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Zhu M, Huang Z, Qin J, Jiang J, Fan M. Loss of β-arrestin2 aggravated condylar cartilage degeneration at the early stage of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:451. [PMID: 38844905 PMCID: PMC11154996 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder characterized by extracellular matrix degeneration and inflammatory response of condylar cartilage. β-arrestin2 is an important regulator of inflammation response, while its role in TMJOA remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of β-arrestin2 in the development of TMJOA at the early stage and the underlying mechanism. METHODS A unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model was established on eight-week-old wild-type (WT) and β-arrestin2 deficiency mice to simulate the progression of TMJOA. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis were used for histological and radiographic assessment. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of inflammatory and degradative cytokines, as well as autophagy related factors. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was carried out to assess chondrocyte apoptosis. RESULTS The loss of β-arrestin2 aggravated cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone destruction in the model of TMJOA at the early stage. Furthermore, in UAC groups, the expressions of degradative (Col-X) and inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-1β) factors in condylar cartilage were increased in β-arrestin2 null mice compared with WT mice. Moreover, the loss of β-arrestin2 promoted apoptosis and autophagic process of chondrocytes at the early stage of TMJOA. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that β-arrestin2 plays a protective role in the development of TMJOA at the early stage, probably by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagic process of chondrocytes. Therefore, β-arrestin2 might be a potential therapeutic target for TMJOA, providing a new insight for the treatment of TMJOA at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, 500 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Central Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, 500 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafeng Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, 500 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingyue Fan
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, 500 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
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Roy S, Alkanfari I, Chaki S, Ali H. Role of MrgprB2 in Rosacea-Like Inflammation in Mice: Modulation by β-Arrestin 2. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2988-2997.e3. [PMID: 35644498 PMCID: PMC9634617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidin LL-37‒mediated activation of mast cells (MCs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rosacea, but the receptor involved and the mechanism of its activation and regulation remain unknown. We found that skin biopsies from patients with rosacea display higher frequencies of MCs expressing MRGPRX2 (mouse counterpart MrgprB2) than normal skin. Intradermal injection of LL-37 in wild-type mice resulted in MC recruitment, expression of inflammatory mediators, and development of rosacea-like inflammation. These responses were substantially reduced in MrgprB2‒/‒ mice and abolished in MC deficient Wsh/Wsh mice. β-arrestin 2 is an adaptor protein that regulates G protein-coupled receptor function by receptor desensitization and also by activation of downstream signaling. We found that LL-37‒induced rosacea-like inflammation was significantly reduced in mice with MC-specific deletion of β-arrestin 2 compared with that in control mice. Interestingly, the absence of β-arrestin 2 resulted in enhanced cofilin phosphorylation and substantial inhibition of LL-37‒induced chemotaxis of mouse peritoneal MCs. Furthermore, LL-37‒induced extracellular signal‒regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production were reduced in β-arrestin 2‒/‒ peritoneal MCs compared with those in wild-type cells. These findings suggest that MRGPRX2/B2 participates in rosacea and that β-arrestin 2 contributes to its pathogenesis by promoting cofilin dephosphorylation, extracellular signal‒regulated kinase 1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation, MC chemotaxis, and chemokine/cytokine generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ibrahim Alkanfari
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaswati Chaki
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Jian S, Leng J, Wen Z, Luo H, Hu C, Wen C, Hu B. β-arrestin interacts with TRAF6 to negatively regulate the NF-κB pathway in triangle sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:65-73. [PMID: 35705131 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As members of arrestins family, β-arrestins are widely expressed in monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and other immune cells. They can regulate the immune response of bodies through various ways. In the present study, a β-arrestin homolog named Hcβ-arrestin was cloned and identified from Hyriopsis cumingii. Predicted Hcβ-arrestin protein contained a conserved arrestin domain, which could be further divided into arrestin-N (39-192aa) and arrestin-C (211-365aa). Amino acid sequence alignment showed that it had the highest identity with Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis counterpart, which was 89.02% and 87.68%, respectively. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the Hcβ-arrestin gene was widely expressed in the detected tissues and with the highest expression in hepatopancreas. The transcription of Hcβ-arrestin in hepatopancreas and gill of mussels was significantly up-regulated after stimulation with peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic polycytidylic acid. Knockdown of Hcβ-arrestin gene significantly increased the expression of some antibacterial effector genes, such as lysozyme, LPS-binding protein/bactericidal permeability increasing protein and theromacin in hepatopancreas and gills of LPS stimulated mussels, but only had little effect on TLR pathway genes. In addition, GST pull-down assay confirmed that Hcβ-arrestin can bind to HcTRAF6 protein in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter assay showed that the co-expression of HcTRAF6 and Hcβ-arrestin inhibited the activation of NF-κB reporter by HcTRAF6. These findings indicated that Hcβ-arrestins could interact with HcTRAF6 to negatively regulate the NF-κB pathway in H. cumingii.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaoQing Jian
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - JiangHe Leng
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - ZiYi Wen
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - HaiYang Luo
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - ChengXi Hu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - ChunGen Wen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - BaoQing Hu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Chignon A, Mathieu S, Rufiange A, Argaud D, Voisine P, Bossé Y, Arsenault BJ, Thériault S, Mathieu P. Enhancer promoter interactome and Mendelian randomization identify network of druggable vascular genes in coronary artery disease. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:8. [PMID: 35246263 PMCID: PMC8895522 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disorder, which is partly heritable. Herein, we implemented a mapping of CAD-associated candidate genes by using genome-wide enhancer-promoter conformation (H3K27ac-HiChIP) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). Enhancer-promoter anchor loops from human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) explained 22% of the heritability for CAD. 3D enhancer-promoter genome mapping of CAD-genes in HCASMC was enriched in vascular eQTL genes. By using colocalization and Mendelian randomization analyses, we identified 58 causal candidate vascular genes including some druggable targets (MAP3K11, CAMK1D, PDGFD, IPO9 and CETP). A network analysis of causal candidate genes was enriched in TGF beta and MAPK pathways. The pharmacologic inhibition of causal candidate gene MAP3K11 in vascular SMC reduced the expression of athero-relevant genes and lowered cell migration, a cardinal process in CAD. Genes connected to enhancers are enriched in vascular eQTL and druggable genes causally associated with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chignon
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Institut de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Samuel Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Institut de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Anne Rufiange
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Institut de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Déborah Argaud
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Institut de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | | | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sébastien Thériault
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Institut de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V-4G5, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
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Surfactant protein A enhances the degradation of LPS-induced TLR4 in primary alveolar macrophages involving Rab7, β-arrestin2, and mTORC1. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0025021. [PMID: 34780278 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00250-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections by Gram-negative bacteria are a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a central role in maintaining lung immune homeostasis and host defense by sensing pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRR). The PRR Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is a key sensor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Pulmonary surfactant is the natural microenvironment of AMs. Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a multifunctional host defense collectin, controls LPS-induced pro-inflammatory immune responses at the organismal and cellular level via distinct mechanisms. We found that SP-A post-transcriptionally restricts LPS-induced TLR4 protein expression in primary AMs from healthy humans, rats, wild-type and SP-A-/- mice by further decreasing cycloheximide-reduced TLR4 protein translation and enhances the co-localization of TLR4 with the late endosome/lysosome. Both effects as well as the SP-A-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα release are counteracted by pharmacological inhibition of the small GTPase Rab7. SP-A-enhanced Rab7 expression requires β-arrestin2 and, in β-arrestin2-/- AMs and after intratracheal LPS challenge of β-arrestin2-/- mice, SP-A fails to enhance TLR4/lysosome co-localization and degradation of LPS-induced TLR4. In SP-A-/- mice, TLR4 levels are increased after pulmonary LPS challenge. SP-A-induced activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase requires β-arrestin2 and is critically involved in degradation of LPS-induced TLR4. The data suggest that SP-A post-translationally limits LPS-induced TLR4 expression in primary AMs by lysosomal degradation comprising Rab7, β-arrestin2, and mTORC1. This study may indicate a potential role of SP-A-based therapeutic interventions in unrestricted TLR4-driven immune responses to lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Deficiency of β-arrestin2 alleviates apoptosis through GRP78-ATF6-CHOP signaling pathway in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108281. [PMID: 34710848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) remains unknown, and there is no ideal drug for the specific treatment of pSS. β-arrestin2 is a key protein that mediates desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and it participates in inflammatory and immune responses that have been found to mediate apoptosis in autoimmune disease. In this study, we established an experimental Sjögren's syndrome (ESS) mouse model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of β-arrestin2 in pSS. First, excessive activation of β-arrestin2 and GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling were detected in specimens from pSS patients. In vivo, we found that inhibition of GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling improved ESS symptoms, and the targeted deletion of β-arrestin2 significantly increased saliva flow, alleviated salivary gland indices, and improved tissue integrity in the ESS model by downregulating GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling. In vitro, we used IFNα to stimulate human salivary gland epithelial cells (HSGECs), and the results showed that IFNα activated GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling, decreased cell viability, and induced apoptosis, which were negatively regulated by the ERS inhibitor 4-PBA. In addition, β-arrestin2 depletion downregulated GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling to alleviate cell apoptosis, and the effect depended on the interaction between GRP78 and β-arrestin2. In summary, our results suggest that excessive activation of GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of pSS and that β-arrestin2 encourages inflammation-induced epithelial apoptosis through GRP78-ATF6-CHOP apoptosis signaling. This research further clarified the underlying role of β-arrestin2 and provided an experimental foundation for β-arrestin2 depletion in the treatment of the human autoimmune disorder pSS.
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Chen Y, Lin J, Zhao Y, Ma X, Yi H. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) regulation mechanisms and roles in antiviral innate immune responses. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:609-632. [PMID: 34414698 PMCID: PMC8377577 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, thereby collectively establishing an antiviral host response. Studies have shown that unlike other TLR family members, TLR3 is the only RNA sensor that is utterly dependent on the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF). However, the details of how the TLR3-TRIF signaling pathway works in an antiviral response and how it is regulated are unclear. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the antiviral mechanism of the TRIF pathway and describe the essential characteristics of TLR3 and its antiviral effects. Advancing our understanding of TLR3 may contribute to disease diagnosis and could foster the development of novel treatments for viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Junhong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xianping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Huashan Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
- Chongqing Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 402460, China.
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Fang Y, Jiang Q, Li S, Zhu H, Xu R, Song N, Ding X, Liu J, Chen M, Song M, Ding J, Lu M, Wu G, Hu G. Opposing functions of β-arrestin 1 and 2 in Parkinson's disease via microglia inflammation and Nprl3. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1822-1836. [PMID: 33686256 PMCID: PMC8184754 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although β-arrestins (ARRBs) regulate diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes, their functions and regulation in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that the expression of β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1) and β-arrestin 2 (ARRB2) is reciprocally regulated in PD mouse models, particularly in microglia. ARRB1 ablation ameliorates, whereas ARRB2 knockout aggravates, the pathological features of PD, including dopaminergic neuron loss, neuroinflammation and microglia activation in vivo, and microglia-mediated neuron damage in vitro. We also demonstrate that ARRB1 and ARRB2 produce adverse effects on inflammation and activation of the inflammatory STAT1 and NF-κB pathways in primary cultures of microglia and macrophages and that two ARRBs competitively interact with the activated form of p65, a component of the NF-κB pathway. We further find that ARRB1 and ARRB2 differentially regulate the expression of nitrogen permease regulator-like 3 (Nprl3), a functionally poorly characterized protein, as revealed by RNA sequencing, and that in the gain- and loss-of-function studies, Nprl3 mediates the functions of both ARRBs in microglia inflammatory responses. Collectively, these data demonstrate that two closely related ARRBs exert opposite functions in microglia-mediated inflammation and the pathogenesis of PD which are mediated at least in part through Nprl3 and provide novel insights into the understanding of the functional divergence of ARRBs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinquan Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingling Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanshan Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengmeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Ma TL, Zhou Y, Zhang CY, Gao ZA, Duan JX. The role and mechanism of β-arrestin2 in signal transduction. Life Sci 2021; 275:119364. [PMID: 33741415 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-arrestin2 is a ubiquitously expressed scaffold protein localized on the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. It was originally found to bind to GPCRs, uncoupling G proteins and receptors' binding and inhibiting the signal transduction of the GPCRs. Further investigations have revealed that β-arrestin2 not only mediates the desensitization of GPCRs but also serves as a multifunctional scaffold to mediate receptor internalization, kinase activation, and regulation of various signaling pathways, such as TLR4/NF-κB, MAPK, Wnt, TGF-β, and AMPK/mTOR pathways. β-arrestin2 regulates cell invasion, migration, autophagy, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating various signaling pathways, which play a vital role in many physiological and pathological processes. This paper reviews the structure and function of β-arrestin2, the regulation of β-arrestin2 based signaling pathways. The role and mechanism of β-arrestin2 signaling have been delineated in sufficient detail. The prospect of regulating the expression and activity of β-arrestin2 in multisystem diseases holds substantial therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Impants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zi-Ang Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jia-Xi Duan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Kallifatidis G, Mamouni K, Lokeshwar BL. The Role of β-Arrestins in Regulating Stem Cell Phenotypes in Normal and Tumorigenic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239310. [PMID: 33297302 PMCID: PMC7729818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins (ARRBs) are ubiquitously expressed scaffold proteins that mediate inactivation of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and in certain circumstances, G-protein independent pathways. Intriguingly, the two known ARRBs, β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) and β-Arrestin2 (ARRB2), seem to have opposing functions in regulating signaling cascades in several models in health and disease. Recent evidence suggests that ARRBs are implicated in regulating stem cell maintenance; however, their role, although crucial, is complex, and there is no universal model for ARRB-mediated regulation of stem cell characteristics. For the first time, this review compiles information on the function of ARRBs in stem cell biology and will discuss the role of ARRBs in regulating cell signaling pathways implicated in stem cell maintenance in normal and malignant stem cell populations. Although promising targets for cancer therapy, the ubiquitous nature of ARRBs and the plethora of functions in normal cell biology brings challenges for treatment selectivity. However, recent studies show promising evidence for specifically targeting ARRBs in myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kallifatidis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (B.L.L.); Tel.: +1-706-446-4976 (G.K.); +1-706-723-0033 (B.L.L.); Fax: +1-305-721-0101 (B.L.L.)
| | - Kenza Mamouni
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (B.L.L.); Tel.: +1-706-446-4976 (G.K.); +1-706-723-0033 (B.L.L.); Fax: +1-305-721-0101 (B.L.L.)
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Drd2 biased agonist prevents neurodegeneration against NLRP3 inflammasome in Parkinson's disease model via a β-arrestin2-biased mechanism. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:259-271. [PMID: 32861720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated astrocytes secrete inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) into the extracellular milieu, damaging surrounding neurons and involving in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Dopamine receptor D2 (Drd2) expresses both in neurons and astrocytes, and neuronal Drd2 is a significant target in therapy of PD. Our previous study reveals that astrocytic Drd2 exerts anti-inflammatory effect via non-classical β-arrestin2 signaling in PD model. Therefore, seeking new biased ligands of Drd2 with better efficacy and fewer side effects to treat PD is desirable and meaningful. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of UNC9995, a novel biased Drd2 agonist on astrocyte-derived neuroinflammation and dopaminergic (DA) neuron degenerationin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. We showed that UNC9995 rescued the TH+ neurons loss and inhibited glial cells activation in mouse substantia nigra in a Drd2 dependent manner. Focusing on astrocytes, we found UNC9995 shows a relatively safe concentration range and significantly suppresses astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by lipopolysaccharide plus ATP. Further study revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of UNC9995 is independent of Drd2 / Gαi protein pathway. It activates β-arrestin2 by recruiting it to cell membrane. Critically, UNC9995 enhances β-arrestin2 interacting with NLRP3 to interfere inflammasome assembly, which consequently reduces IL-1β production. On the other hand, UNC9995 inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory pathway activation in DA neurons and rescues subsequent apoptosis via β-arrestin2 interacting with protein kinases, such as JNK and suppressing their phosphorylation. Furthermore, β-arrestin2 knockout abolishes the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of UNC9995 in PD mouse model, supporting that UNC9995 is a β-arrestin2-biased Drd2 agonist and revealing its novel function in PD treatment. Collectively, this work illustrates that Drd2 agonist UNC9995 prevents DA neuron degeneration in PD and provides a new strategy for developing the β-arrestin2-biased ligands in the therapy of NDDs.
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Birch CA, Molinar-Inglis O, Trejo J. Subcellular hot spots of GPCR signaling promote vascular inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 16:37-42. [PMID: 32838054 PMCID: PMC7431397 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
G-coupled protein receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest class of druggable targets. Signaling by GPCRs is initiated from subcellular hot spots including the plasma membrane, signalosomes, and endosomes to contribute to vascular inflammation. GPCR-G protein signaling at the plasma membrane causes endothelial barrier disruption and also cross-talks with growth factor receptors to promote proinflammatory signaling. A second surge of GPCR signaling is initiated by cytoplasmic NFκB activation mediated by β-arrestins and CARMA-BCL10-MALT1 signalosomes. Once internalized, ubiquitinated GPCRs initiate signaling from endosomes via assembly of the transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase binding protein-1 (TAB1)-TAB2-p38 MAPK complex to promote vascular inflammation. Understanding the complexities of GPCR signaling is critical for development of new strategies to treat vascular inflammation such as that associated with COVID-19.
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Key Words
- Arrestins
- B-cell lymphoma protein 10, (BCL10)
- COVID-19
- Endosomes
- Endothelial
- G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR
- JAK-STAT
- Janus kinase, JAK
- MALT1
- NFκB
- adherens junctions, AJ
- angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT1
- angiotensin converting enzyme-2, ACE2
- caspase recruitment domain-containing protein, CARMA
- coronavirus disease of 2019, COVID-19
- fibroblast-growth-factor, FGF
- inhibitor of NFκB kinase, IKK
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1, (MALT1)
- neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4, NEDD4
- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NFκB
- p38 MAPK
- platelet activating factor, PAF
- protease-activated receptor-1, PAR1
- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2
- signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT
- transforming growth factor-α-activated kinase binding protein-1, TAB1
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra A Birch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivia Molinar-Inglis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Wang M, Ma Y, Zhang T, Gao L, Zhang S, Chen Q. Proteinase‑activated receptor 2 deficiency is a protective factor against cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3764-3772. [PMID: 31485622 PMCID: PMC6755170 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have established that proteinase‑activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). However, the role of PAR2 deficiency in MI/RI remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to clarify the potential molecular mechanisms for its protective effect against MI/RI. Using a mouse model of MI/RI, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography, infarct size was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and myocardial cell apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labeling staining. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and expression of Bcl‑2 and cleaved PARP were determined to assess apoptosis in myocardial H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury‑simulating MI/RI. Phosphorylated ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. The findings indicated that PAR2 deficiency markedly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the MI/RI mouse model, as well as in myocardial H9c2 cells exposed to H/R. Furthermore, PAR2 knockdown clearly prevented phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in myocardial H9c2 cells. The results revealed that PAR2 deficiency alleviated MI/RI‑associated apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK. Therefore, targeted PAR2 silencing may be a potential therapeutic approach for alleviation of MI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Tumor Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qizhi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Jean-Charles PY, Wu JH, Zhang L, Kaur S, Nepliouev I, Stiber JA, Brian L, Qi R, Wertman V, Shenoy SK, Freedman NJ. USP20 (Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 20) Inhibits TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-Triggered Smooth Muscle Cell Inflammation and Attenuates Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2295-2305. [PMID: 30354204 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Signaling that activates NFκB (nuclear factor κB) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is integral to atherosclerosis and involves reversible ubiquitination that activates proteins downstream of proatherogenic receptors. Deubiquitination of these proteins is mediated by USP20 (ubiquitin-specific protease 20), among other deubiquitinases. We sought to determine whether USP20 activity in SMCs decreases atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- To address this question, we used male Ldlr-/- mice without (control) or with SMC-specific expression of murine USP20 (SMC-USP20-transgenic) or its dominant-negative (DN; C154S/H643Q) mutant (SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic). Before the appearance of intimal macrophages, NFκB activation in aortic medial SMCs was greater in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic than in control mice. After 16 weeks on a Western diet, SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice had 46% greater brachiocephalic artery atheroma area than control mice. Congruently, aortic atherosclerosis assessed en face was 21% greater than control in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice and 13% less than control in SMC-USP20-transgenic mice. In response to TNF (tumor necrosis factor), SMCs from SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice showed ≈3-fold greater NFκB activation than control SMCs. Silencing USP20 in SMCs with siRNA (small interfering RNA) augmented NFκB activation by ≈50% in response to either TNF or IL-1β (interleukin-1β). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that USP20 associates with several components of the TNFR1 (TNF receptor-1) signaling pathway, including RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1), a critical checkpoint in TNF-induced NFκB activation and inflammation. TNF evoked ≈2-fold more RIPK1 ubiquitination in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic than in control SMCs, and RIPK1 was deubiquitinated by purified USP20 in vitro. Conclusions- USP20 attenuates TNF- and IL-1β-evoked atherogenic signaling in SMCs, by deubiquitinating RIPK1, among other signaling intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Jean-Charles
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jiao-Hui Wu
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Suneet Kaur
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Igor Nepliouev
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan A Stiber
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Leigh Brian
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rui Qi
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Virginia Wertman
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Cell Biology (S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Neil J Freedman
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Cell Biology (S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Wang H, Deng QW, Peng AN, Xing FL, Zuo L, Li S, Gu ZT, Yan FL. β-arrestin2 functions as a key regulator in the sympathetic-triggered immunodepression after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:102. [PMID: 29636059 PMCID: PMC5894164 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (SIDS) is regarded as a protective mechanism for secondary inflammatory injury as well as a contributor to infection complications. Although stroke-induced hyperactivation of the sympathetic system is proved to facilitate SIDS, the involved endogenous factors and pathways are largely elusive. In this study, we aim to investigate the function of beta-arrestin-2 (ARRB2) in the sympathetic-mediated SIDS. Methods Splenic ARRB2 expression and the sympathetic system activity were detected after establishing transient models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In addition, a correlation between ARRB2 expression and the sympathetic system activity was analyzed using a linear correlation analysis. Any SIDS reflected in monocyte dysfunction was investigated by measuring inflammatory cytokine secretion and neurological deficit scores and infarct volume were tested to assess neurological outcome. Further, ARRB2 expression in the monocytes was knocked down in vitro by siRNAs. Following the stimulation of noradrenaline and lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway were evaluated to gain insight into the mechanisms related to the contribution of ARRB2 to adrenergic-induced monocyte dysfunction. Results Splenic ARRB2 expression was significantly increased after stroke and also showed a significant positive correlation with the sympathetic system activity. Stroke-induced monocyte dysfunction resulted in an increase of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level as well as a decrease of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Also, blockade of adrenergic-activity significantly reversed these cytokine levels, and blockade of adrenergic-activity improved stroke-induced neurological results. However, the improved neurological results had no significant correlation with ARRB2 expression. Furthermore, the in vitro results showed that the deficiency of ARRB2 dramatically repealed adrenergic-induced monocyte dysfunction and the inhibition of NF-κB signaling phosphorylation activity. Conclusions ARRB2 is implicated in the sympathetic-triggered SIDS, in particular, monocyte dysfunction after stroke. Accordingly, ARRB2 may be a promising therapeutic target for the immunological management of stroke in a clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Wen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ni Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Lan Xing
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tian Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Ling Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Xu H, Li Q, Liu J, Zhu J, Li L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Sun J, Wang R, Yi F. β-Arrestin-1 deficiency ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis by blocking Wnt1/β-catenin signaling in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:97-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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