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Köster KA, Dethlefs M, Duque Escobar J, Oetjen E. Regulation of the Activity of the Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase by Distinct Mechanisms. Cells 2024; 13:333. [PMID: 38391946 PMCID: PMC10886912 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) alias mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase 12 (MAP3K12) has gained much attention in recent years. DLK belongs to the mixed lineage kinases, characterized by homology to serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase, but exerts serine/threonine kinase activity. DLK has been implicated in many diseases, including several neurodegenerative diseases, glaucoma, and diabetes mellitus. As a MAP3K, it is generally assumed that DLK becomes phosphorylated and activated by upstream signals and phosphorylates and activates itself, the downstream serine/threonine MAP2K, and, ultimately, MAPK. In addition, other mechanisms such as protein-protein interactions, proteasomal degradation, dephosphorylation by various phosphatases, palmitoylation, and subcellular localization have been shown to be involved in the regulation of DLK activity or its fine-tuning. In the present review, the diverse mechanisms regulating DLK activity will be summarized to provide better insights into DLK action and, possibly, new targets to modulate DLK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra-Alexandra Köster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.-A.K.); (M.D.)
- DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Marten Dethlefs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.-A.K.); (M.D.)
- DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Jorge Duque Escobar
- DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany;
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.-A.K.); (M.D.)
- DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Bu H, Li Z, Lu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhen Y, Zhang L. Deciphering the multifunctional role of dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and its therapeutic potential in disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115404. [PMID: 37098296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12), a serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a key role in neuronal development, as it regulates axon regeneration and degeneration through its downstream kinase. Importantly, DLK is closely related to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases and the induction of β-cell apoptosis that leads to diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of DLK function, and then discuss the role of DLK signaling in human diseases. Furthermore, various types of small molecule inhibitors of DLK that have been published so far are described in detail in this paper, providing some strategies for the design of DLK small molecule inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Bu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhuang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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Increase of c-FOS promoter transcriptional activity by the dual leucine zipper kinase. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1223-1233. [PMID: 36700987 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and the ubiquitously expressed transcription factor c-FOS have important roles in beta-cell proliferation and function. Some studies in neuronal cells suggest that DLK can influence c-FOS expression. Given that c-FOS is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, the effect of DLK on c-FOS promoter activity was investigated in the beta-cell line HIT. The methods used in this study are the following: Luciferase reporter gene assays, immunoblot analysis, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing, and real-time quantitative PCR. In the beta-cell line HIT, overexpressed DLK increased c-FOS promoter activity twofold. Using 5'-,3'-promoter deletions, the promoter regions from - 348 to - 339 base pairs (bp) and from a - 284 to - 53 bp conferred basal activity, whereas the promoter region from - 711 to - 348 bp and from - 53 to + 48 bp mediated DLK responsiveness. Mutation of the cAMP response element within the promoter prevented the stimulatory effect of DLK. Treatment of HIT cells with KCl and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin increased c-FOS promoter transcriptional activity ninefold. Since the transcriptional activity of those promoter fragments activated by KCl and forskolin was decreased by DLK, DLK might interfere with KCl/forskolin-induced signaling. In a newly generated, genome-edited HIT cell line lacking catalytically active DLK, c-Fos mRNA levels were reduced by 80% compared to the wild-type cell line. DLK increased c-FOS promoter activity but decreased stimulated transcriptional activity, suggesting that DLK fine-tunes c-FOS promoter-dependent gene transcription. Moreover, at least in HIT cells, DLK is required for FOS mRNA expression.
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Duque Escobar J, Kutschenko A, Schröder S, Blume R, Köster KA, Painer C, Lemcke T, Maison W, Oetjen E. Regulation of dual leucine zipper kinase activity through its interaction with calcineurin. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109953. [PMID: 33600948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia enhancing the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to dysfunction and progressive loss of beta cells and thereby to diabetes mellitus. The oxidation sensitive calcium/calmodulin dependent phosphatase calcineurin promotes pancreatic beta cell function and survival whereas the dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) induces apoptosis. Therefore, it was studied whether calcineurin interferes with DLK action. In a beta cell line similar concentrations of H2O2 decreased calcineurin activity and activated DLK. DLK interacted via its φLxVP motif (aa 362-365) with the interface of the calcineurin subunits A and B. Mutation of the Val prevented this protein protein interaction, hinting at a distinct φLxVP motif. Indeed, mutational analysis revealed an ordered structure of DLK's φLxVP motif whereby Val mediates the interaction with calcineurin and Leu maintains an enzymatically active conformation. Overexpression of DLK wild-type but not the DLK mutant unable to bind calcineurin diminished calcineurin-induced nuclear localisation of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), suggesting that both, DLK and NFAT compete for the substrate binding site of calcineurin. The calcineurin binding-deficient DLK mutant exhibited increased DLK activity measured as phosphorylation of the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibition of CRE-dependent gene transcription and induction of apoptosis. These findings show that calcineurin interacts with DLK; and inhibition of calcineurin increases DLK activity. Hence, this study demonstrates a novel mechanism regulating DLK action. These findings suggest that ROS through inhibition of calcineurin enhance DLK activity and thereby lead to beta cell dysfunction and loss and ultimately diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duque Escobar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schröder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Blume
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kyra-Alexandra Köster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Painer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lemcke
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Tenenbaum M, Plaisance V, Boutry R, Pawlowski V, Jacovetti C, Sanchez-Parra C, Ezanno H, Bourry J, Beeler N, Pasquetti G, Gmyr V, Dalle S, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Hirai SI, Regazzi R, Bonnefond A, Froguel P, Abderrahmani A. The Map3k12 (Dlk)/JNK3 signaling pathway is required for pancreatic beta-cell proliferation during postnatal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:287-298. [PMID: 32189007 PMCID: PMC11072213 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unveiling the key pathways underlying postnatal beta-cell proliferation can be instrumental to decipher the mechanisms of beta-cell mass plasticity to increased physiological demand of insulin during weight gain and pregnancy. Using transcriptome and global Serine Threonine Kinase activity (STK) analyses of islets from newborn (10 days old) and adult rats, we found that highly proliferative neonatal rat islet cells display a substantially elevated activity of the mitogen activated protein 3 kinase 12, also called dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (Dlk). As a key upstream component of the c-Jun amino terminal kinase (Jnk) pathway, Dlk overexpression was associated with increased Jnk3 activity and was mainly localized in the beta-cell cytoplasm. We provide the evidence that Dlk associates with and activates Jnk3, and that this cascade stimulates the expression of Ccnd1 and Ccnd2, two essential cyclins controlling postnatal beta-cell replication. Silencing of Dlk or of Jnk3 in neonatal islet cells dramatically hampered primary beta-cell replication and the expression of the two cyclins. Moreover, the expression of Dlk, Jnk3, Ccnd1 and Ccnd2 was induced in high replicative islet beta cells from ob/ob mice during weight gain, and from pregnant female rats. In human islets from non-diabetic obese individuals, DLK expression was also cytoplasmic and the rise of the mRNA level was associated with an increase of JNK3, CCND1 and CCND2 mRNA levels, when compared to islets from lean and obese patients with diabetes. In conclusion, we find that activation of Jnk3 signalling by Dlk could be a key mechanism for adapting islet beta-cell mass during postnatal development and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathie Tenenbaum
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Valérie Plaisance
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Raphael Boutry
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Pawlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Jacovetti
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Sanchez-Parra
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Ezanno
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Julien Bourry
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicole Beeler
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Gianni Pasquetti
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Valery Gmyr
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1190-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Syu-Ichi Hirai
- Départment of Biology, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199-EGID, 59000, Lille, France.
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, 59000, Lille, France.
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Jin Y, Zheng B. Multitasking: Dual Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinases in Neuronal Development and Stress Management. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2020; 35:501-521. [PMID: 31590586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper-bearing kinase (LZK) are evolutionarily conserved MAPKKKs of the mixed-lineage kinase family. Acting upstream of stress-responsive JNK and p38 MAP kinases, DLK and LZK have emerged as central players in neuronal responses to a variety of acute and traumatic injuries. Recent studies also implicate their function in astrocytes, microglia, and other nonneuronal cells, reflecting their expanding roles in the multicellular response to injury and in disease. Of particular note is the potential link of these kinases to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. It is thus critical to understand the physiological contexts under which these kinases are activated, as well as the signal transduction mechanisms that mediate specific functional outcomes. In this review we first provide a historical overview of the biochemical and functional dissection of these kinases. We then discuss recent findings on regulating their activity to enhance cellular protection following injury and in disease, focusing on but not limited to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Jin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; .,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Börchers S, Babaei R, Klimpel C, Duque Escobar J, Schröder S, Blume R, Malik MNH, Oetjen E. TNFα-induced DLK activation contributes to apoptosis in the beta-cell line HIT. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:813-825. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Oetjen E. Regulation of Beta-Cell Function and Mass by the Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:410-3. [PMID: 27100796 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most rapidly increasing diseases worldwide, whereby approximately 90-95% of patients suffer from type 2 diabetes. Considering its micro- and macrovascular complications like blindness and myocardial infarction, a reliable anti-diabetic treatment is needed. Maintaining the function and the mass of the insulin producing beta-cells despite elevated levels of beta-cell-toxic prediabetic signals represents a desirable mechanism of action of anti-diabetic drugs. The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) inhibits the action of two transcription factors within the beta-cell, thereby interfering with insulin secretion and production and the conservation of beta-cell mass. Furthermore, DLK action is regulated by prediabetic signals. Hence, the inhibition of this kinase might protect beta-cells against beta-cell-toxic prediabetic signals and prevent the development of diabetes. DLK might thus present a novel drug target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacology for Pharmacist's Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Oetjen E, Lemcke T. Dual leucine zipper kinase (MAP3K12) modulators: a patent review (2010–2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:607-16. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1170810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wallbach M, Duque Escobar J, Babaeikelishomi R, Stahnke MJ, Blume R, Schröder S, Kruegel J, Maedler K, Kluth O, Kehlenbach RH, Miosge N, Oetjen E. Distinct functions of the dual leucine zipper kinase depending on its subcellular localization. Cell Signal 2016; 28:272-83. [PMID: 26776303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The dual leucine zipper kinase DLK induces β-cell apoptosis by inhibiting the transcriptional activity conferred by the β-cell protective transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein CREB. This action might contribute to β-cell loss and ultimately diabetes. Within its kinase domain DLK shares high homology with the mixed lineage kinase (MLK) 3, which is activated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL)-1β, known prediabetic signals. In the present study, the regulation of DLK in β-cells by these cytokines was investigated. Both, TNFα and IL-1β induced the nuclear translocation of DLK. Mutations within a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) prevented basal and cytokine-induced nuclear localization of DLK and binding to the importin receptor importin α, thereby demonstrating a functional NLS within DLK. DLK NLS mutants were catalytically active as they phosphorylated their down-stream kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase to the same extent as DLK wild-type but did neither inhibit CREB-dependent gene transcription nor transcription conferred by the promoter of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. In addition, the β-cell apoptosis-inducing effect of DLK was severely diminished by mutation of its NLS. In a murine model of prediabetes, enhanced nuclear DLK was found. These data demonstrate that DLK exerts distinct functions, depending on its subcellular localization and thus provide a novel level of regulating DLK action. Furthermore, the prevention of the nuclear localization of DLK as induced by prediabetic signals with consecutive suppression of β-cell apoptosis might constitute a novel target in the therapy of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wallbach
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jorge Duque Escobar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rohollah Babaeikelishomi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Jeannette Stahnke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Blume
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schröder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Kruegel
- Department of Prothetics, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Leobener Str. Im NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kluth
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ralph H Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Department of Prothetics, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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