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Fang Y, Ma K, Huang YM, Dang Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Zheng XL, Yang X, Huo Y, Dai X. Fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 drives monocyte differentiation into macrophages via the UNC5B-Akt/mTOR axis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162004. [PMID: 37090697 PMCID: PMC10117657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon migrating into the tissues, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived monocytes differentiate into macrophages, playing a crucial role in determining innate immune responses towards external pathogens and internal stimuli. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation remain largely unexplored. Here we divulge a previously uncharacterized but essential role for an axon guidance molecule, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 (FLRT2), in monocyte-to-macrophage maturation. FLRT2 is almost undetectable in human monocytic cell lines, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and mouse primary monocytes but significantly increases in fully differentiated macrophages. Myeloid-specific deletion of FLRT2 (Flrt2ΔMyel) contributes to decreased peritoneal monocyte-to-macrophage generation in mice in vivo, accompanied by impaired macrophage functions. Gain- and loss-of-function studies support the promoting effect of FLRT2 on THP-1 cell and human PBMC differentiation into macrophages. Mechanistically, FLRT2 directly interacts with Unc-5 netrin receptor B (UNC5B) via its extracellular domain (ECD) and activates Akt/mTOR signaling. In vivo administration of mTOR agonist MYH1485 reverses the impaired phenotypes observed in Flrt2ΔMyel mice. Together, these results identify FLRT2 as a novel pivotal endogenous regulator of monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Targeting the FLRT2/UNC5B-Akt/mTOR axis may provide potential therapeutic strategies directly relevant to human diseases associated with aberrant monocyte/macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kongyang Ma
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanye Dang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongliang Huo
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Experimental Animal Center, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Dai, ; Yongliang Huo,
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Dai, ; Yongliang Huo,
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In Vitro Human Haematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060896. [PMID: 36980237 PMCID: PMC10046976 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The haematopoietic system plays an essential role in our health and survival. It is comprised of a range of mature blood and immune cell types, including oxygen-carrying erythrocytes, platelet-producing megakaryocytes and infection-fighting myeloid and lymphoid cells. Self-renewing multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and a range of intermediate haematopoietic progenitor cell types differentiate into these mature cell types to continuously support haematopoietic system homeostasis throughout life. This process of haematopoiesis is tightly regulated in vivo and primarily takes place in the bone marrow. Over the years, a range of in vitro culture systems have been developed, either to expand haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or to differentiate them into the various haematopoietic lineages, based on the use of recombinant cytokines, co-culture systems and/or small molecules. These approaches provide important tractable models to study human haematopoiesis in vitro. Additionally, haematopoietic cell culture systems are being developed and clinical tested as a source of cell products for transplantation and transfusion medicine. This review discusses the in vitro culture protocols for human HSC expansion and differentiation, and summarises the key factors involved in these biological processes.
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Mizobuchi H. Oral route lipopolysaccharide as a potential dementia preventive agent inducing neuroprotective microglia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110583. [PMID: 36969154 PMCID: PMC10033586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In today’s aging society, dementia is an urgent problem to be solved because no treatment or preventive methods have been established. This review focuses on oral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, as a novel preventive drug for dementia. LPS is also called endotoxin and is well known to induce inflammation when administered systemically. On the other hand, although we humans routinely ingest LPS derived from symbiotic bacteria of edible plants, the effect of oral administration of LPS has hardly been studied. Recently, oral administration of LPS was reported to prevent dementia by inducing neuroprotective microglia. Furthermore, it has been suggested that colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is involved in the dementia prevention mechanism by oral administration of LPS. Thus, in this review, we summarized the previous studies of oral administration of LPS and discussed the predicted dementia prevention mechanism. In addition, we showed the potential of oral LPS administration as a preventive drug for dementia by highlighting research gaps and future issues for clinical application development.
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Chaintreuil P, Kerreneur E, Bourgoin M, Savy C, Favreau C, Robert G, Jacquel A, Auberger P. The generation, activation, and polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178337. [PMID: 37143666 PMCID: PMC10151765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells that originate from embryogenesis or from the differentiation of monocytes. They can adopt numerous phenotypes depending on their origin, tissue distribution and in response to different stimuli and tissue environment. Thus, in vivo, macrophages are endowed with a continuum of phenotypes that are rarely strictly pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and exhibit a broad expression profile that sweeps over the whole polarization spectrum. Schematically, three main macrophage subpopulations coexist in human tissues: naïve macrophages also called M0, pro-inflammatory macrophages referred as M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory macrophages also known as M2 macrophages. Naïve macrophages display phagocytic functions, recognize pathogenic agents, and rapidly undergo polarization towards pro or anti-inflammatory macrophages to acquire their full panel of functions. Pro-inflammatory macrophages are widely involved in inflammatory response, during which they exert anti-microbial and anti-tumoral functions. By contrast, anti-inflammatory macrophages are implicated in the resolution of inflammation, the phagocytosis of cell debris and tissue reparation following injuries. Macrophages also play important deleterious or beneficial roles in the initiation and progression of different pathophysiological settings including solid and hematopoietic cancers. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation, activation and polarization of macrophages is a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies to modulate macrophages functions in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chaintreuil
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Emeline Kerreneur
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Maxence Bourgoin
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Coline Savy
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Cécile Favreau
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Arnaud Jacquel, ; Patrick Auberger,
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Arnaud Jacquel, ; Patrick Auberger,
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Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Enhances Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Aggressiveness In Vitro and In Vivo and Increases Osteopontin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416028. [PMID: 36555673 PMCID: PMC9785574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major public health concern and one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide. The definition of altered signaling pathways implicated in this complex disease is thus essential. In this context, abnormal expression of the receptor of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 (M-CSF or CSF-1) has been described in prostate cancer cells. Yet, outcomes of this expression remain unknown. Using mouse and human prostate cancer cell lines, this study has investigated the functionality of the wild-type CSF-1 receptor in prostate tumor cells and identified molecular mechanisms underlying its ligand-induced activation. Here, we showed that upon CSF-1 binding, the receptor autophosphorylates and activates multiple signaling pathways in prostate tumor cells. Biological experiments demonstrated that the CSF-1R/CSF-1 axis conferred significant advantages in cell growth and cell invasion in vitro. Mouse xenograft experiments showed that CSF-1R expression promoted the aggressiveness of prostate tumor cells. In particular, we demonstrated that the ligand-activated CSF-1R increased the expression of spp1 transcript encoding for osteopontin, a key player in cancer development and metastasis. Therefore, this study highlights that the CSF-1 receptor is fully functional in a prostate cancer cell and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Calf thymus polypeptide improved hematopoiesis via regulating colony-stimulating factors in BALB/c mice with hematopoietic dysfunction. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:204-216. [PMID: 32156537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calf thymus polypeptide (CTP) is prepared from calf thymus. It has a molecular mass of <10 kilodalton (kDa) and contains 17 types of amino acids. This study investigated the hematopoietic function-improvement effect of CTP in CHRF, K562, and bone marrow mononuclear cells; mice with immunosuppression; and with hematopoietic dysfunction. In mice with immunosuppression, CTP enhanced the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and the proliferation of lymphocytes and regulated the levels of immunoglobulins. It also enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of CHRF and K562 cells by upregulating the expression of proliferation- and differentiation-related proteins. In mice with hematopoietic dysfunction, CTP restored white blood cell, neutrophil, and hemoglobin proportions in the peripheral blood and enhanced the levels of B lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in the bone marrow. CTP effectively regulated the levels of hematopoiesis-related cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin 2, and interferons-γ, and enhanced the expression of hematopoiesis-related proteins in both primary bone marrow cells and mice with hematopoietic dysfunction. These results indicate that CTP has hematopoietic function-improvement effect and this effect may be related to the modulation of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and related signaling pathways.
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Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Thachamvally R, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kashyap SK, Maherchandani S, Kumar N. Role of MAPK/MNK1 signaling in virus replication. Virus Res 2018; 253:48-61. [PMID: 29864503 PMCID: PMC7114592 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are known to exploit cellular signaling pathways. MAPK is a major cell signaling pathway activated by diverse group of viruses. MNK1 regulates both cap-dependent and IRES-mediated mRNA translation. This review discuss the role of MAPK, particularly the role of MNK1 in virus replication.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they heavily depend on the host cell machinery to effectively replicate and produce new progeny virus particles. Following viral infection, diverse cell signaling pathways are initiated by the cells, with the major goal of establishing an antiviral state. However, viruses have been shown to exploit cellular signaling pathways for their own effective replication. Genome-wide siRNA screens have also identified numerous host factors that either support (proviral) or inhibit (antiviral) virus replication. Some of the host factors might be dispensable for the host but may be critical for virus replication; therefore such cellular factors may serve as targets for development of antiviral therapeutics. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a major cell signaling pathway that is known to be activated by diverse group of viruses. MAPK interacting kinase 1 (MNK1) has been shown to regulate both cap-dependent and internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES)-mediated mRNA translation. In this review we have discuss the role of MAPK in virus replication, particularly the role of MNK1 in replication and translation of viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Riyesh Thachamvally
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India.
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Cai Y, Shi Z, Bai Y. Review of Rosai-Dorfman Disease: New Insights into the Pathogenesis of This Rare Disorder. Acta Haematol 2017; 138:14-23. [PMID: 28614806 DOI: 10.1159/000475588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare histiocytosis typically with bilateral painless cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory data are nonspecific, and the presence of emperipolesis in large foamy S-100+ CD1a- histiocytes is the prominent histologic feature. The pathogenesis of RDD still remains elusive. According to published studies, we propose that RDD cells might represent intermediate recruiting monocytes with differentiation blockade. Both disturbance of homoeostasis and inherent genomic alterations could contribute to initiation of the disorder through signal transduction. Several inflammatory molecules such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α also play a pivotal role in the development of this rare entity. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the essence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shi L, Weng XQ, Sheng Y, Wu J, Ding M, Cai X. Staurosporine enhances ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation in human leukemia U937 cells via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3072-3080. [PMID: 27665842 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is regarded as a prominent example of differentiation therapy, it is not effective for the treatment of other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) beyond acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Therefore, new strategies need to be explored to extend the efficacy of ATRA-based therapy to non-APL AML patients. In the present study, staurosporine, a protein kinase C (PKC) pan-inhibitor, exhibited synergism with ATRA to promote granulocytic differentiation in poorly ATRA-sensitive U937 cells but not in ATRA unresponsive K562 and Kasumi cells. Staurosporine or the combined treatment did not affect PKC activity in U937 cells. Moreover, other selective PKC inhibitors, UCN-01, Go6976 or rottlerin failed to enhance ATRA‑induced granulocytic differentiation in U937 cells. Therefore, staurosporine-enhanced ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation in U937 cells may be independent of PKC. Staurosporine activated mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK). Meanwhile, staurosporine also enhanced ATRA-promoted upregulation of the protein level of CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and C/EBPε in U937 cells. Furthermore, blockade of MEK activation suppressed staurosporine‑enhanced differentiation as well as the elevated protein level of C/EBPs. Taken together, we concluded that staurosporine enhanced ATRA‑induced granulocytic differentiation in U937 cells via MEK/ERK-mediated modulation of the protein level of C/EBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Qin Weng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sheng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xun Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals the Protection against Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Injury in the Intestine of Tibetans via the Inhibition of GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6967396. [PMID: 27594973 PMCID: PMC4993941 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6967396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms for hypoxic environment causing the injury of intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) are widely unknown. To address the issue, Han Chinese from 100 m altitude and Tibetans from high altitude (more than 3650 m) were recruited. Histological and transcriptome analyses were performed. The results showed intestinal villi were reduced and appeared irregular, and glandular epithelium was destroyed in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2573 genes with altered expression. The levels of 1137 genes increased and 1436 genes decreased in Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated most immunological responses were reduced in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene microarray showed that there were 25-, 22-, and 18-fold downregulation for growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11) in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. The downregulation of EGFR, GRB2, and PTPN11 will reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and protect against oxidative stress-induced injury for intestine. Thus, the transcriptome analysis showed the protecting functions of IMB patients against hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in the intestine of Tibetans via affecting GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 pathways.
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Neurons and astroglia govern microglial endotoxin tolerance through macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signals. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:260-272. [PMID: 27132056 PMCID: PMC4899166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance (ET) is a reduced responsiveness of innate immune cells like macrophages/monocytes to an endotoxin challenge following a previous encounter with the endotoxin. Although ET in peripheral systems has been well studied, little is known about ET in the brain. The present study showed that brain immune cells, microglia, being different from peripheral macrophages, displayed non-cell autonomous mechanisms in ET formation. Specifically, neurons and astroglia were indispensable for microglial ET. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) secreted from these non-immune cells was essential for governing microglial ET. Neutralization of M-CSF deprived the neuron-glia conditioned medium of its ability to enable microglia to form ET when microglia encountered two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments. Recombinant M-CSF protein rendered enriched microglia refractory to the second LPS challenge leading to microglial ET. Activation of microglial M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR; also known as CSF1R) and the downstream ERK1/2 signals was responsible for M-CSF-mediated microglial ET. Endotoxin-tolerant microglia in neuron-glia cultures displayed M2-like polarized phenotypes, as shown by upregulation of M2 marker Arg-1, elevated production of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10, and decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor α, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1β). Endotoxin-tolerant microglia protected neurons against LPS-elicited inflammatory insults, as shown by reduced neuronal damages in LPS pre-treatment group compared with the group without LPS pre-treatment. Moreover, while neurons and astroglia became injured during chronic neuroinflammation, microglia failed to form ET. Thus, this study identified a distinct non-cell autonomous mechanism of microglial ET. Interactions of M-CSF secreted by neurons and astroglia with microglial M-CSFR programed microglial ET. Loss of microglial ET could be an important pathogenetic mechanism of inflammation-associated neuronal damages.
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Weng XQ, Sheng Y, Ge DZ, Wu J, Shi L, Cai X. RAF-1/MEK/ERK pathway regulates ATRA-induced differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells through C/EBPβ, C/EBPε and PU.1. Leuk Res 2016; 45:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Richardson ET, Shukla S, Nagy N, Boom WH, Beck RC, Zhou L, Landreth GE, Harding CV. ERK Signaling Is Essential for Macrophage Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140064. [PMID: 26445168 PMCID: PMC4596867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages depend on colony stimulating factor 1 (also known as M-CSF) for their growth and differentiation, but the requirements for intracellular signals that lead to macrophage differentiation and function remain unclear. M-CSF is known to activate ERK1 and ERK2, but the importance of this signaling pathway in macrophage development is unknown. In these studies, we characterized a novel model of Erk1-/-Erk2flox/floxLyz2Cre/Cre mice in which the ERK2 isoform is deleted from macrophages in the background of global ERK1 deficiency. Cultures of M-CSF-stimulated bone marrow precursors from these mice yielded reduced numbers of macrophages. Whereas macrophages developing from M-CSF-stimulated bone marrow of Erk2flox/floxLyz2Cre/Cre mice showed essentially complete loss of ERK2 expression, the reduced number of macrophages that develop from Erk1-/-Erk2flox/floxLyz2Cre/Cre bone marrow show retention of ERK2 expression, indicating selective outgrowth of a small proportion of precursors in which Cre-mediated deletion failed to occur. The bone marrow of Erk1-/-Erk2flox/floxLyz2Cre/Cre mice was enriched for CD11b+ myeloid cells, CD11bhi Gr-1hi neutrophils, Lin- c-Kit+ Sca–1+ hematopoietic stem cells, and Lin- c-Kit+ CD34+ CD16/32+ granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Culture of bone marrow Lin- cells under myeloid-stimulating conditions yielded reduced numbers of monocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that the defect in production of macrophages is not due to a reduced number of progenitors, but rather due to reduced ability of progenitors to proliferate and produce macrophages in response to M-CSF-triggered ERK signaling. Macrophages from Erk1-/-Erk2flox/floxLyz2Cre/Cre bone marrow showed reduced induction of M-CSF-regulated genes that depend on the ERK pathway for their expression. These data demonstrate that ERK1/ERK2 play a critical role in driving M-CSF-dependent proliferation of bone marrow progenitors for production of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Supriya Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rose C. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Clifford V. Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Carras S, Valayer A, Moratal C, Weiss-Gayet M, Pages G, Morlé F, Mouchiroud G, Gobert S. Instructive role of M-CSF on commitment of bipotent myeloid cells involves ERK-dependent positive and negative signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:311-9. [PMID: 26336156 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a1214-619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
M-CSF and G-CSF are instructive cytokines that specifically induce differentiation of bipotent myeloid progenitors into macrophages and granulocytes, respectively. Through morphology and colony assay studies, flow cytometry analysis of specific markers, and expression of myeloid transcription factors, we show here that the Eger/Fms cell line is composed of cells whose differentiation fate is instructed by M-CSF and G-CSF, thus representing a good in vitro model of myeloid bipotent progenitors. Consistent with the essential role of ERK1/2 during macrophage differentiation and defects of macrophagic differentiation in native ERK1(-/-) progenitors, ERK signaling is strongly activated in Eger/Fms cells upon M-CSF-induced macrophagic differentiation but only to a very small extent during G-CSF-induced granulocytic differentiation. Previous in vivo studies indicated a key role of Fli-1 in myeloid differentiation and demonstrated its weak expression during macrophagic differentiation with a strong expression during granulocytic differentiation. Here, we demonstrated that this effect could be mediated by a differential regulation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCd) on Fli-1 expression in response to M-CSF and G-CSF. With the use of knockdown of PKCd by small interfering RNA, we demonstrated that M-CSF activates PKCd, which in turn, inhibits Fli-1 expression and granulocytic differentiation. Finally, we studied the connection between ERK and PKCd and showed that in the presence of the MEK inhibitor U0126, PKCd expression is decreased, and Fli-1 expression is increased in response to M-CSF. Altogether, we demonstrated that in bipotent myeloid cells, M-CSF promotes macrophagic over granulocytic differentiation by inducing ERK activation but also PKCd expression, which in turn, down-regulates Fli-1 expression and prevents granulocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Carras
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Valayer
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Claudine Moratal
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Michèle Weiss-Gayet
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Pages
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - François Morlé
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Guy Mouchiroud
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Gobert
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 5534, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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15
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Hu N, Qiu Y, Dong F. Role of Erk1/2 signaling in the regulation of neutrophil versus monocyte development in response to G-CSF and M-CSF. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24561-73. [PMID: 26296889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage specification in the hematopoietic system depends on the expression of lineage specific transcription factors. However, the role of hematopoietic cytokines in this process has been controversial and little is known about the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which cytokines instruct lineage choice. G-CSF and M-CSF are two lineage-specific cytokines that play a dominant role in granulopoiesis and monopoiesis, respectively. We show here that a G-CSFR mutant in which tyrosine 729 had been mutated to phenylalanine (Y729F) promoted monocyte rather than neutrophil development in myeloid precursors, which was associated with prolonged activation of Erk1/2 and augmented activation of downstream targets c-Fos and Egr1. Inhibition of Erk1/2 activation or knockdown of c-Fos or Egr1 largely rescued neutrophil development in cells expressing G-CSFR Y729F. We also show that M-CSF, but not G-CSF, stimulated strong and sustained activation of Erk1/2 in mouse lineage marker negative (Lin(-)) bone marrow cells. Significantly, inhibition of Erk1/2 signaling in these cells favored neutrophil over monocyte development in response to M-CSF. Thus, prolonged Erk1/2 activation resulted in monocyte development following G-CSF induction whereas inhibition of Erk1/2 signaling promoted neutrophil development at the expense of monocyte formation in response to M-CSF. These results reveal an important mechanism by which G-CSF and M-CSF instruct neutrophil versus monocyte lineage choice, i.e. differential activation of Erk1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Yaling Qiu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Fan Dong
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
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16
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Abstract
The CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is activated by the homodimeric growth factors colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). It plays important roles in development and in innate immunity by regulating the development of most tissue macrophages and osteoclasts, of Langerhans cells of the skin, of Paneth cells of the small intestine, and of brain microglia. It also regulates the differentiation of neural progenitor cells and controls functions of oocytes and trophoblastic cells in the female reproductive tract. Owing to this broad tissue expression pattern, it plays a central role in neoplastic, inflammatory, and neurological diseases. In this review we summarize the evolution, structure, and regulation of expression of the CSF-1R gene. We discuss the structures of CSF-1, IL-34, and the CSF-1R and the mechanism of ligand binding to and activation of the receptor. We further describe the pathways regulating macrophage survival, proliferation, differentiation, and chemotaxis downstream from the CSF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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17
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Osman A, Bhuyan F, Hashimoto M, Nasser H, Maekawa T, Suzu S. M-CSF inhibits anti-HIV-1 activity of IL-32, but they enhance M2-like phenotypes of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5083-9. [PMID: 24748497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
M-CSF promotes the differentiation and survival of macrophages, and preferentially induces anti-inflammatory M2, rather than proinflammatory M1 macrophages. Recently, another cytokine, IL-32, was also shown to promote macrophage differentiation. In this article, we provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that M-CSF has both additive and inhibitory effects on the macrophage-related activities of IL-32. When added to M-CSF-derived macrophages, M-CSF and IL-32 promoted macrophage survival, which was further enhanced by their combination. However, they had different effects on HIV-1 replication; that is, it was stimulated by M-CSF and inhibited by IL-32. Interestingly, the anti-HIV-1 activity of IL-32 was counteracted by M-CSF. Such inhibitory effect of M-CSF was not observed with IL-32-induced M1-like features including high cytokine/chemokine production and strong expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80. However, IL-32-treated macrophages unexpectedly showed also M2-like features including increased phagocytic activity, and high expression of CD14 and the scavenger receptor CD163, and the expression of CD14 and CD163 was further upregulated by cotreatment with M-CSF. The findings of this study regarding the unique functional interplay between M-CSF and IL-32 increase our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the survival and M1/M2 ratio of macrophages, as well as HIV-1 replication in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Osman
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | | | - Hesham Nasser
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takaaki Maekawa
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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18
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Schworer SA, Smirnova II, Kurbatova I, Bagina U, Churova M, Fowler T, Roy AL, Degterev A, Poltorak A. Toll-like receptor-mediated down-regulation of the deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) protects macrophages from necroptosis in wild-derived mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14422-33. [PMID: 24706750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.547547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system initiates the production of proinflammatory cytokines but can also lead to programmed host cell death. Necroptosis, a caspase-independent cell death pathway, can contribute to the host defense against pathogens or cause damage to host tissues. Receptor-interacting protein (RIP1) is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates inflammatory and necroptotic responses. To investigate the mechanisms of RIP1-mediated activation of immune cells, we established a genetic screen on the basis of RIP1-mediated necroptosis in wild-derived MOLF/EiJ mice, which diverged from classical laboratory mice over a million years ago. When compared with C57BL/6, MOLF/EiJ macrophages were resistant to RIP1-mediated necroptosis induced by Toll-like receptors. Using a forward genetic approach in a backcross panel of mice, we identified cylindromatosis (CYLD), a deubiquitinase known to act directly on RIP1 and promote necroptosis in TNF receptor signaling, as the gene conferring the trait. We demonstrate that CYLD is required for Toll-like receptor-induced necroptosis and describe a novel mechanism by which CYLD is down-regulated at the transcriptional level in MOLF/EiJ macrophages to confer protection from necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Schworer
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology, Medical Scientist Training Program
| | | | - Irina Kurbatova
- the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia, and
| | - Uliana Bagina
- the Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia
| | - Maria Churova
- the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia, and
| | - Trent Fowler
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, and
| | - Ananda L Roy
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, and Graduate Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, and
| | - Alexander Poltorak
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology, the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia 185910, Russia, and Graduate Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,
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19
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Yao C, Yao GQ, Sun BH, Zhang C, Tommasini SM, Insogna K. The transcription factor T-box 3 regulates colony-stimulating factor 1-dependent Jun dimerization protein 2 expression and plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6775-6790. [PMID: 24394418 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is known to promote osteoclast progenitor survival, but its roles in osteoclast differentiation and mature osteoclast function are less well understood. In a microarray screen, Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) was identified as significantly induced by CSF1. Recent reports indicate that JDP2 is required for normal osteoclastogenesis and skeletal metabolism. Because there are no reports on the transcriptional regulation of this gene, the DNA sequence from -2612 to +682 bp (relative to the transcription start site) of the JDP2 gene was cloned, and promoter activity was analyzed. The T box-binding element (TBE) between -191 and -141 bp was identified as the cis-element responsible for CSF1-dependent JDP2 expression. Using degenerate PCR, Tbx3 was identified as the major isoform binding the TBE. Overexpression of Tbx3 induced JDP2 promoter activity, whereas suppressing Tbx3 expression substantially attenuated CSF1-induced transcription. Suppressing Tbx3 in osteoclast precursors reduced JDP2 expression and significantly impaired RANKL/CSF1-induced osteoclastogenesis. A MEK1/2-specific inhibitor was found to block CSF1-induced JDP2 expression. Consistent with these data, JDP2(-/-) mice were found to have increased bone mass. In summary, CSF1 up-regulates JDP2 expression by inducing Tbx3 binding to the JDP2 promoter. The downstream signaling cascade from activated c-Fms involves the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Tbx3 plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis at least in part by regulating CSF1-dependent expression of JDP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Gang-Qing Yao
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ben-Hua Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Steven M Tommasini
- Department of Orthopedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Karl Insogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
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20
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Iliev DB, Hansen T, Jørgensen SM, Krasnov A, Jørgensen JB. CpG- and LPS-activated MAPK signaling in in vitro cultured salmon (Salmo salar) mononuclear phagocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1079-1085. [PMID: 23872471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are involved in transmitting intracellular signals downstream of diverse cell surface receptors and mediate the response to ligands such as growth factors, hormones and cytokines. In addition, MAPK are critically involved in the innate immune response to pathogen-derived substances, commonly referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial DNA rich in CpG dinucleotides. Currently, a great deal of knowledge is available about the involvement of MAPK in the innate immune response to PAMPs in mammals; however, little is known about the role of the different MAPK classes in the immune response to PAMPs in lower vertebrates. In the current study, p38 phosphorylation was induced by CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) and LPS in primary salmon mononuclear phagocytes. Pre-treatment of the cells with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) blocked the PAMP-induced p38 activity and suppressed the upregulation of most of the CpG- and LPS-induced transcripts highlighting the role of this kinase in the salmon innate immune response to PAMPs. In contrast to p38, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a MAPK involved primarily in response to mitogens, was high in resting cells and, surprisingly, incubation with both CpG and control ODNs downregulated the phospho-ERK levels independently of p38 activation. The basal phospho-ERK level and the CpG-inducible p38 phosphorylation were greatly influenced by the length of in vitro incubation. The basal phospho-ERK level increased gradually throughout a 5-day culture period and was PI3K-dependent as demonstrated by its sensitivity to Wortmannin suggesting it is influenced by growth factors. Overall these data indicate that both basal and PAMP-induced activity of MAPKs might be greatly influenced by the differentiation status of salmon mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar B Iliev
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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21
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Functional redundancy of Sos1 and Sos2 for lymphopoiesis and organismal homeostasis and survival. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4562-78. [PMID: 24043312 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01026-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sos1 and Sos2 are ubiquitously expressed, universal Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ras-GEFs) acting in multiple signal transduction pathways activated by upstream cellular kinases. The embryonic lethality of Sos1 null mutants has hampered ascertaining the specific in vivo contributions of Sos1 and Sos2 to processes controlling adult organism survival or development of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic organs, tissues, and cell lineages. Here, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible Sos1-null mouse strain allowing analysis of the combined disruption of Sos1 and Sos2 (Sos1/2) during adulthood. Sos1/2 double-knockout (DKO) animals died precipitously, whereas individual Sos1 and Sos2 knockout (KO) mice were perfectly viable. A reduced percentage of total bone marrow precursors occurred in single-KO animals, but a dramatic depletion of B-cell progenitors was specifically detected in Sos1/2 DKO mice. We also confirmed a dominant role of Sos1 over Sos2 in early thymocyte maturation, with almost complete thymus disappearance and dramatically higher reduction of absolute thymocyte counts in Sos1/2 DKO animals. Absolute counts of mature B and T cells in spleen and peripheral blood were unchanged in single-KO mutants, while significantly reduced in Sos1/2 DKO mice. Our data demonstrate functional redundancy between Sos1 and Sos2 for homeostasis and survival of the full organism and for development and maturation of T and B lymphocytes.
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22
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PI3K p110γ deletion attenuates murine atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage proliferation but not polarization or apoptosis in lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72674. [PMID: 23991137 PMCID: PMC3750002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease regulated by infiltrating monocytes and T cells, among other cell types. Macrophage recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions is controlled by monocyte infiltration into plaques. Once in the lesion, macrophage proliferation in situ, apoptosis, and differentiation to an inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) are involved in progression to advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the role of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p110γ in the regulation of in situ apoptosis, macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 or M2 phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions. We analyzed atherosclerosis development in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− and LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice, and performed expression and functional assays in tissues and primary cells from these and from p110γ+/− and p110γ−/− mice. Lack of p110γ in LDLR−/− mice reduces the atherosclerosis burden. Atherosclerotic lesions in fat-fed LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice were smaller than in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− controls, which coincided with decreased macrophage proliferation in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mouse lesions. This proliferation defect was also observed in p110γ−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and was associated with higher intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. In contrast, T cell proliferation was unaffected in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice. Moreover, p110γ deficiency did not affect macrophage polarization towards the M1 or M2 phenotypes or apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, or polarization in cultured BMM. Our results suggest that higher cAMP levels and the ensuing inhibition of macrophage proliferation contribute to atheroprotection in LDLR−/− mice lacking p110γ. Nonetheless, p110γ deletion does not appear to be involved in apoptosis, in macrophage polarization or in T cell proliferation.
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23
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Lagrange B, Martin RZ, Droin N, Aucagne R, Paggetti J, Largeot A, Itzykson R, Solary E, Delva L, Bastie JN. A role for miR-142-3p in colony-stimulating factor 1-induced monocyte differentiation into macrophages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1936-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Habif G, Grasset MF, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Kuhn L, Mouchiroud G, Gobert-Gosse S. Phosphoproteome analyses reveal specific implications of Hcls1, p21-activated kinase 1 and Ezrin in proliferation of a myeloid progenitor cell line downstream of wild-type and ITD mutant Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptors. J Proteomics 2012; 78:231-44. [PMID: 23017497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor Flt3 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) is almost always expressed in AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cells, and constitutive activation of Flt3 by ITD (internal tandem duplication) mutations is one of the most common molecular alterations known in AML, especially monocytic AML. Furthermore, Flt3-ligand (FL) was shown as an in vitro growth factor for monocytic precursors, pointing to the important role of Flt3 in the regulation of monocyte/macrophage production. To get a relevant model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiopathological role of Flt3 on monocytic lineage development, we used the IL-3 dependent murine myeloid progenitors FDC-P1 cell line to generate cells stably co-expressing murine Fms (M-CSF receptor) and human Flt3. Wild type (WT)-Flt3 expressing cells could proliferate in an FL-dependent manner, whereas those expressing Flt3-ITD all survived IL-3 deprivation and showed autonomous proliferation, whereas both types of cells could differentiate to monocytic cells in response to M-CSF. Next, by combining phosphoprotein detection or purification, comparative 2D-PAGE and mass spectrometry sequencing, we sought for downstream mediators of Flt3-WT or Flt3-ITD in FD/Fms cell proliferation. Amongst the differentially expressed and/or phosphorylated proteins, 3 showed a specific implication in FD/Fms cell proliferation: Hcls1 and the Pak1/2 in FL-dependent proliferation of Flt3-WT expressing cells and Ezrin in autonomous proliferation of Flt3-ITD expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Habif
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Bâtiment Mendel, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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25
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Ye YC, Shi QF, Chai K, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Activation of ERK-p53 and ERK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 are involved in autophagic cell death induced by the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 in human lung cancer A549 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:423-32. [PMID: 22466960 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11181fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SU11274, a small molecule inhibitor of c-Met, was reported to induce apoptosis in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, SU11274-mediated autophagy in NSCLC cells has rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating SU11274-induced autophagy in NSCLC A549 cells. Here we reported that SU11274-induced autophagy was accompanied with an increase in the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and up-regulation of Beclin-1 expression. Subsequently, we also found that small interfering RNA against c-Met induced A549 cell autophagy while promotion of c-Met by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) suppressed A549 cell autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed SU11274-induced cell death, suggesting that SU11274-induced autophagy caused cell death. Further study showed that ERK and p53 were activated after SU11274 treatment. Interruption of ERK and p53 activities decreased SU11274-induced autophagy, and blocking of ERK by the specific inhibitor PD98059 suppressed SU11274-induced p53 activation. Moreover, ERK activation upregulated Beclin-1 expression through induction of Bcl-2 phosphorylation, but p53 did not induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, inhibition of c-Met induced autophagic cell death, which was associated with ERK-p53 activation and ERK-mediated Bcl-2 phosphorylation in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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26
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Liu Y, Shi QF, Ye YC, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Activated O2^|^bull;^|^minus; and H2O2 Mediated Cell Survival in SU11274-Treated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells via c-Met^|^ndash;PI3K^|^ndash;Akt and c-Met^|^ndash;Grb2/SOS^|^ndash;Ras^|^ndash;p38 Pathways. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 119:150-9. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12048fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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27
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Ehnert S, Seeliger C, Vester H, Schmitt A, Saidy-Rad S, Lin J, Neumaier M, Gillen S, Kleeff J, Friess H, Burkhart J, Stöckle U, Nüssler AK. Autologous serum improves yield and metabolic capacity of monocyte-derived hepatocyte-like cells: possible implication for cell transplantation. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1465-77. [PMID: 21294943 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x550224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte-transplantation is a therapeutic approach for diverse acute and chronic liver diseases. As availability of primary cells is limited, there is an increasing demand for hepatocyte-like cells (e.g., neohepatocytes generated from peripheral blood monocytes). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of six different human AB sera, fetal calf serum, or autologous serum on production of neohepatocytes. The yield and quality of neohepatocytes varied considerably depending on the different sera. Using autologous sera for the whole production process we constantly generated the highest amount of cells with the highest metabolic activity for phase I (e.g., CYP1A1/2, CYP3A4) and phase II enzymes (e.g., glutathione-S-transferase). Moreover, similar effects were seen examining glucose and urea metabolism. Especially, glucose-6-phosphatase and PAS staining showed distinct serum-dependent differences. The role of macrophage activation was investigated by measuring the secretion of TNF-α, TGF-β, and RANKL, MMP activity, as well as mRNA levels of different interleukins in programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO). Our data clearly demonstrate that the use of autologous serum reduced initial macrophage activation in PCMOs and subsequently improved both yield and function of differentiated neohepatocytes. The autologous approach presented here might also be useful in other stem cell preparation processes where cell activation during generation shall be kept to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, MRI, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Wang Y, Abarbanell AM, Herrmann JL, Weil BR, Manukyan MC, Poynter JA, Meldrum DR. TLR4 inhibits mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) STAT3 activation and thereby exerts deleterious effects on MSC-mediated cardioprotection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14206. [PMID: 21151968 PMCID: PMC2997048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) improve myocardial recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. These effects are mediated in part by the paracrine secretion of angiogenic and tissue growth-promoting factors. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed by MSC and induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in neuronal progenitors as well as many other cell types. It is unknown whether knock-out (KO) of TLR4 will change the paracrine properties of MSC and in turn improve MSC-associated myocardial protection. Methodology/Principal Findings This study explored the effect of MSC TLR4 on the secretion of angiogenic factors and chemokines in vitro by using ELISA and cytokine array assays and investigated the role of TLR4 on MSC-mediated myocardial recovery after I/R injury in an isolated rat heart model. We observed that MSC isolated from TLR4 KO mice exhibited a greater degree of cardioprotection in a rat model of myocardial I/R injury. This enhanced protection was associated with increased angiogenic factor production, proliferation and differentiation. TLR4-dificiency was also associated with decreased phosphorylation of PI-3K and AKT, but increased activation of STAT3. siRNA targeting of STAT3 resulted in attenuation of the enhanced cardioprotection of TLR4-deficient MSC. Conclusions/Significance This study indicates that TLR4 exerts deleterious effects on MSC-derived cardioprotection following I/R by a STAT3 inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Abarbanell
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy L. Herrmann
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brent R. Weil
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mariuxi C. Manukyan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Poynter
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Meldrum
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chistiakov DA, Chistiakova EI. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase: A role in inflammation and autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdm.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Grasset MF, Gobert-Gosse S, Mouchiroud G, Bourette RP. Macrophage differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells in response to M-CSF is regulated by the dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP5. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:127-35. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0309151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Colony-stimulating factor-1-induced oscillations in phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT are required for caspase activation in monocytes undergoing differentiation into macrophages. Blood 2009; 114:3633-41. [PMID: 19721010 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes into resident macrophages is driven by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), which upon interaction with CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) induces within minutes the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic tyrosine residues and the activation of multiple signaling complexes. Caspase-8 and -3 are activated at day 2 to 3 and contribute to macrophage differentiation, for example, through cleavage of nucleophosmin. Here, we show that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and the downstream serine/threonine kinase AKT connect CSF-1R activation to caspase-8 cleavage. Most importantly, we demonstrate that successive waves of AKT activation with increasing amplitude and duration are required to provoke the formation of the caspase-8-activating molecular platform. CSF-1 and its receptor are both required for oscillations in AKT activation to occur, and expression of a constitutively active AKT mutant prevents the macrophage differentiation process. The extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 pathway is activated with a coordinated oscillatory kinetics in a CSF-1R-dependent manner but plays an accessory role in caspase activation and nucleophosmin cleavage. Altogether, CSF-1 stimulation activates a molecular clock that involves phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and AKT to promote caspase activation. This oscillatory signaling pathway, which is coordinated with extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 oscillatory activation, involves CSF-1 and CSF-1R and controls the terminal differentiation of macrophages.
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M-CSF elevates c-Fos and phospho-C/EBPalpha(S21) via ERK whereas G-CSF stimulates SHP2 phosphorylation in marrow progenitors to contribute to myeloid lineage specification. Blood 2009; 114:2172-80. [PMID: 19587381 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-191536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hematopoietic cytokines in lineage commitment remains uncertain. To gain insight into the contribution of cytokine signaling to myeloid lineage specification, we compared granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) signaling in Ba/F3 cells expressing both the G-CSF and M-CSF receptors and in lineage-negative murine marrow cells. G-CSF and M-CSF serve as prototypes for additional cytokines that also influence immature myeloid cells. G-CSF specifically activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and induced Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) phosphorylation, whereas M-CSF preferentially activated phospholipase Cgamma2, and thereby extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), to stabilize c-Fos and stimulate CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)alpha(S21) phosphorylation. In contrast, activation of Jun kinase or c-Jun was similar in response to either cytokine. Inhibition of ERK prevented induction of c-Fos by M-CSF and reduced C/EBPalpha phosphorylation and formation of colony-forming unit-monocytes. SHP2 inhibition reduced ERK activation in G-CSF, but not M-CSF, and reduced colony-forming unit-granulocytes, underscoring divergent pathways to ERK activation. Phorbol ester mimicked the effect of M-CSF, activating ERK independent of SHP2. In summary, M-CSF activates ERK more potently than G-CSF, and thereby induces higher levels of c-Fos and phospho-C/EBPalpha(S21), which may directly interact to favor monopoiesis, whereas G-CSF activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and SHP2, potentially shifting the balance to granulopoiesis via gene induction by C/EBPalpha homodimers and via effects of SHP2 on regulators besides ERK.
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Curry JM, Eubank TD, Roberts RD, Wang Y, Pore N, Maity A, Marsh CB. M-CSF signals through the MAPK/ERK pathway via Sp1 to induce VEGF production and induces angiogenesis in vivo. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3405. [PMID: 18852899 PMCID: PMC2566603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background M-CSF recruits mononuclear phagocytes which regulate processes such as angiogenesis and metastases in tumors. VEGF is a potent activator of angiogenesis as it promotes endothelial cell proliferation and new blood vessel formation. Previously, we reported that in vitro M-CSF induces the expression of biologically-active VEGF from human monocytes. Methodology and Results In this study, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism of M-CSF-induced VEGF production. Using a construct containing the VEGF promoter linked to a luciferase reporter, we found that a mutation reducing HIF binding to the VEGF promoter had no significant effect on luciferase production induced by M-CSF stimulation. Further analysis revealed that M-CSF induced VEGF through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via the transcription factor, Sp1. Thus, inhibition of either ERK or Sp1 suppressed M-CSF-induced VEGF at the mRNA and protein level. M-CSF also induced the nuclear localization of Sp1, which was blocked by ERK inhibition. Finally, mutating the Sp1 binding sites within the VEGF promoter or inhibiting ERK decreased VEGF promoter activity in M-CSF-treated human monocytes. To evaluate the biological significance of M-CSF induced VEGF production, we used an in vivo angiogenesis model to illustrate the ability of M-CSF to recruit mononuclear phagocytes, increase VEGF levels, and enhance angiogenesis. Importantly, the addition of a neutralizing VEGF antibody abolished M-CSF-induced blood vessel formation. Conclusion These data delineate an ERK- and Sp1-dependent mechanism of M-CSF induced VEGF production and demonstrate for the first time the ability of M-CSF to induce angiogenesis via VEGF in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Curry
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Eubank
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Roberts
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yijie Wang
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nabendu Pore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clay B. Marsh
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Johnson DE. Src family kinases and the MEK/ERK pathway in the regulation of myeloid differentiation and myeloid leukemogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 48:98-112. [PMID: 18155170 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA.
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Src-family kinases play an essential role in differentiation signaling downstream of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptors mediating persistent phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma2 and MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2. Leukemia 2007; 22:161-9. [PMID: 17972959 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been found to be involved in multiple developmental processes, especially production of cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system. The decision of myeloid progenitor cells to commit to differentiation depends on activation levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), ERK1 and ERK2. Using the murine myeloid progenitor cell line FD-Fms, we show here that persistent activity of Src-family kinases (SFK) is necessary for FD-Fms cell differentiation to macrophages in response to M-CSF. Chemical inhibition of SFK blocked FD-Fms cell differentiation while it caused strong inhibition of the late phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma2 and MAPK. The PLC inhibitor U73122, previously shown to block M-CSF-induced differentiation, strongly decreased long-term MAPK phosphorylation. Interestingly, inhibiting SFK with SU6656 or the MAPK kinases MEK with U0126 significantly impaired development of mononuclear phagocytes in cultures of mouse bone marrow cells stimulated with M-CSF. Collectively, results support a model in which SFK are required for sustained PLC activity and MAPK activation above threshold required for commitment of myeloid progenitors to macrophage differentiation.
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Okazaki T, Ebihara S, Asada M, Yamanda S, Saijo Y, Shiraishi Y, Ebihara T, Niu K, Mei H, Arai H, Yambe T. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor improves cardiac function after ischemic injury by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor production and survival of cardiomyocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1093-103. [PMID: 17717142 PMCID: PMC1988861 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), known as a hematopoietic growth factor, induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from skeletal muscles. However, the effects of M-CSF on cardiomyocytes have not been reported. Here, we show M-CSF increases VEGF production from cardiomyocytes, protects cardiomyocytes and myotubes from cell death, and improves cardiac function after ischemic injury. In mice, M-CSF increased VEGF production in hearts and in freshly isolated cardiomyocytes, which showed M-CSF receptor expression. In rat cell line H9c2 cardiomyocytes and myotubes, M-CSF induced VEGF production via the Akt signaling pathway, and M-CSF pretreatment protected these cells from H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. M-CSF activated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways and up-regulated downstream anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression in these cells. Using goats as a large animal model of myocardial infarction, we found that M-CSF treatment after the onset of myocardial infarction by permanent coronary artery ligation promoted angiogenesis in ischemic hearts but did not reduce the infarct area. M-CSF pretreatment of the goat myocardial infarction model by coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion improved cardiac function, as assessed by hemodynamic parameters and echocardiography. These results suggest M-CSF might be a novel therapeutic agent for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Okazaki
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Papakonstanti EA, Ridley AJ, Vanhaesebroeck B. The p110delta isoform of PI 3-kinase negatively controls RhoA and PTEN. EMBO J 2007; 26:3050-61. [PMID: 17581634 PMCID: PMC1914109 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of PI 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling is critical for tumour suppression by PTEN. This is thought to be a unidirectional relationship in which PTEN degrades the lipids produced by PI3K, thus controlling cell proliferation, survival and migration. We now show that this relationship is in fact bidirectional, whereby PI3K reciprocally controls PTEN. We report that the p110delta PI3K negatively regulates PTEN, through a pathway involving inhibition of RhoA. Inactivation of p110delta in macrophages led to reduced Akt and Rac1 activation, but paradoxically to increased RhoA and PTEN activity. Partial inactivation of p190RhoGAP and a reduced binding of cytoplasmic RhoA to the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 both contributed to the increased RhoA-GTP levels upon p110delta inactivation. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK, a downstream effector kinase of RhoA, restored all signalling and functional defects of p110delta inactivation, including Akt phosphorylation, chemotaxis and proliferation. This work identifies the RhoA/ROCK pathway as a major target of p110delta-mediated PI3K signalling, and establishes for the first time that PI3K controls itself, via a feedback loop involving PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 91 Riding House Street, London W1W 7BS, UK. Tel.: +44 207 878 4066; Fax: +44 207 878 4040; E-mail:
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Perkins KJ, Basu U, Budak MT, Ketterer C, Baby SM, Lozynska O, Lunde JA, Jasmin BJ, Rubinstein NA, Khurana TS. Ets-2 repressor factor silences extrasynaptic utrophin by N-box mediated repression in skeletal muscle. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2864-72. [PMID: 17507653 PMCID: PMC1949368 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-12-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Utrophin is the autosomal homologue of dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus. Utrophin expression is temporally and spatially regulated being developmentally down-regulated perinatally and enriched at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in adult muscle. Synaptic localization of utrophin occurs in part by heregulin-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-phosphorylation, leading to binding of GABPalpha/beta to the N-box/EBS and activation of the major utrophin promoter-A expressed in myofibers. However, molecular mechanisms contributing to concurrent extrasynaptic silencing that must occur to achieve NMJ localization are unknown. We demonstrate that the Ets-2 repressor factor (ERF) represses extrasynaptic utrophin-A in muscle. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated physical association of ERF with the utrophin-A promoter N-box/EBS site. ERF overexpression repressed utrophin-A promoter activity; conversely, small interfering RNA-mediated ERF knockdown enhanced promoter activity as well as endogenous utrophin mRNA levels in cultured muscle cells in vitro. Laser-capture microscopy of tibialis anterior NMJ and extrasynaptic transcriptomes and gene transfer studies provide spatial and direct evidence, respectively, for ERF-mediated utrophin repression in vivo. Together, these studies suggest "repressing repressors" as a potential strategy for achieving utrophin up-regulation in DMD, and they provide a model for utrophin-A regulation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Perkins
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
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Bourette RP, Grasset MF, Mouchiroud G. E2a/Pbx1 oncogene inhibits terminal differentiation but not myeloid potential of pro-T cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:234-47. [PMID: 16819510 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
E2a/Pbx1 is a fusion oncoprotein resulting from the t(1;19) translocation found in human pre-B acute lymphocytic leukemia and in a small number of acute T-lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. It was previously suggested that E2a/Pbx1 could cooperate with normal or oncogenic signaling pathways to immortalize myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. To address this question, we introduced the receptor of the macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF-R) in pro-T cells immortalized by a conditional, estradiol-dependent, E2a/Pbx1-protein, and continuously proliferating in response to stem cell factor and interleukin-7. We asked whether M-CSF-R would be functional in an early T progenitor cell and influence the fate of E2a/Pbx1-immortalized cells. E2a-Pbx1 immortalized pro-T cells could proliferate and shifted from lymphoid to myeloid lineage after signaling through exogenously expressed M-CSF-R, irrespective of the presence of estradiol. However, terminal macrophage differentiation of the cells was obtained only when estradiol was withdrawn from cultures. This demonstrated that M-CSF-R is functional for proliferation and differentiation signaling in a T-lymphoid progenitor cell, which, in addition, unveiled myeloid potential of pro-T progenitors. Moreover, the block of differentiation induced by the E2a/Pbx1 oncogene could be modulated by hematopoietic cytokines such as M-CSF, suggesting plasticity of leukemic progenitor cells. Finally, additional experiments suggested that PU.1 and eight twenty-one transcriptional regulators might be implicated in the mechanisms of oncogenesis by E2a/Pbx1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, fms/genetics
- Genes, fms/physiology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Bourette
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 5534, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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40
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Simoncic PD, Bourdeau A, Lee-Loy A, Rohrschneider LR, Tremblay ML, Stanley ER, McGlade CJ. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (Tcptp) is a negative regulator of colony-stimulating factor 1 signaling and macrophage differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4149-60. [PMID: 16705167 PMCID: PMC1489091 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01932-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice null for the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (Tcptp-/-) die shortly after birth due to complications arising from the development of a systemic inflammatory disease. It was originally reported that Tcptp-/- mice have increased numbers of macrophages in the spleen; however, the mechanism underlying the aberrant growth and differentiation of macrophages in Tcptp-/- mice is not known. We have identified Tcptp as an important regulator of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) signaling and mononuclear phagocyte development. The number of CSF-1-dependent CFU is increased in Tcptp-/- bone marrow. Tcptp-/- mice also have increased numbers of granulocyte-macrophage precursors (GMP), and these Tcptp-/- GMP yield more macrophage colonies in response to CSF-1 relative to wild-type cells. Furthermore, we have identified the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) as a physiological target of Tcptp through substrate-trapping experiments and its hyperphosphorylation in Tcptp-/- macrophages. Tcptp-/- macrophages also have increased tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of a Grb2/Gab2/Shp2 complex to the CSF-1R and enhanced activation of Erk after CSF-1 stimulation, which are important molecular events in CSF-1-induced differentiation. These data implicate Tcptp as a critical regulator of CSF-1 signaling and mononuclear phagocyte development in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Simoncic
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Dauffy J, Mouchiroud G, Bourette RP. The interferon-inducible gene, Ifi204, is transcriptionally activated in response to M-CSF, and its expression favors macrophage differentiation in myeloid progenitor cells. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:173-83. [PMID: 16244109 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0205083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible (Ifi)204 gene was isolated as a macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-responsive gene using a gene trap approach in the myeloid interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent FD-Fms cell line, which differentiates in macrophages in response to M-CSF. Here, we show that Ifi204 was transcriptionally activated in response to M-CSF, and FD-Fms cells decreased their growth and committed toward a macrophage morphology; this induction was abrogated when the differentiation signal of the M-CSF receptor was blocked; the Ifi204 gene was also induced during macrophage differentiation controlled by leukemia inhibitory factor; and the Ifi204 gene is expressed in different mature monocyte/macrophage cells. Finally, we showed that enforced expression of Ifi204 strongly decreased IL-3- and M-CSF-dependent proliferation and conversely, favored macrophage differentiation of FD-Fms cells in response to M-CSF. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the Ifi204 gene is activated during macrophage development and suggest that the Ifi204 protein may act as a regulator of the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, this study suggests that other members of the Ifi family might act as regulators of hematopoiesis under the control of hemopoietic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dauffy
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 5534, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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