mailings, brochures/flyers, social media) and their relationship to eligibility, randomization, participant characteristics and retention at end of a randomized controlled trial of physical activity adoption and maintenance among breast cancer survivors.

METHODS

Screening data from 874 women was analyzed for recruitment method, study eligibility, randomization and retention through end of treatment. Costs per randomized participant were calculated by recruitment method. Baseline participant characteristics were compared across recruitment methods and between randomized and retained participants.

RESULTS

Rates of participant accrual from eligibility screening through randomization differed statistically significantly depending on recruitment method (p < .05). The highest randomization rates were obtained via targeted mailings (88.2%) and lowest via brochure/flyer (0.4%). Among the randomized sample, there were no differences in demographic characteristics between recruitment methods, however, there were differences within the targeted mailings category (registries vs. organizational recruitment). There were statistically significant differences in costs between recruitment methods (p < .001) with lowest (non-negligible) cost being targeted mailings.

CONCLUSIONS

The current RCT of breast cancer survivors successfully recruited and retained participants, highlighting the need to combine recruitment methods to achieve accrual goals. Recruitment methods differed substantially in their cost and their ability to attract individuals who would ultimately be randomized.

Variability and limitations in home-based exercise program descriptions in oncology: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

The literature reflects considerable heterogeneity in what constitutes home-based exercise interventions. The variability for where and what "home-based" exercise can represent challenges interpretation of findings and appropriate advocacy, referral, or development of these models of care. Therefore, the objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of how home-based exercise is defined and reported in the literature and summarize the range of supportive elements utilized in home-based exercise trials.

METHODS

We followed methodology for scoping reviews. Relevant research databases were searched from inception to March 2019. Two reviewers independently screened articles to determine eligibility and extracted terminology used to describe home-based exercise and intervention details for intervention delivery.

RESULTS

Of the 9432 records identified, 229 articles met inclusion criteria. Across the literature, exercise interventions were described as home-based if they were completed at-home, outdoors in the neighbourhood, and in community facilities; or in self-selected environments; or if they were unsupervised. Supportive elements for home-based models ranged with respect to the amount of supervision and resources utilized, including the provision of print materials, exercise equipment, telephone support, home visits, and technology.

CONCLUSIONS

This review provides a comprehensive summary of strategies previously utilized to deliver home-based exercise interventions in oncology, along with the various definitions of the home-based environment for exercise reported by researchers. Specific recommendations to improve the prescription and reporting of home-based exercise interventions are provided in order to facilitate the delivery, evaluation, and translation of findings into clinical practice.

Resistance training in breast cancer patients undergoing primary treatment: a systematic review and meta-regression of exercise dosage

BACKGROUND

Exercise is recognised as an adjunct therapy for breast cancer patients; however, little is known about the resistance training dose-response. We conducted a systematic review and meta-regression to examine the resistance training dose-response (i.e., volume and intensity) in breast cancer patients undergoing primary treatment.

METHODS

Searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were conducted for studies published up to November 2019. Experimental studies that evaluated resistance-based exercise interventions in women with breast cancer undergoing primary treatment were included. Information about resistance training components, average change and change per week, as well as standardised mean difference were extracted, and used for meta-regression analysis. Outcome measures were upper and lower body muscle strength and body composition.

RESULTS

10 trials were included in the systematic review and 4 trials in the dose-response analysis. Resistance training weekly prescribed volume was inversely associated with increases in upper and lower body muscle strength (r² = 98.1-100%; p = 0.009), although there was no relationship between resistance training intensity and strength gains. There was insufficient data for the dose-response analysis of body mass index, percent body fat, and lean mass.

CONCLUSION

Low volume resistance training might be a suitable exercise recommendation for breast cancer patients undergoing primary treatment producing superior benefits for muscle strength compared to higher volume training, regardless of the training intensity. Low volume resistance training may provide a conservative and appropriate approach for breast cancer patients, allowing gradual progression and modification throughout the exercise program.

Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. A diagnosis of colorectal cancer and subsequent treatment can adversely affect an individuals physical and mental health. Benefits of physical activity interventions in alleviating treatment side effects have been demonstrated in other cancer populations. Given that regular physical activity can decrease the risk of colorectal cancer, and cardiovascular fitness is a strong predictor of all-cause and cancer mortality risk, physical activity interventions may have a role to play in the colorectal cancer control continuum. Evidence of the efficacy of physical activity interventions in this population remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness and safety of physical activity interventions on the disease-related physical and mental health of individuals diagnosed with non-advanced colorectal cancer, staged as T1-4 N0-2 M0, treated surgically or with neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy (i.e. chemotherapy, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy), or both.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 6), along with OVID MEDLINE, six other databases and four trial registries with no language or date restrictions. We screened reference lists of relevant publications and handsearched meeting abstracts and conference proceedings of relevant organisations for additional relevant studies. All searches were completed between 6 June and 14 June 2019.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised control trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs comparing physical activity interventions, to usual care or no physical activity intervention in adults with non-advanced colorectal cancer.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently selected studies, performed the data extraction, assessed the risk of bias and rated the quality of the studies using GRADE criteria. We pooled data for meta-analyses by length of follow-up, reported as mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs) using random-effects wherever possible, or the fixed-effect model, where appropriate. If a meta-analysis was not possible, we synthesised studies narratively.

MAIN RESULTS

We identified 16 RCTs, involving 992 participants; 524 were allocated to a physical activity intervention group and 468 to a usual care control group. The mean age of participants ranged between 51 and 69 years. Ten studies included participants who had finished active treatment, two studies included participants who were receiving active treatment, two studies included both those receiving and finished active treatment. It was unclear whether participants were receiving or finished treatment in two studies. Type, setting and duration of physical activity intervention varied between trials. Three studies opted for supervised interventions, five for home-based self-directed interventions and seven studies opted for a combination of supervised and self-directed programmes. One study did not report the intervention setting. The most common intervention duration was 12 weeks (7 studies). Type of physical activity included walking, cycling, resistance exercise, yoga and core stabilisation exercise. Most of the uncertainty in judging study bias came from a lack of clarity around allocation concealment and blinding of outcome assessors. Blinding of participants and personnel was not possible. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate overall. We did not pool physical function results at immediate-term follow-up due to considerable variation in results and inconsistency of direction of effect. We are uncertain whether physical activity interventions improve physical function compared with usual care. We found no evidence of effect of physical activity interventions compared to usual care on disease-related mental health (anxiety: SMD -0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.40 to 0.18; 4 studies, 198 participants; I2 = 0%; and depression: SMD -0.21, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.08; 4 studies, 198 participants; I2 = 0%; moderate-quality evidence) at short- or medium-term follow-up. Seven studies reported on adverse events. We did not pool adverse events due to inconsistency in reporting and measurement. We found no evidence of serious adverse events in the intervention or usual care groups. Minor adverse events, such as neck, back and muscle pain were most commonly reported. No studies reported on overall survival or recurrence-free survival and no studies assessed outcomes at long-term follow-up We found evidence of positive effects of physical activity interventions on the aerobic fitness component of physical fitness (SMD 0.82, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.29; 7 studies, 295; I2 = 68%; low-quality evidence), cancer-related fatigue (MD 2.16, 95% CI 0.18 to 4.15; 6 studies, 230 participants; I2 = 18%; low-quality evidence) and health-related quality of life (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.62; 6 studies, 230 participants; I2 = 0%; moderate-quality evidence) at immediate-term follow-up. These positive effects were also observed at short-term follow-up but not medium-term follow-up. Only three studies reported medium-term follow-up for cancer-related fatigue and health-related quality of life.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this review should be interpreted with caution due to the low number of studies included and the quality of the evidence. We are uncertain whether physical activity interventions improve physical function. Physical activity interventions may have no effect on disease-related mental health. Physical activity interventions may be beneficial for aerobic fitness, cancer-related fatigue and health-related quality of life up to six months follow-up. Where reported, adverse events were generally minor. Adequately powered RCTs of high methodological quality with longer-term follow-up are required to assess the effect of physical activity interventions on the disease-related physical and mental health and on survival of people with non-advanced colorectal cancer. Adverse events should be adequately reported.

Fugitives on the run: circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic diseases

The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream signals the existence of a tumor and denotes risk of metastatic spread. CTCs can be isolated and analyzed to monitor cancer progression and therapeutic response. However, CTC isolation devices have shown considerable variation in detection rates, limiting their use as a routine diagnostic and monitoring tool. In this review, we discuss recent advances in CTC detection methodologies and associated clinical studies. We provide perspective on the future direction of CTC isolation and molecular characterization towards developing reliable biomarkers that monitor disease progression or therapeutic response.

Approaches to Recruitment of Postmenopausal Women for a Community-Based Study

BACKGROUND

Few researchers have focused on the challenges of recruiting postmenopausal women for community-based research. Researchers have reported that multiple methods may be needed to recruit the required number of subjects. One contemporary approach to recruitment is use of Facebook. More studies are needed examining Facebook as a recruitment strategy.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to examine which recruitment methods were most successful and cost-effective in recruiting postmenopausal women for a randomized controlled trial on bone loss.

METHODS

Subjects were 276 postmenopausal women who had osteopenia and were within 5 years of menopause. Multiple methods were used to recruit women. To determine which methods were successful, women were asked how they learned about the study. Descriptive data were used to examine recruitment numbers as well as to determine the cost-effectiveness and enrollment efficiency of recruitment methods.

RESULTS

Healthcare provider letters yielded the highest number of enrolled subjects (n = 58), followed by postcard mailings (n = 47), and Facebook posts (n = 44). Eleven subjects were referred by family and friends, five subjects were from newspaper or television, and two were from digital ads. Cost of recruitment per subject enrolled was highest with digital ads and postcard mailings.

DISCUSSION

Recruitment could be more costly and time-consuming than anticipated. Recruitment using direct-targeted mailings, such as provider letters and postcards, was successful in our study and has been effective in previous studies reviewed. Facebook was successful for recruitment in our study and may continue to be useful for recruitment in the future, as the number of women accessing Facebook continues to increase.

Interval Walking Improves Glycemic Control and Body Composition After Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

CONTEXT

Patients with colorectal cancer have increased risk of metabolic diseases including diabetes. Exercise training may counteract metabolic dysregulation, but the impact of exercise training on glycemic control, including postprandial glycemia, has never been explored in patients with colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effects of home-based interval walking on aerobic and metabolic fitness and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer.

DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Clinical research center.

PARTICIPANTS

Thirty-nine sedentary (<150 minutes moderate-intensity exercise per week) patients with stage I to III colorectal cancer who had completed primary treatment.

INTERVENTION

Home-based interval walking 150 min/wk or usual care for 12 weeks.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Changes from baseline to week 12 in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2peak) by cardiopulmonary exercise test, glycemic control by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, blood biochemistry, and quality of life.

RESULTS

Compared with control, interval walking had no effect on VO2peak [mean between-group difference: -0.32 mL O2 · kg-1 · min-1 (-2.09 to 1.45); P = 0.721] but significantly improved postprandial glycemic control with lower glucose OGTT area under the curve [-126 mM · min (-219 to -33); P = 0.009], 2-hour glucose concentration [-1.1 mM (-2.2 to 0.0); P = 0.056], and improved Matsuda index [1.94 (0.34; 3.54); P = 0.01]. Also, interval walking counteracted an increase in fat mass in the control group [-1.47 kg (-2.74 to -0.19); P = 0.025].

CONCLUSION

A home-based interval-walking program led to substantial improvements in postprandial glycemic control and counteracted fat gain in posttreatment patients with colorectal cancer, possibly providing an effective strategy for prevention of secondary metabolic diseases.

Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases

A growing understanding of the benefits of exercise over the past few decades has prompted researchers to take an interest in the possibilities of exercise therapy. Because each sport has its own set of characteristics and physiological complications that tend to occur during exercise training, the effects and underlying mechanisms of exercise remain unclear. Thus, the first step in probing the effects of exercise on different diseases is the selection of an optimal exercise protocol. This review summarizes the latest exercise prescription treatments for 26 different diseases: musculoskeletal system diseases (low back pain, tendon injury, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and hip fracture), metabolic system diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), cardio-cerebral vascular system diseases (coronary artery disease, stroke, and chronic heart failure), nervous system diseases (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and anxiety disorders), respiratory system diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and after lung transplantation), urinary system diseases (chronic kidney disease and after kidney transplantation), and cancers (breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer). Each exercise prescription is displayed in a corresponding table. The recommended type, intensity, and frequency of exercise prescriptions are summarized, and the effects of exercise therapy on the prevention and rehabilitation of different diseases are discussed.

Effects of exercise on circulating tumor cells among patients with resected stage I-III colon cancer

BACKGROUND

Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence among colon cancer patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are prognostic of disease recurrence among stage I-III colon cancer patients. The pathways through which physical activity may alter disease outcomes are unknown, but may be mediated by changes in CTCs.

METHODS

Participants included 23 stage I-III colon cancer patients randomized into one of three groups: usual-care control, 150 min∙wk-1 of aerobic exercise (low-dose), and 300 min∙wk-1 of aerobic exercise (high-dose) for six months. CTCs from venous blood were quantified in a blinded fashion using an established microfluidic antibody-mediated capture device. Poisson regression models estimated the logarithmic counts of CTCs.

RESULTS

At baseline, 78% (18/23) of patients had ≥1 CTC. At baseline, older age (-0.12±0.06; P = 0.04), lymphovascular invasion (0.63±0.25; P = 0.012), moderate/poor histology (1.09±0.34; P = 0.001), body mass index (0.07±0.02; P = 0.001), visceral adipose tissue (0.08±0.04; P = 0.036), insulin (0.06±0.02; P = 0.011), sICAM-1 (0.04±0.02; P = 0.037), and sVCAM-1 (0.06±0.03; P = 0.045) were associated with CTCs. Over six months, significant decreases in CTCs were observed in the low-dose (-1.34±0.34; P<0.001) and high-dose (-1.18±0.40; P = 0.004) exercise groups, whereas no significant change was observed in the control group (-0.59±0.56; P = 0.292). Over six months, reductions in body mass index (-0.07±0.02; P = 0.007), insulin (-0.08±0.03; P = 0.014), and sICAM-1 (-0.07±0.03; P = 0.005) were associated with reductions in CTCs. The main limitations of this proof-of-concept study are the small sample size, heterogenous population, and per-protocol statistical analysis.

CONCLUSION

Exercise may reduce CTCs among stage I-III colon cancer patients. Changes in host factors correlated with changes in CTCs. Exercise may have a direct effect on CTCs and indirect effects through alterations in host factors. This hypothesis-generating observation derived from a small pilot study warrants further investigation and replication.

A randomized dose-response trial of aerobic exercise and health-related quality of life in colon cancer survivors

OBJECTIVE

To examine the dose-response effects of aerobic exercise on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among colon cancer survivors.

METHODS

Thirty-nine stage I to III colon cancer survivors were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: usual-care control, 150 min·wk-1 of aerobic exercise (low-dose) and 300 min·wk-1 of aerobic exercise (high-dose) for 6 months. HRQoL outcomes included the Short Form (SF)-36 physical and mental component summary, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory, Fatigue Symptom Inventory, and North Central Cancer Treatment Group bowel function questionnaire, assessed at baseline and post intervention. The primary hypothesis was that exercise would improve HRQoL outcomes in a dose-response fashion, such that high-dose aerobic exercise would yield the largest improvements in HRQoL outcomes.

RESULTS

Over 6 months, the low-dose group completed 141 ± 10 min·wk-1 of aerobic exercise, and the high-dose group completed 247 ± 11 min·wk-1 of aerobic exercise. Over 6 months, exercise improved the physical component summary score of the SF-36 (Ptrend  = 0.002), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (Ptrend  = 0.025), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Ptrend  = 0.049), and the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (Ptrend  = 0.045) in a dose-response fashion. Between-group standardized mean difference effects sizes for the above-described findings were small to moderate in magnitude (0.35-0.75). No dose-response effects were observed for the mental component summary score of the SF-36, the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory, or bowel function.

CONCLUSION

Higher doses of aerobic exercise, up to 300 min·wk-1 , improve multiple HRQoL outcomes among stage I to III colon cancer survivors. These findings provide evidence that aerobic exercise may provide multiple health benefits for colon cancer survivors.

Dose-response Effects of Aerobic Exercise Among Colon Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Phase II Trial

BACKGROUND

Observational studies suggest that higher volumes of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence among survivors of colon cancer. However, the feasibility and safety of prescribing higher volumes of physical activity to survivors of colon cancer are unknown. Furthermore, the pathways through which exercise may reduce disease recurrence are unknown.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Survivors of stage I to III colon cancer were randomized to usual-care control, 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise (low-dose), or 300 minutes per week of aerobic exercise (high-dose). Changes in soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 prognostic biomarkers were examined.

RESULTS

From January 2015 to February 2016, 39 patients were enrolled (n = 13 usual-care control; n = 14 low-dose; n = 12 high-dose), and 38 participants completed the study (97% follow-up). Over 6 months, the low-dose group completed 142 minutes per week (92.8% adherence), and the high-dose group completed 247 minutes per week (89.0% adherence) of exercise. Compared with the control group, changes in soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were -134.9 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, -238.1 to -31.6 ng/mL) in the low-dose group and -114.8 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, -222.5 to -7.1 ng/mL) in the high-dose group (linear Ptrend = .023; nonlinear Ptrend = .044). No changes were observed for soluable vascular adhesion molecule-1 (linear Ptrend = .791; nonlinear Ptrend = .604). Non-serious adverse events occurred at similar rates among randomized groups. No serious adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSION

Higher volumes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, up to 300 minutes per week, are feasible, safe, and elicit favorable changes in prognostic biomarkers among patients recently treated for stage I to III colon cancer. These data can be used to guide clinical recommendations for patients, and inform future trials.

The "Interval Walking in Colorectal Cancer" (I-WALK-CRC) study: Design, methods and recruitment results of a randomized controlled feasibility trial

Background

Low physical activity level is associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). To increase physical activity, technology-based platforms are emerging and provide intriguing opportunities to prescribe and monitor active lifestyle interventions. The “Interval Walking in Colorectal Cancer“(I-WALK-CRC) study explores the feasibility and efficacy a home-based interval-walking intervention delivered by a smart-phone application in order to improve cardio-metabolic health profile among CRC survivors. The aim of the present report is to describe the design, methods and recruitment results of the I-WALK-CRC study.

Methods/Results: The I-WALK-CRC study is a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a home-based interval walking intervention compared to a waiting-list control group for physiological and patient-reported outcomes. Patients who had completed surgery for local stage disease and patients who had completed surgery and any adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced stage disease were eligible for inclusion. Between October 1st^, 2015, and February 1st^, 2017, 136 inquiries were recorded; 83 patients were eligible for enrollment, and 42 patients accepted participation. Age and employment status were associated with participation, as participants were significantly younger (60.5 vs 70.8 years, P < 0.001) and more likely to be working (OR 5.04; 95%CI 1.96–12.98, P < 0.001) than non-participants.

Conclusion

In the present study, recruitment of CRC survivors was feasible but we aim to better the recruitment rate in future studies. Further, the study clearly favored younger participants. The I-WALK-CRC study will provide important information regarding feasibility and efficacy of a home-based walking exercise program in CRC survivors.

Dose-response effects of exercise on insulin among colon cancer survivors

Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence among colon cancer survivors. The pathways through which physical activity may alter disease outcomes are unknown, but may include changes in metabolic growth factors, such as insulin. Between January 2015 and August 2015, 39 stage I-III colon cancer survivors were randomized to one of the three groups: usual care control, 150 min/week of aerobic exercise (low-dose) and 300 min/week of aerobic exercise (high-dose) for six months. The pre-specified key metabolic growth factor outcome was fasting insulin. Insulin resistance was quantified using the homeostatic model assessment. Mean age was 56.5 ± 10.0 years, 51% had stage III disease, 72% were treated with chemotherapy and the mean time since finishing treatment was 10.9 ± 6.1 months. Over six months, the low-dose group completed 141.5 ± 9.9 min/week of aerobic exercise, and the high-dose group completed 247.2 ± 10.7 min/week of aerobic exercise. Fasting insulin concentrations decreased 7.4 ± 9.4 pmol/L in the control group, 28.0 ± 8.3 pmol/L in the low-dose group and 20.7 ± 9.3 pmol/L in the high-dose group (nonlinear Ptrend = 0.042). Insulin resistance decreased 0.11 ± 0.20 in the control group, 0.63 ± 0.17 in the low-dose group and 0.43 ± 0.19 in the high-dose group (nonlinear Ptrend = 0.012). Aerobic exercise reduces insulin concentrations and insulin resistance among patients with stage I-III colon cancer. Prescribing 150 min/week of aerobic exercise may be sufficient for reducing insulin concentrations and insulin resistance, which may partially mediate the relationship between physical activity and colon cancer prognosis.

Diet, Physical Activity, and Body Weight in Cancer Survivorship

Diet, physical activity, and body weight have been shown to play an important role in cancer survivorship. The impact of each of these lifestyle factors differs slightly among cancer types, and adherence to recommended diet and physical activity guidelines has been associated with positive outcomes, including decrease in the risk of cancer recurrence and improvement of quality of life. Although there are compelling data that appropriate diet, physical activity, and body weight have beneficial effects in cancer survivorship, additional trials are needed to understand the relationship.

Dose-response effects of aerobic exercise on body composition among colon cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial

Background:

Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence among colon cancer survivors. Excess visceral adipose tissue is associated with a higher risk of disease recurrence among colon cancer survivors. The pathways through which physical activity may alter disease outcomes are unknown, but may be mediated by changes in visceral adipose tissue.

Methods:

Thirty-nine stage I–III colon cancer survivors were randomised to one of three groups: usual-care control, 150 min wk⁻¹ of aerobic exercise (low dose) and 300 min wk⁻¹ of aerobic exercise (high dose) for 6 months. The prespecified key body composition outcome was visceral adipose tissue quantified using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results:

Exercise reduced visceral adipose tissue in dose–response fashion (P_trend=0.008). Compared with the control group, the low- and high-dose exercise groups lost 9.5 cm² (95% CI: –22.4, 3.5) and 13.6 cm² (95% CI: –27.0, –0.1) in visceral adipose tissue, respectively. Each 60 min wk⁻¹ increase in exercise predicted a 2.7 cm² (95% CI: –5.4, –0.1) reduction in visceral adipose tissue.

Conclusions:

Aerobic exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue in dose–response fashion among patients with stage I–III colon cancer. Visceral adipose tissue may be a mechanism through which exercise reduces the risk of disease recurrence among colon cancer survivors.

Exercise Among Women With Ovarian Cancer: A Feasibility and Pre-/Post-Test Exploratory Pilot Study

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

To establish the feasibility and acceptability of completing a higher dose of the planned physical activity volume among women with ovarian cancer, including those undergoing active treatment. 
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DESIGN

A pre-/post-test exercise intervention. All participants were asked to complete 225 minutes per week of physical activity for 26 weeks. Multiple supports were provided, including exercise DVDs, self-reported logs, and an objective physical activity tracker (Fitbit®).
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SETTING

Home-based exercise intervention with in-person training and telephone follow-ups.
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SAMPLE

10 women with ovarian cancer who were treated within Penn Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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METHODS

Home-based, in-person exercise counseling was provided by an exercise trainer weekly for the first six weeks and then monthly for a total of 26 weeks. Weekly follow-up telephone calls were used to assess exercise adherence and barriers to completing exercise, review symptom changes, and provide behavioral support. 
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MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES

Feasibility and acceptability.
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FINDINGS

Eight participants completed the study and achieved at least 80% of the prescribed exercise dose. Five participants were undergoing chemotherapy simultaneously. Participants experienced no adverse events during the 26-week intervention. Compared to baseline, average steps increased by 1,593 per day and moderate-intensity physical activity increased by 15 minutes per day. 
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CONCLUSIONS

A 225-minutes-per-week exercise program is feasible and acceptable in a population of patients with ovarian cancer. Participants significantly improved their physical activity during the 26-week intervention.
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IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

The findings suggest that nursing professionals could recommend that women with ovarian cancer exercise 225 minutes per week regardless of cancer and/or treatment trajectory. For those experiencing aches and pains, behavioral supports and suggestions of a lower exercise dose are needed to maintain physical activity.