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Santos-Ribeiro D, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Humoral pathways of innate immune regulation in granuloma formation. Trends Immunol 2024:S1471-4906(24)00096-6. [PMID: 38762333 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The humoral arm of mammalian innate immunity regulates several molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to pathogens, inflammation, and tissue repair. Recent studies highlight the crucial role played by humoral mediators in granulomatous inflammation. However the molecular mechanisms linking the function of these soluble molecules to the initiation and maintenance of granulomas remain elusive. We propose that humoral innate immunity coordinates fundamental physiological processes in macrophages which, in turn, initiate activation and transformation events that enable granuloma formation. We discuss the involvement of humoral mediators in processes such as immune activation, phagocytosis, metabolism, and tissue remodeling, and how these can dictate macrophage functionality during granuloma formation. These advances present opportunities for discovering novel disease factors and developing targeted, more effective treatments for granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Santos-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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2
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Gupta VK, Vaishnavi VV, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, P S A, K M J, Jeyasankar S, Raghunathan V, Baliga NS, Agarwal R. 3D Hydrogel Culture System Recapitulates Key Tuberculosis Phenotypes and Demonstrates Pyrazinamide Efficacy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304299. [PMID: 38655817 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The mortality caused by tuberculosis (TB) infections is a global concern, and there is a need to improve understanding of the disease. Current in vitro infection models to study the disease have limitations such as short investigation durations and divergent transcriptional signatures. This study aims to overcome these limitations by developing a 3D collagen culture system that mimics the biomechanical and extracellular matrix (ECM) of lung microenvironment (collagen fibers, stiffness comparable to in vivo conditions) as the infection primarily manifests in the lungs. The system incorporates Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infected human THP-1 or primary monocytes/macrophages. Dual RNA sequencing reveals higher mammalian gene expression similarity with patient samples than 2D macrophage infections. Similarly, bacterial gene expression more accurately recapitulates in vivo gene expression patterns compared to bacteria in 2D infection models. Key phenotypes observed in humans, such as foamy macrophages and mycobacterial cords, are reproduced in the model. This biomaterial system overcomes challenges associated with traditional platforms by modulating immune cells and closely mimicking in vivo infection conditions, including showing efficacy with clinically relevant concentrations of anti-TB drug pyrazinamide, not seen in any other in vitro infection model, making it reliable and readily adoptable for tuberculosis studies and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal K Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Vijaya V Vaishnavi
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | | | - Abhirami P S
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Jyothsna K M
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Sharumathi Jeyasankar
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Varun Raghunathan
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Nitin S Baliga
- Institute of Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
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3
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Passos BBS, Araújo-Pereira M, Vinhaes CL, Amaral EP, Andrade BB. The role of ESAT-6 in tuberculosis immunopathology. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383098. [PMID: 38633252 PMCID: PMC11021698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite major global efforts to eliminate tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), this disease remains as a major plague of humanity. Several factors associated with the host and Mtb interaction favor the infection establishment and/or determine disease progression. The Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 kDa (ESAT-6) is one of the most important and well-studied mycobacterial virulence factors. This molecule has been described to play an important role in the development of tuberculosis-associated pathology by subverting crucial components of the host immune responses. This review highlights the main effector mechanisms by which ESAT-6 modulates the immune system, directly impacting cell fate and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz B. S. Passos
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo-Pereira
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caian L. Vinhaes
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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4
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Wright K, Han DJ, Song R, de Silva K, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Shepherd A, Chin M, Hortle E, Wong JJL, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. Zebrafish tsc1 and cxcl12a increase susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302523. [PMID: 38307625 PMCID: PMC10837051 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of host miRNA expression is a contested node that controls the host immune response to mycobacterial infection. The host must counter subversive efforts of pathogenic mycobacteria to launch a protective immune response. Here, we examine the role of miR-126 in the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model and identify a protective role for infection-induced miR-126 through multiple effector pathways. We identified a putative link between miR-126 and the tsc1a and cxcl12a/ccl2/ccr2 signalling axes resulting in the suppression of non-tnfa expressing macrophage accumulation at early M. marinum granulomas. Mechanistically, we found a detrimental effect of tsc1a expression that renders zebrafish embryos susceptible to higher bacterial burden and increased cell death via mTOR inhibition. We found that macrophage recruitment driven by the cxcl12a/ccl2/ccr2 signalling axis was at the expense of the recruitment of classically activated tnfa-expressing macrophages and increased cell death around granulomas. Together, our results delineate putative pathways by which infection-induced miR-126 may shape an effective immune response to M. marinum infection in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wright
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Darryl Jy Han
- https://ror.org/036wvzt09 A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renhua Song
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Epigenetics and RNA Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ava Shepherd
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Maegan Chin
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Elinor Hortle
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Epigenetics and RNA Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/036wvzt09 A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Ma M, Duan Y, Peng C, Wu Y, Zhang X, Chang B, Wang F, Yang H, Zheng R, Cheng H, Cheng Y, He Y, Huang J, Lei J, Ma H, Li L, Wang J, Huang X, Tang F, Liu J, Li J, Ying R, Wang P, Sha W, Gao Y, Wang L, Ge B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits METTL14-mediated m 6A methylation of Nox2 mRNA and suppresses anti-TB immunity. Cell Discov 2024; 10:36. [PMID: 38548762 PMCID: PMC10978938 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications are among the most abundant modifications of messenger RNA, playing a critical role in diverse biological and pathological processes. However, the functional role and regulatory mechanism of m6A modifications in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains unknown. Here, we report that methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14)-dependent m6A methylation of NAPDH oxidase 2 (Nox2) mRNA was crucial for the host immune defense against M. tuberculosis infection and that M. tuberculosis-secreted antigen EsxB (Rv3874) inhibited METTL14-dependent m6A methylation of Nox2 mRNA. Mechanistically, EsxB interacted with p38 MAP kinase and disrupted the association of TAB1 with p38, thus inhibiting the TAB1-mediated autophosphorylation of p38. Interaction of EsxB with p38 also impeded the binding of p38 with METTL14, thereby inhibiting the p38-mediated phosphorylation of METTL14 at Thr72. Inhibition of p38 by EsxB restrained liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of METTL14 and its subsequent interaction with METTL3, preventing the m6A modification of Nox2 mRNA and its association with the m6A-binding protein IGF2BP1 to destabilize Nox2 mRNA, reduce ROS levels, and increase intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis. Moreover, deletion or mutation of the phosphorylation site on METTL14 impaired the inhibition of ROS level by EsxB and increased bacterial burden or histological damage in the lungs during infection in mice. These findings identify a previously unknown mechanism that M. tuberculosis employs to suppress host immunity, providing insights that may empower the development of effective immunomodulators that target M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjia Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - You Wu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liru Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyan Ying
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Ghoshal A, Verma A, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. The uncharted territory of host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339467. [PMID: 38312835 PMCID: PMC10834760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) effectively manipulates the host processes to establish the deadly respiratory disease, Tuberculosis (TB). M.tb has developed key mechanisms to disrupt the host cell health to combat immune responses and replicate efficaciously. M.tb antigens such as ESAT-6, 19kDa lipoprotein, Hip1, and Hsp70 destroy the integrity of cell organelles (Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, Phagosomes) or delay innate/adaptive cell responses. This is followed by the induction of cellular stress responses in the host. Such cells can either undergo various cell death processes such as apoptosis or necrosis, or mount effective immune responses to clear the invading pathogen. Further, to combat the infection progression, the host secretes extracellular vesicles such as exosomes to initiate immune signaling. The exosomes can contain M.tb as well as host cell-derived peptides that can act as a double-edged sword in the immune signaling event. The host-symbiont microbiota produces various metabolites that are beneficial for maintaining healthy tissue microenvironment. In juxtaposition to the above-mentioned mechanisms, M.tb dysregulates the gut and respiratory microbiome to support its replication and dissemination process. The above-mentioned interconnected host cellular processes of Immunometabolism, Cellular stress, Host Microbiome, and Extracellular vesicles are less explored in the realm of exploration of novel Host-directed therapies for TB. Therefore, this review highlights the intertwined host cellular processes to control M.tb survival and showcases the important factors that can be targeted for designing efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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7
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Weeratunga P, Moller DR, Ho LP. Immune mechanisms of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175264. [PMID: 38165044 PMCID: PMC10760966 DOI: 10.1172/jci175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a complex immune-mediated disease characterized by clusters of immune cells called granulomas. Despite major steps in understanding the cause of this disease, many questions remain. In this Review, we perform a mechanistic interrogation of the immune activities that contribute to granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and compare these processes with its closest mimic, tuberculosis, highlighting shared and divergent immune activities. We examine how Mycobacterium tuberculosis is sensed by the immune system; how the granuloma is initiated, formed, and perpetuated in tuberculosis compared with sarcoidosis; and the role of major innate and adaptive immune cells in shaping these processes. Finally, we draw these findings together around several recent high-resolution studies of the granuloma in situ that utilized the latest advances in single-cell technology combined with spatial methods to analyze plausible disease mechanisms. We conclude with an overall view of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Weeratunga
- MRC Translational Immunology Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Translational Immunology Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Borah Slater K, Moraes L, Xu Y, Kim D. Metabolic flux reprogramming in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1289987. [PMID: 38045029 PMCID: PMC10690623 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic fluxes are at the heart of metabolism and growth in any living system. During tuberculosis (TB) infection, the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adapts its nutritional behaviour and metabolic fluxes to survive in human macrophages and cause infection. The infected host cells also undergo metabolic changes. However, our knowledge of the infected host metabolism and identification of the reprogrammed metabolic flux nodes remains limited. In this study, we applied systems-based 13C-metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to measure intracellular carbon metabolic fluxes in Mtb-infected human THP-1 macrophages. We provide a flux map for infected macrophages that quantified significantly increased fluxes through glycolytic fluxes towards pyruvate synthesis and reduced pentose phosphate pathway fluxes when compared to uninfected macrophages. The tri carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle fluxes were relatively low, and amino acid fluxes were reprogrammed upon Mtb infection. The knowledge of host metabolic flux profiles derived from our work expands on how the host cell adapts its carbon metabolism in response to Mtb infection and highlights important nodes that may provide targets for developing new therapeutics to improve TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Moraes
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kim
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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9
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Collars OA, Jones BS, Hu DD, Weaver SD, Sherman TA, Champion MM, Champion PA. An N-acetyltransferase required for ESAT-6 N-terminal acetylation and virulence in Mycobacterium marinum. mBio 2023; 14:e0098723. [PMID: 37772840 PMCID: PMC10653941 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00987-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE N-terminal acetylation is a protein modification that broadly impacts basic cellular function and disease in higher organisms. Although bacterial proteins are N-terminally acetylated, little is understood how N-terminal acetylation impacts bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Mycobacterial pathogens cause acute and chronic disease in humans and in animals. Approximately 15% of mycobacterial proteins are N-terminally acetylated, but the responsible enzymes are largely unknown. We identified a conserved mycobacterial protein required for the N-terminal acetylation of 23 mycobacterial proteins including the EsxA virulence factor. Loss of this enzyme from M. marinum reduced macrophage killing and spread of M. marinum to new host cells. Defining the acetyltransferases responsible for the N-terminal protein acetylation of essential virulence factors could lead to new targets for therapeutics against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A. Collars
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Bradley S. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel D. Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Simon D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Taylor A. Sherman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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10
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Ellzey LM, Patrick KL, Watson RO. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: double agents in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102366. [PMID: 37453340 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to housing the major energy-producing pathways in cells, mitochondria are active players in innate immune responses. One critical way mitochondria fulfill this role is by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) that are recognized by innate sensors to activate pathways including, but not limited to, cytokine expression, selective autophagy, and cell death. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a multifunctional mtDAMP linked to pro- and antimicrobial immune outcomes. Formed as a by-product of energy generation, mtROS links mitochondrial metabolism with downstream innate immune responses. As a result, altered cellular metabolism can change mtROS levels and impact downstream antimicrobial responses in a variety of ways. MtROS has emerged as a particularly important mediator of pathogenesis during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), an intracellular bacterial pathogen that continues to pose a significant threat to global public health. Here, we will summarize how Mtb modulates mtROS levels in infected macrophages and how mtROS dictates Mtb infection outcomes by controlling inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. We propose that mtROS may serve as a biomarker to predict tuberculosis patient outcomes and/or a target for host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M Ellzey
- Interdiscplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, United States; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, United States.
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11
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Huang Y, Zhu C, Pan L, Zhang Z. The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acetyltransferase and protein acetylation modifications in tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1218583. [PMID: 37560320 PMCID: PMC10407107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1218583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), which has been a significant burden for a long time. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for protein function in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This review focuses on the contribution of protein acetylation to the function of M. tb and its infected macrophages. The acetylation of M. tb proteins plays a critical role in virulence, drug resistance, regulation of metabolism, and host anti-TB immune response. Similarly, the PTMs of host proteins induced by M. tb are crucial for the development, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Host protein acetylation induced by M. tb is significant in regulating host immunity against TB, which substantially affects the disease's development. The review summarizes the functions and mechanisms of M. tb acetyltransferase in virulence and drug resistance. It also discusses the role and mechanism of M. tb in regulating host protein acetylation and immune response regulation. Furthermore, the current scenario of isoniazid usage in M. tb therapy treatment is examined. Overall, this review provides valuable information that can serve as a preliminary basis for studying pathogenic research, developing new drugs, exploring in-depth drug resistance mechanisms, and providing precise treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liping Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing TB and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing TB and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Fei X, Huang J, Li F, Wang Y, Shao Z, Dong L, Wu Y, Li B, Zhang X, Lv B, Zhao Y, Weng Q, Chen K, Zhang M, Yang S, Zhang C, Zhang M, Li W, Ying S, Sun Q, Chen Z, Shen H. The Scap-SREBP1-S1P/S2P lipogenesis signal orchestrates the homeostasis and spatiotemporal activation of NF-κB. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112586. [PMID: 37267109 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway plays essential roles in innate and adaptive immunity, but little is known how NF-κB signaling is compartmentalized and spatiotemporally activated in the cytoplasm. Here, we show that the lipogenesis signal cascade Scap-SREBP1-S1P/S2P orchestrates the homeostasis and spatiotemporal activation of NF-κB. SREBP cleavage-activating protein (Scap) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) form a super complex with inhibitors of NF-κB α (IκBα) to associate NF-κB close to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, Scap transports the complex to the Golgi apparatus, where SREBP1 is cleaved by site-1 protease (S1P)/S2P, liberating IκBα for IκB kinase (Ikk)-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent activation of NF-κB. Loss of Scap or inhibition of S1P or S2P diminishes, while SREBP1 deficiency augments, LPS-induced NF-κB activation and subsequent inflammatory responses. Our results reveal the Scap-SREBP1 complex as an additional cytoplasmic checkpoint for NF-κB homeostasis and unveil the Golgi apparatus as the optimal cellular platform for NF-κB activation, providing insights into the crosstalk between lipogenesis signaling and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fei
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yuejue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lingling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Boran Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Baihui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qingyu Weng
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Kaijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Shiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; State Key Lab for Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
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13
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Ravindran S. Profile of Lalita Ramakrishnan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306553120. [PMID: 37256924 PMCID: PMC10268243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306553120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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14
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Xu Y, Ma S, Huang Z, Wang L, Raza SHA, Wang Z. Nitrogen metabolism in mycobacteria: the key genes and targeted antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149041. [PMID: 37275154 PMCID: PMC10232911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism is an important physiological process that affects the survival and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis's utilization of nitrogen in the environment and its adaptation to the harsh environment of acid and low oxygen in macrophages are closely related to nitrogen metabolism. In addition, the dormancy state and drug resistance of M. tuberculosis are closely related to nitrogen metabolism. Although nitrogen metabolism is so important, limited research was performed on nitrogen metabolism as compared with carbon metabolism. M. tuberculosis can use a variety of inorganic or organic nitrogen sources, including ammonium salts, nitrate, glutamine, asparagine, etc. In these metabolic pathways, some enzymes encoded by key genes, such as GlnA1, AnsP2, etc, play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of TB. Although various small molecule inhibitors and drugs have been developed for different nitrogen metabolism processes, however, long-term validation is needed before their practical application. Most importantly, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, eradication, and control of M. tuberculosis will still be very challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Ma
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixin Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Collars OA, Jones BS, Hu DD, Weaver SD, Champion MM, Champion PA. An N-acetyltransferase required for EsxA N-terminal protein acetylation and virulence in Mycobacterium marinum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532585. [PMID: 36993388 PMCID: PMC10055061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal protein acetylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that broadly impacts diverse cellular processes in higher organisms. Bacterial proteins are also N-terminally acetylated, but the mechanisms and consequences of this modification in bacteria are poorly understood. We previously quantified widespread N-terminal protein acetylation in pathogenic mycobacteria (C. R. Thompson, M. M. Champion, and P.A. Champion, J Proteome Res 17(9): 3246-3258, 2018, https:// doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00373). The major virulence factor EsxA (ESAT-6, Early secreted antigen, 6kDa) was one of the first N-terminally acetylated proteins identified in bacteria. EsxA is conserved in mycobacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, a non-tubercular mycobacterial species that causes tuberculosis-like disease in ectotherms. However, enzyme responsible for EsxA N-terminal acetylation has been elusive. Here, we used genetics, molecular biology, and mass-spectroscopy based proteomics to demonstrate that MMAR_1839 (renamed Emp1, ESX-1 modifying protein, 1) is the putative N-acetyl transferase (NAT) solely responsible for EsxA acetylation in Mycobacterium marinum. We demonstrated that ERD_3144, the orthologous gene in M. tuberculosis Erdman, is functionally equivalent to Emp1. We identified at least 22 additional proteins that require Emp1 for acetylation, demonstrating that this putative NAT is not dedicated to EsxA. Finally, we showed that loss of emp1 resulted in a significant reduction in the ability of M. marinum to cause macrophage cytolysis. Collectively, this study identified a NAT required for N-terminal acetylation in Mycobacterium and provided insight into the requirement of N-terminal acetylation of EsxA and other proteins in mycobacterial virulence in the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A. Collars
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Bradley S. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Daniel D. Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Simon D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
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16
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Hu W, Liu L, Forn-Cuní G, Ding Y, Alia A, Spaink HP. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal That Toll-like Receptor 2 Has a Role in Glucose-Related Metabolism in Unchallenged Zebrafish Larvae ( Danio rerio). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020323. [PMID: 36829598 PMCID: PMC9952914 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the regulation of various metabolism pathways, in addition to their function in innate immunity. Here, we investigate the metabolic function of TLR2 in a larval zebrafish system. We studied larvae from a tlr2 mutant and the wild type sibling controls in an unchallenged normal developmental condition using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses methods. RNAseq was used to evaluate transcriptomic differences between the tlr2 mutant and wild-type control zebrafish larvae and found a signature set of 149 genes to be significantly altered in gene expression. The expression level of several genes was confirmed by qPCR analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed differential enrichment of genes between the two genotypes related to valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, we found that glucose and various metabolites related with glucose metabolism were present at higher levels in the tlr2 mutant. Furthermore, we confirmed that the glucose level is higher in tlr2 mutants by using a fluorometric assay. Therefore, we have shown that TLR2, in addition to its function in immunity, has a function in controlling metabolism during vertebrate development. The functions are associated with transcriptional regulation of various enzymes involved in glucose metabolism that could explain the different levels of glucose, lactate, succinate, and malate in larvae of a tlr2 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Hu
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alia Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P. Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Animal Science and Health, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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17
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Zhang H, Ma W, Liu H, Tang W, Shu J, Zhou J, Zheng H, Xiao H, Yang X, Liu D, Liang H, Yang X. Systematic analysis of lysine crotonylation in human macrophages responding to MRSA infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1126350. [PMID: 36844408 PMCID: PMC9945341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1126350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most commonly encountered bacteria found in healthcare clinics and has been ranked a priority 2 pathogen. Research is urgently needed to develop new therapeutic approaches to combat the pathogen. Variations in the pattern of protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of host cells affect physiological and pathological events, as well as therapeutic effectiveness. However, the role of crotonylation in MRSA-infected THP1 cells remains unknown. In this study, we found that crotonylation profiles of THP1 cells were altered after MRSA infection. It was then confirmed that lysine crotonylation profiles of THP1 cells and bacteria were different; MRSA infection inhibited global lysine crotonylation (Kcro) modification but partially elevated Kcro of host proteins. We obtained a proteome-wide crotonylation profile of THP1 cells infected by MRSA further treated by vancomycin, leading to the identification of 899 proteins, 1384 sites of which were down-regulated, and 160 proteins with 193 sites up-regulated. The crotonylated down-regulated proteins were mainly located in cytoplasm and were enriched in spliceosome, RNA degradation, protein posttranslational modification, and metabolism. However, the crotonylated up-regulated proteins were mainly located in nucleus and significantly involved in nuclear body, chromosome, ribonucleoprotein complex, and RNA processing. The domains of these proteins were significantly enriched on RNA recognition motif, and linker histone H1 and H5 families. Some proteins related to protecting against bacterial infection were also found to be targets of crotonylation. The present findings point to a comprehensive understanding of the biological functions of lysine crotonylation in human macrophages, thereby providing a certain research basis for the mechanism and targeted therapy on the immune response of host cells against MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Deparment of Critical Care Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haoru Liu
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wanqi Tang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shu
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Panzihua University, Panzihua, China
| | - Hongsheng Zheng
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huaping Liang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Huaping Liang, ; Xia Yang,
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Huaping Liang, ; Xia Yang,
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18
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Park MD, Silvin A, Ginhoux F, Merad M. Macrophages in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:4259-4279. [PMID: 36368305 PMCID: PMC9908006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages, in health and in disease, has become increasingly transparent over the last decade. But with the plethora of data comes a natural need for organization and the design of a conceptual framework for how we can better understand the origins and functions of different macrophages. We propose that the ontogeny of a macrophage-beyond its fundamental derivation as either embryonically or bone marrow-derived, but rather inclusive of the course of its differentiation, amidst steady-state cues, disease-associated signals, and time-constitutes a critical piece of information about its contribution to homeostasis or the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Park
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore.
| | - Miriam Merad
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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How do humans resist tuberculosis? With a metabolic protein's help. Nature 2022. [PMID: 36151208 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-02987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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