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Kulinski TM, Casari MRT, Guenzl PM, Wenzel D, Andergassen D, Hladik A, Datlinger P, Farlik M, Theussl HC, Penninger JM, Knapp S, Bock C, Barlow DP, Hudson QJ. Imprinted expression in cystic embryoid bodies shows an embryonic and not an extra-embryonic pattern. Dev Biol 2015; 402:291-305. [PMID: 25912690 PMCID: PMC4454777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A large subset of mammalian imprinted genes show extra-embryonic lineage (EXEL) specific imprinted expression that is restricted to placental trophectoderm lineages and to visceral yolk sac endoderm (ysE). Isolated ysE provides a homogenous in vivo model of a mid-gestation extra-embryonic tissue to examine the mechanism of EXEL-specific imprinted gene silencing, but an in vitro model of ysE to facilitate more rapid and cost-effective experiments is not available. Reports indicate that ES cells differentiated into cystic embryoid bodies (EBs) contain ysE, so here we investigate if cystic EBs model ysE imprinted expression. The imprinted expression pattern of cystic EBs is shown to resemble fetal liver and not ysE. To investigate the reason for this we characterized the methylome and transcriptome of cystic EBs in comparison to fetal liver and ysE, by whole genome bisulphite sequencing and RNA-seq. Cystic EBs show a fetal liver pattern of global hypermethylation and low expression of repeats, while ysE shows global hypomethylation and high expression of IAPEz retroviral repeats, as reported for placenta. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that cystic EBs are more similar to fetal liver than ysE and express markers of early embryonic endoderm. Genome-wide analysis shows that ysE shares epigenetic and repeat expression features with placenta. Contrary to previous reports, we show that cystic EBs do not contain ysE, but are more similar to the embryonic endoderm of fetal liver. This explains why cystic EBs reproduce the imprinted expression seen in the embryo but not that seen in the ysE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Kulinski
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Rita T Casari
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp M Guenzl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Wenzel
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Andergassen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine 1, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Paul Datlinger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - H-Christian Theussl
- IMP/IMBA Transgenic Service, Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine 1, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Denise P Barlow
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Quanah J Hudson
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH-BT25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promote lymphohematopoietic differentiation from murine embryonic stem cells: Role of soluble factors. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chistiakov DA. Liver regenerative medicine: advances and challenges. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:291-312. [PMID: 22572238 DOI: 10.1159/000335697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the standard care for many end-stage liver diseases. However, donor organs are scarce and some people succumb to liver failure before a donor is found. Liver regenerative medicine is a special interdisciplinary field of medicine focused on the development of new therapies incorporating stem cells, gene therapy and engineered tissues in order to repair or replace the damaged organ. In this review we consider the emerging progress achieved in the hepatic regenerative medicine within the last decade. The review starts with the characterization of liver organogenesis, fetal and adult stem/progenitor cells. Then, applications of primary hepatocytes, embryonic and adult (mesenchymal, hematopoietic and induced pluripotent) stem cells in cell therapy of liver diseases are considered. Current advances and challenges in producing mature hepatocytes from stem/progenitor cells are discussed. A section about hepatic tissue engineering includes consideration of synthetic and natural biomaterials in engineering scaffolds, strategies and achievements in the development of 3D bioactive matrices and 3D hepatocyte cultures, liver microengineering, generating bioartificial liver and prospects for fabrication of the bioengineered liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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Zhao S, Zhao W, Ma L. Novel peptide ligands that bind specifically to mouse embryonic stem cells. Peptides 2010; 31:2027-34. [PMID: 20713104 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for new ES cell markers is critical not only for identification, isolation and visualization of embryonic stem (ES) cells, but also for potential clinical treatment as a targeting agent. Here, by using phage display technology, 12-mer peptide ligands that bind specifically to mouse ES cells were isolated. After four rounds of negative-positive selection, nine sequences in 20 random samples from the chosen clones were selected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results suggested the Seq2 peptide (KHMHWHPPALNT) had high affinity and specificity to the mouse ES cells. The binding capability of the Seq2 phage could be matched with that of a chemically synthesized peptide with a sequence identical to that displayed by the phage, indicating that this ability was due to the peptide sequence itself. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that Seq2 phage selectively bound to the mouse ES cells but not to the differentiated mouse ES cells. Western blot analysis proved the Seq2 phage was bound to two mouse ES membrane proteins which were about 18/20KD, suggesting that the selected peptide targeted to a unique receptor expressed on the mouse ES cells with specificity. Peptides obtained from the study may provide a way to label, identify, and characterize ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijuan Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Predifferentiated embryonic stem cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord compressive injury. Brain Res 2010; 1349:115-28. [PMID: 20599835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We tested the effects of mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) grafts in mice spinal cord injury (SCI). Young adult female C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to laminectomy at T9 and 1-minute compression of the spinal cord with a vascular clip. Four groups were analyzed: laminectomy (Sham), injured (SCI), vehicle (DMEM), and mES-treated (EST). mES pre-differentiated with retinoic acid were injected (8 x 10(5) cells/2 microl) into the lesion epicenter, 10 min after SCI. Basso mouse scale (BMS) and Global mobility test (GMT) were assessed weekly up to 8 weeks, when morphological analyses were performed. GMT analysis showed that EST animals moved faster (10.73+/-0.9076, +/-SEM) than SCI (5.581+/-0.2905) and DMEM (5.705+/-0.2848), but slower than Sham animals (15.80+/-0.3887, p<0.001). By BMS, EST animals reached the final phase of locomotor recovery (3.872+/-0.7112, p<0.01), while animals of the SCI and DMEM groups improved to an intermediate phase (2.037+/-0.3994 and 2.111+/-0.3889, respectively). White matter area and number of myelinated nerve fibers were greater in EST (46.80+/-1.24 and 279.4+/-16.33, respectively) than the SCI group (39.97+/-0.925 and 81.39+/-8.078, p<0.05, respectively). EST group also presented better G-ratio values when compared with SCI group (p<0.001). Immunohistochemical revealed the differentiation of transplanted cells into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells, indicating an integration of transplanted cells with host tissue. Ultrastructural analysis showed, in the EST group, better tissue preservation and more remyelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells than the other groups. Our results indicate that acute transplantation of predifferentiated mES into the injured spinal cord increased the spared white matter and number of nerve fibers, improving locomotor function.
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Huang B, Li T, Wang XL, Xie TS, Lu YQ, da Silva FM, Shi DS. Generation and Characterization of Embryonic Stem-Like Cell Lines Derived fromIn VitroFertilization Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:122-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Dong XJ, Zhang GR, Zhou QJ, Pan RL, Chen Y, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Direct hepatic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells induced by valproic acid and cytokines. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5165-75. [PMID: 19891015 PMCID: PMC2773895 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop a protocol for direct hepatic lineage differentiation from early developmental progenitors to a population of mature hepatocytes.
METHODS: Hepatic progenitor cells and then mature hepatocytes from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were obtained in a sequential manner, induced by valproic acid (VPA) and cytokines (hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor and insulin). Morphological changes of the differentiated cells were examined by phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical analyses were used to evaluate the gene expression profiles of the VPA-induced hepatic progenitors and the hepatic progenitor-derived hepatocytes. Glycogen storage, cytochrome P450 activity, transplantation assay, differentiation of bile duct-like structures and tumorigenic analyses were performed for the functional identification of the differentiated cells. Furthermore, FACS and electron microscopy were used for the analyses of cell cycle profile and apoptosis in VPA-induced hepatic differentiated cells.
RESULTS: Based on the combination of VPA and cytokines, mouse ES cells differentiated into a uniform and homogeneous cell population of hepatic progenitor cells and then matured into functional hepatocytes. The progenitor population shared several characteristics with ES cells and hepatic stem/progenitor cells, and represented a novel progenitor cell between ES and hepatic oval cells in embryonic development. The differentiated hepatocytes from progenitor cells shared typical characteristics with mature hepatocytes, including the patterns of gene expression, immunological markers, in vitro hepatocyte functions and in vivo capacity to restore acute-damaged liver function. In addition, the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells from ES cells was accompanied by significant cell cycle arrest and selective survival of differentiating cells towards hepatic lineages.
CONCLUSION: Hepatic cells of different developmental stages from early progenitors to matured hepatocytes can be acquired in the appropriate order based on sequential induction with VPA and cytokines.
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Embryoid bodies from mouse stem cells express oxytocin receptor, Oct-4 and DAZL. Biosystems 2009; 98:122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Xing JG, Lee LE, Fan L, Collodi P, Holt SE, Bols NC. Initiation of a Zebrafish Blastula Cell Line on Rainbow Trout Stromal Cells and Subsequent Development Under Feeder-Free Conditions into a Cell Line, ZEB2J. Zebrafish 2008; 5:49-63. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2007.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry G. Xing
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy E.J. Lee
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lianchun Fan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Paul Collodi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shawn E. Holt
- Departments of Pathology, Human Genetics, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Mount Desert Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine
| | - Niels C. Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Kurosawa H. Methods for inducing embryoid body formation: in vitro differentiation system of embryonic stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:389-98. [PMID: 17609152 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
When cultured in suspension without antidifferentiation factors, embryonic stem (ES) cells spontaneously differentiate and form three-dimensional multicellular aggregates called embryoid bodies (EBs). EBs recapitulate many aspects of cell differentiation during early embryogenesis, and play an important role in the differentiation of ES cells into a variety of cell types in vitro. There are several methods for inducing the formation of EBs from ES cells. The three basic methods are liquid suspension culture in bacterial-grade dishes, culture in methylcellulose semisolid media, and culture in hanging drops. Recently, the methods using a round-bottomed 96-well plate and a conical tube are adopted for forming EBs from predetermined numbers of ES cells. For the production of large numbers of EBs, stirred-suspension culture using spinner flasks and bioreactors is performed. Each of these methods has its own peculiarity; thus, the features of formed EBs depending on the method used. Therefore, we should choose an appropriate method for EB formation according to the objective to be attained. In this review, we summarize the studies on in vitro differentiation of ES cells via EB formation and highlight the EB formation methods recently developed including the techniques, devices, and procedures involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurosawa
- Division of Medicine and Engineering Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Repin VS, Saburina IN, Sukhikh GT. Cell biology of fetal tissues and fundamental medicine. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 144:108-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhou QJ, Huang YD, Xiang LX, Shao JZ, Zhou GS, Yao H, Dai LC, Lu YL. In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes induced by fibroblast growth factors and bone morphological protein-4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1714-21. [PMID: 17600753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of transforming embryonic endoderm into different cell types is tightly controlled by mesodermal and septum transversumal signalings during early embryonic development. Here, an induction protocol tracing embryonic liver development was designed, in which, three growth factors, acid fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and bone morphological protein-4 that secreted from pre-cardiac mesoderm and septum transversum mesenchyme, respectively, were employed to investigate their specific potency of modulating the mature hepatocyte proportion during the differentiation process. Results showed that hepatic differentiation took place spontaneously at a low level, however, supplements of the three growth factors gave rise to a significant up-regulation of mature hepatocytes. Bone morphological protein-4 highlighted the differentiation ratio to 40-55%, showing the most effective promotion, and also exhibited a synergistic effect with the other two fibroblast factors, whereas no similar phenomenon was observed between the other two factors, which was reported for the first time. Our study not only provides a high-performance system of embryonic stem cells differentiating into hepatocytes, which would supply a sufficient hepatic population for related studies, but also make it clear of the inductive effects of three important growth factors, which could support for further investigation on the mechanisms of mesodermal and septumal derived signalings that regulate hepatic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
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