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Hu S, Qin L, Yi H, Lai C, Yang Y, Li B, Fu Y, Zhang M, Zhou X. Carbonaceous Materials-Based Photothermal Process in Water Treatment: From Originals to Frontier Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305579. [PMID: 37788902 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal process has attracted considerable attention in water treatment due to its advantages of low energy consumption and high efficiency. In this respect, photothermal materials play a crucial role in the photothermal process. Particularly, carbonaceous materials have emerged as promising candidates for this process because of exceptional photothermal performance. While previous research on carbonaceous materials has primarily focused on photothermal evaporation and sterilization, there is now a growing interest in exploring the potential of photothermal effect-assisted advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, the underlying mechanism of the photothermal effect assisted by carbonaceous materials remains unclear. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the photothermal process of carbonaceous materials in water treatment. It begins by introducing the photothermal properties of carbonaceous materials, followed by a discussion on strategies for enhancing these properties. Then, the application of carbonaceous materials-based photothermal process for water treatment is summarized. This includes both direct photothermal processes such as photothermal evaporation and sterilization, as well as indirect photothermal processes that assisted AOPs. Meanwhile, various mechanisms assisted by the photothermal effect are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using carbonaceous materials-based photothermal processes for water treatment are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Bisheng Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yukui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Crosstalk between gut microbiota and lung inflammation in murine toxicity models of respiratory exposure or co-exposure to carbon nanotube particles and cigarette smoke extract. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 447:116066. [PMID: 35595072 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging environmental and occupational toxicants known to induce lung immunotoxicity. While the underlying mechanisms are evolving, it is yet unknown whether inhaled CNTs would cause abnormalities in gut microbiota (dysbiosis), and if such microbiota alteration plays a role in the modulation of CNT-induced lung immunotoxicity. It is also unknown whether co-exposure to tobacco smoke will modulate CNT effects. We compared the effects of lung exposure to multi-wall CNT, cigarette smoke extract (CSE), and their combination (CNT + CSE) in a 4-week chronic toxicity mouse model. The exposures induced differential perturbations in gut microbiome as evidenced by altered microbial α- and β- diversity, indicating a lung-to-gut communication. The gut dysbiosis due to CNTs, unlike CSE, was characterized by an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio typically associated with proinflammatory condition. Notably, while all three exposures reduced Proteobacteria, the CNT exposure and co-exposure induced appearance of Tenericutes and Cyanobacteria, respectively, implicating them as potential biomarkers of exposure. CNTs differentially induced certain lung proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, CXCL5) whereas CNTs and CSE commonly induced other mediators (CXCL1 and TGF-β). The co-exposure showed either a component-dominant effect or a summative effect for both dysbiosis and lung inflammation. Depletion of gut microbiota attenuated both the differentially-induced and commonly-induced (TGF-β) lung inflammatory mediators as well as granulomas implying gut-to-lung communication and a modulatory role of gut dysbiosis. Taken together, the results demonstrated gut dysbiosis as a systemic effect of inhaled CNTs and provided the first evidence of a bidirectional gut-lung crosstalk modulating CNT lung immunotoxicity.
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Filice S, Sciuto EL, Scalese S, Faro G, Libertino S, Corso D, Timpanaro RM, Laganà P, Coniglio MA. Innovative Antibiofilm Smart Surface against Legionella for Water Systems. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050870. [PMID: 35630315 PMCID: PMC9144790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila contamination of water systems is a crucial issue for public health. The pathogen is able to persist in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to and clog filters and pipes in a water system, reducing its lifespan and, in the case of hospital buildings, increasing the risk of nosocomial infections. The implementation of water management is considered to be the main prevention measure and can be achieved from the optimization of water system architecture, notably introducing new materials and strategies to contrast Legionella biofilm proliferation and so prolong the water system functionality. In this research, we propose a new smart surface against L. pneumophila biofilm formation. This is based on an innovative type of coating consisting of a sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC, commercially named Nexar™) deposited on top of a polypropylene (PP) coupon in a sandwich filter model. The covering of PP with s-PBC results in a more hydrophilic, acid, and negatively charged surface that induces microbial physiological inhibition thereby preventing adhesion and/or proliferation attempts of L. pneumophila prior to the biofilm formation. The antibiofilm property has been investigated by a Zone of Inhibition test and an in vitro biofilm formation analysis. Filtration tests have been performed as representative of possible applications for s-PBC coating. Results are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Filice
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Emanuele Luigi Sciuto
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Scalese
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Faro
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Via S. Maria La Grande 5, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebania Libertino
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Domenico Corso
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Rosario Manuel Timpanaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Pasqualina Laganà
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Torre Biologica 3p, AOU ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, S.N.C., 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Anna Coniglio
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Sciuto EL, Laganà P, Filice S, Scalese S, Libertino S, Corso D, Faro G, Coniglio MA. Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:577. [PMID: 33799845 PMCID: PMC8001549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella is able to remain in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to the pipes. It is also able to enter amoebas or to switch into a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state, which contributes to its resistance to harsh conditions and hinders its detection in water. Factors regulating Legionella growth, such as environmental conditions, type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, presence of protozoa, spatial location of microorganisms, metal plumbing components, and associated corrosion products are important for Legionella survival and growth. Finally, water treatment and distribution conditions may affect each of these factors. A deeper comprehension of Legionella interactions in water distribution systems with the environmental conditions is needed for better control of the colonization. To this purpose, the implementation of water management plans is the main prevention measure against Legionella. A water management program requires coordination among building managers, health care providers, and Public Health professionals. The review reports a comprehensive view of the state of the art and the promising perspectives of both monitoring and disinfection methods against Legionella in water, focusing on the main current challenges concerning the Public Health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Luigi Sciuto
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Pasqualina Laganà
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Messina, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 3p, AOU ‘G. Martino, Via C. Valeria, s.n.c., 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Simona Filice
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Scalese
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Sebania Libertino
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Domenico Corso
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Faro
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Via S. Maria La Grande 5, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maria Anna Coniglio
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Catania, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Moumanis K, Sirbu L, Hassen WM, Frost E, de Carvalho LR, Hiernaux P, Dubowski JJ. Water Sampling Module for Collecting and Concentrating Legionella pneumophila from Low-to-Medium Contaminated Environment. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:34. [PMID: 33513950 PMCID: PMC7910891 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The detection of water contamination with Legionella pneumophila is of critical importance to manufacturers of water processing equipment and public health entities dealing with water networks and distribution systems. Detection methods based on polymerase chain reaction or biosensor technologies require preconcentration steps to achieve attractive sensitivity levels. Preconcentration must also be included in protocols of automated collection of water samples by systems designed for quasi-continuous monitoring of remotely located water reservoirs for the presence of L. pneumophila. We designed and characterized a water sampling module for filtration and backwashing intended for analysis of low-to-medium contaminated water, typically with L. pneumophila bacteria not exceeding 50 colony-forming units per milliliter. The concentration factors of 10× and 21× were achieved with 0.22 and 0.45 µm filters, respectively, for samples of bacteria prepared in clean saline solutions. However, a 5× concentration factor was achieved with 0.45 µm filters for a heavily contaminated or turbid water typical of some industrial water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Moumanis
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lilian Sirbu
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Walid Mohamed Hassen
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eric Frost
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, QC J1K 0A5, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Hiernaux
- Produits Chimiques Magnus Limitée, 1271, rue Ampère, Boucherville, QC J4B 5Z5, Canada; (L.R.d.C.); (P.H.)
| | - Jan Jerzy Dubowski
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 0A5, Canada; (L.S.); (W.M.H.); (E.F.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Sasahara T, Ogawa M, Fujimura I, Ae R, Kosami K, Morisawa Y. Efficacy and Effectiveness of Showerheads Attached with Point-of-use (POU) Filter Capsules in Preventing Waterborne Diseases in a Japanese Hospital. Biocontrol Sci 2020; 25:223-230. [PMID: 33281180 DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Tap water contamination is a growing concern in healthcare facilities, and despite chlorination, tap water in these facilities contains several pathogenic microorganisms causing healthcare-associated waterborne infections or nosocomial outbreaks. Shower units are particularly prone to contamination as they are conducive for bacterial growth and can even produce bioaerosols containing pathogenic bacteria. Shower units coupled with point-of-use (POU) water filters are a simple and safe option; however, their efficacy has been under-reported. Therefore, we determined the efficacy of showerheads attached with a POU filter capsule in preventing infections in our hospital. We investigated the presence of pathogenic bacteria in water sampled from three shower units. After replacing the original shower units with new ones incorporated with a sterile-grade water filter capsule (0.2 µm; QPoint™), the water samples were analyzed for up to 2 months. The POU filters removed several pathogenic bacteria (Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Aeromonas, and Klebsiella spp.). Filter effectiveness depends on regional water quality and we believe that effective tap water treatment combined with the use of POU filters (introduced at a reasonable cost in healthcare facilities) can considerably minimize waterborne diseases in hospitals and improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Sasahara
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University.,Health Service Center, Jichi Medical University.,Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | | | | | - Ryusuke Ae
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Koki Kosami
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Yuji Morisawa
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
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Castro-Muñoz R. The Role of New Inorganic Materials in Composite Membranes for Water Disinfection. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E101. [PMID: 32422940 PMCID: PMC7281186 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Today, there is an increasing interest in improving the physicochemical properties of polymeric membranes by merging the membranes with different inorganic materials. These so-called composite membranes have been implemented in different membrane-based technologies (e.g., microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, membrane bioreactors, among others) for water treatment and disinfection. This is because such inorganic materials (such as TiO2-, ZnO-, Ag-, and Cu-based nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, to mention just a few) can improve the separation performance of membranes and also some other properties, such as antifouling, mechanical, thermal, and physical and chemical stability. Moreover, such materials display specific biological activity towards viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, showing enhanced water disinfection properties. Therefore, the aim of this review is to collect the latest advances (in the last five years) in using composite membranes and new hybrid materials for water disinfection, paying particular emphasis on relevant results and new hydride composites together with their preparation protocols. Moreover, this review addresses the main mechanism of action of different conventional and novel inorganic materials toward biologically active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca. Avenida Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000 San Antonio Buenavista, 50110 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
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Carlson KM, Boczek LA, Chae S, Ryu H. Legionellosis and Recent Advances in Technologies for Legionella Control in Premise Plumbing Systems: A Review. WATER 2020; 12:1-676. [PMID: 32704396 PMCID: PMC7377215 DOI: 10.3390/w12030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses Legionella, among the most prolific and publicly well-known waterborne pathogens, and advances in potential treatment technologies. The number of cases associated with Legionella continues to rise, as does its public awareness. Currently, cases associated with premise plumbing account for the largest number of legionellosis cases in the United States. So, while it is important to understand Legionella as such, it is also important to investigate how to treat drinking water in premise plumbing for Legionella and other waterborne pathogens. While there are currently several methods recognized as potential means of inactivating waterborne pathogens, several shortcomings continue to plague its implementation. These methods are generally of two types. Firstly, there are chemical treatments such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ozone, and copper-silver ionization. Secondly, there are physical treatments such as thermal inactivation and media filtration. Their shortcomings range from being labor-intensive and costly to having negative health effects if not properly operated. Recently developed technologies including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation using light emitting diodes (LEDs) and innovative carbon nanotube (CNT) filters can better control waterborne pathogens by allowing for the simultaneous use of different treatment measures in plumbing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M. Carlson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Laura A. Boczek
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Soryong Chae
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Hodon Ryu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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