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Ahi EP. Fish Evo-Devo: Moving Toward Species-Specific and Knowledge-Based Interactome. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2025; 344:158-168. [PMID: 40170296 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
A knowledge-based interactome maps interactions among proteins and molecules within a cell using experimental data, computational predictions, and literature mining. These interactomes are vital for understanding cellular functions, pathways, and the evolutionary conservation of protein interactions. They reveal how interactions regulate growth, differentiation, and development. Transitioning to functionally validated interactomes is crucial in evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo), especially for non-model species, to uncover unique regulatory networks, evolutionary novelties, and reliable gene interaction models. This enhances our understanding of complex trait evolution across species. The European Evo-Devo 2024 conference in Helsinki hosted the first fish-specific Evo-Devo symposium, highlighting the growing interest in fish models. Advances in genome annotation, genome editing, imaging, and molecular screening are expanding fish Evo-Devo research. High-throughput molecular data have enabled the deduction of gene regulatory networks. The next steps involve creating species-specific interactomes, validating them functionally, and integrating additional molecular data to deepen the understanding of complex regulatory interactions in fish Evo-Devo. This short review aims to address the logical steps for this transition, as well as the necessities and limitations of this journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Zhu S, Jaworski A, Meijers R. Expanding ligand-receptor interaction networks for axon guidance: Structural insights into signal crosstalk and specificity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2025; 92:102999. [PMID: 40117944 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2025.102999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025]
Abstract
Guidance of nascent axons to their targets is mediated by attractive and repulsive cues that activate receptors on the axonal growth cone. The number of ligand-receptor interactions implicated in axon pathfinding is still expanding, and large-scale cell-surface and extracellular protein interactome studies have revealed extensive crosstalk between signaling axes once thought to act independently. This raises the question how the apparent promiscuity of molecular interactions is compatible with specific signaling outcomes and effects on growth cone steering. Structural studies have provided insights into the modularity of binding interactions and shown the capacity of receptors to engage multiple ligands. Here, we review recent findings about the complexity of ligand-receptor interaction networks for axon guidance, and how structures of ligand-receptor complexes reveal mechanisms that may specify signaling output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotong Zhu
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Rob Meijers
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Chen J, Fang M, Li Y, Ding H, Zhang X, Jiang X, Zhang J, Zhang C, Lu Z, Luo M. Cell surface protein-protein interaction profiling for biological network analysis and novel target discovery. LIFE MEDICINE 2024; 3:lnae031. [PMID: 39872863 PMCID: PMC11749001 DOI: 10.1093/lifemedi/lnae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
The secretome is composed of cell surface membrane proteins and extracellular secreted proteins that are synthesized via secretory machinery, accounting for approximately one-third of human protein-encoding genes and playing central roles in cellular communication with the external environment. Secretome protein-protein interactions (SPPIs) mediate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, as well as stimulus- or cell-specific responses that regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Aberrant SPPIs are associated with diseases including cancer, immune disorders, and illness caused by infectious pathogens. Identifying the receptor/ligand for a secretome protein or pathogen can be a challenging task, and many SPPIs remain obscure, with a large number of orphan receptors and ligands, as well as viruses with unknown host receptors, populating the SPPI network. In addition, proteins with known receptors/ligands may also interact with alternative uncharacterized partners and exert context-dependent effects. In the past few decades, multiple varied approaches have been developed to identify SPPIs, and these methods have broad applications in both basic and translational research. Here, we review and discuss the technologies for SPPI profiling and the application of these technologies in identifying novel targets for immunotherapy and anti-infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Maoxin Fang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haodong Ding
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhigang Lu
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Abu Nahia K, Sulej A, Migdał M, Ochocka N, Ho R, Kamińska B, Zagorski M, Winata CL. scRNA-seq reveals the diversity of the developing cardiac cell lineage and molecular players in heart rhythm regulation. iScience 2024; 27:110083. [PMID: 38872974 PMCID: PMC11170199 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We utilized scRNA-seq to delineate the diversity of cell types in the zebrafish heart. Transcriptome profiling of over 50,000 cells at 48 and 72 hpf defined at least 18 discrete cell lineages of the developing heart. Utilizing well-established gene signatures, we identified a population of cells likely to be the primary pacemaker and characterized the transcriptome profile defining this critical cell type. Two previously uncharacterized genes, atp1b3b and colec10, were found to be enriched in the sinoatrial cardiomyocytes. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of these two genes significantly reduced heart rate, implicating their role in cardiac development and conduction. Additionally, we describe other cardiac cell lineages, including the endothelial and neural cells, providing their expression profiles as a resource. Our results established a detailed atlas of the developing heart, providing valuable insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms, and pinpointed potential new players in heart rhythm regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abu Nahia
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sulej
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Migdał
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Ochocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Richard Ho
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- The Njord Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bożena Kamińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Zagorski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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5
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Priest JM, Nichols EL, Smock RG, Hopkins JB, Mendoza JL, Meijers R, Shen K, Özkan E. Structural insights into the formation of repulsive netrin guidance complexes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8083. [PMID: 38363837 PMCID: PMC10871540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Netrins dictate attractive and repulsive responses during axon growth and cell migration, where the presence of the receptor Uncoordinated-5 (UNC-5) on target cells results in repulsion. Here, we showed that UNC-5 is a heparin-binding protein, determined its structure bound to a heparin fragment, and could modulate UNC-5-heparin affinity using a directed evolution platform or structure-based rational design. We demonstrated that UNC-5 and UNC-6/netrin form a large, stable, and rigid complex in the presence of heparin, and heparin and UNC-5 exclude the attractive UNC-40/DCC receptor from binding to UNC-6/netrin to a large extent. Caenorhabditis elegans with a heparin-binding-deficient UNC-5 fail to establish proper gonad morphology due to abrogated cell migration, which relies on repulsive UNC-5 signaling in response to UNC-6. Combining UNC-5 mutations targeting heparin and UNC-6/netrin contacts results in complete cell migration and axon guidance defects. Our findings establish repulsive netrin responses to be mediated through a glycosaminoglycan-regulated macromolecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Priest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ev L. Nichols
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert G. Smock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Site, c/o DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jesse B. Hopkins
- The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Juan L. Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Site, c/o DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Protein Innovation (IPI), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Mahadik SS, Lundquist EA. A short isoform of the UNC-6/Netrin receptor UNC-5 is required for growth cone polarity and robust growth cone protrusion in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240994. [PMID: 37649551 PMCID: PMC10464613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: UNC-6/Netrin is a conserved bi-functional guidance cue which regulates dorsal-ventral axon guidance in C. elegans. In the Polarity/Protrusion model of UNC-6/Netrin mediated dorsal growth away from UNC-6/Netrin, The UNC-5 receptor first polarizes the VD growth cone such that filopodial protrusions are biased dorsally. Based on this polarity, the UNC-40/DCC receptor stimulates growth cone lamellipodial and filopodial protrusion dorsally. The UNC-5 receptor maintains dorsal polarity of protrusion, and inhibits growth cone protrusion ventrally, resulting in net dorsal growth cone advance. Methods: Growth cone imaging in mutants, combined with Cas9 genome editing and genetic analysis, were used to analyze the role of a novel short isoform on unc-5 in growth cone polarity and protrusion. Results: Work presented here demonstrates a novel role of a previously undescribed, conserved short isoform of UNC-5 (UNC-5B). UNC-5B lacks the cytoplasmic domains of UNC-5 long, including the DEATH domain, the UPA/DB domain, and most of the ZU5 domain. Mutations that specifically affect only the unc-5 long isoforms were hypomorphic, suggesting a role of unc-5B short. A mutation specifically affecting unc-5B caused loss of dorsal polarity of protrusion and reduced growth cone filopodial protrusion, the opposite of unc-5 long mutations. Transgenic expression of unc-5B partially rescued unc-5 axon guidance defects, and resulted in large growth cones. Tyrosine 482 (Y482) in the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region has been shown to be important for UNC-5 function, and is present in both UNC-5 long and UNC-5B short. Results reported here show that Y482 is required for the function of UNC-5 long and for some functions of UNC-5B short. Finally, genetic interactions with unc-40 and unc-6 suggest that UNC-5B short acts in parallel to UNC-6/Netrin to ensure robust growth cone lamellipodial protrusion. Discussion: These results demonstrate a previously-undescribed role for the UNC-5B short isoform, which is required for dorsal polarity of growth cone filopodial protrusion and to stimulate growth cone protrusion, in contrast to the previously-described role of UNC-5 long in inhibiting growth cone protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik A. Lundquist
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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7
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Mahadik SS, Lundquist EA. A short isoform of the UNC-6/Netrin receptor UNC-5 is required for growth cone polarity and robust growth cone protrusion in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539117. [PMID: 37205526 PMCID: PMC10187218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNC-6/Netrin is a conserved bi-functional guidance cue which regulates dorsal-ventral axon guidance in C. elegans . In the Polarity/Protrusion model of UNC-6/Netrin mediated dorsal growth away from UNC-6/Netrin, The UNC-5 receptor first polarizes the VD growth cone such that filopodial protrusions are biased dorsally. Based on this polarity, the UNC-40/DCC receptor stimulates growth cone lamellipodial and filopodial protrusion dorsally. The UNC-5 receptor maintains dorsal polarity of protrusion, and inhibits growth cone protrusion ventrally, resulting in net dorsal growth cone advance. Work presented here demonstrates a novel role of a previously undescribed, conserved short isoform of UNC-5 (UNC-5B). UNC-5B lacks the cytoplasmic domains of UNC-5 long, including the DEATH domain, the UPA/DB domain, and most of the ZU5 domain. Mutations that specifically affect only the unc-5 long isoforms were hypomorphic, suggesting a role of unc-5B short. A mutation specifically affecting unc-5B cause loss of dorsal polarity of protrusion and reduced growth cone filopodial protrusion, the opposite of unc-5 long mutations. Transgenic expression of unc-5B partially rescued unc-5 axon guidance defects, and resulted in large growth cones. Tyrosine 482 (Y482) in the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region has been shown to be important for UNC-5 function, and is present in both UNC-5 long and UNC-5B short. Results reported here show that Y482 is required for the function of UNC-5 long and for some functions of UNC-5B short. Finally, genetic interactions with unc-40 and unc-6 suggest that UNC-5B short acts in parallel to UNC-6/Netrin to ensure robust growth cone lamellipodial protrusion. In sum, these results demonstrate a previously-undescribed role for the UNC-5B short isoform, which is required for dorsal polarity of growth cone filopodial protrusion and to stimulate growth cone protrusion, in contrast to the previously-described role of UNC-5 long in inhibiting growth cone protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal S. Mahadik
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, 5049 Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Erik A. Lundquist
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, 5049 Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
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8
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Cortés E, Pak JS, Özkan E. Structure and evolution of neuronal wiring receptors and ligands. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:27-60. [PMID: 35727136 PMCID: PMC10084454 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of a neuronal circuit is the map of its connections. The cellular and developmental processes that allow for the growth of axons and dendrites, selection of synaptic targets, and formation of functional synapses use neuronal surface receptors and their interactions with other surface receptors, secreted ligands, and matrix molecules. Spatiotemporal regulation of the expression of these receptors and cues allows for specificity in the developmental pathways that wire stereotyped circuits. The families of molecules controlling axon guidance and synapse formation are generally conserved across animals, with some important exceptions, which have consequences for neuronal connectivity. Here, we summarize the distribution of such molecules across multiple taxa, with a focus on model organisms, evolutionary processes that led to the multitude of such molecules, and functional consequences for the diversification or loss of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ahmed G, Shinmyo Y. Multiple Functions of Draxin/Netrin-1 Signaling in the Development of Neural Circuits in the Spinal Cord and the Brain. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:766911. [PMID: 34899198 PMCID: PMC8655782 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.766911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance proteins play key roles in the formation of neural circuits during development. We previously identified an axon guidance cue, named draxin, that has no homology with other axon guidance proteins. Draxin is essential for the development of various neural circuits including the spinal cord commissure, corpus callosum, and thalamocortical projections. Draxin has been shown to not only control axon guidance through netrin-1 receptors, deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc), and neogenin (Neo1) but also modulate netrin-1-mediated axon guidance and fasciculation. In this review, we summarize the multifaceted functions of draxin and netrin-1 signaling in neural circuit formation in the central nervous system. Furthermore, because recent studies suggest that the distributions and functions of axon guidance cues are highly regulated by glycoproteins such as Dystroglycan and Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, we discuss a possible function of glycoproteins in draxin/netrin-1-mediated axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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10
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Morcom L, Edwards TJ, Rider E, Jones-Davis D, Lim JW, Chen KS, Dean RJ, Bunt J, Ye Y, Gobius I, Suárez R, Mandelstam S, Sherr EH, Richards LJ. DRAXIN regulates interhemispheric fissure remodelling to influence the extent of corpus callosum formation. eLife 2021; 10:61618. [PMID: 33945466 PMCID: PMC8137145 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Corpus callosum dysgenesis (CCD) is a congenital disorder that incorporates either partial or complete absence of the largest cerebral commissure. Remodelling of the interhemispheric fissure (IHF) provides a substrate for callosal axons to cross between hemispheres, and its failure is the main cause of complete CCD. However, it is unclear whether defects in this process could give rise to the heterogeneity of expressivity and phenotypes seen in human cases of CCD. We identify incomplete IHF remodelling as the key structural correlate for the range of callosal abnormalities in inbred and outcrossed BTBR mouse strains, as well as in humans with partial CCD. We identify an eight base-pair deletion in Draxin and misregulated astroglial and leptomeningeal proliferation as genetic and cellular factors for variable IHF remodelling and CCD in BTBR strains. These findings support a model where genetic events determine corpus callosum structure by influencing leptomeningeal-astroglial interactions at the IHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morcom
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eric Rider
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dorothy Jones-Davis
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jonathan Wc Lim
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan J Dean
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jens Bunt
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yunan Ye
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ilan Gobius
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simone Mandelstam
- Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Chaturvedi V, Murray MJ. Netrins: Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Epithelial Fusion and Closure in Development and Wound Healing. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:193-211. [PMID: 33691313 DOI: 10.1159/000513880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial remodelling plays a crucial role during development. The ability of epithelial sheets to temporarily lose their integrity as they fuse with other epithelial sheets underpins events such as the closure of the neural tube and palate. During fusion, epithelial cells undergo some degree of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereby cells from opposing sheets dissolve existing cell-cell junctions, degrade the basement membrane, extend motile processes to contact each other, and then re-establish cell-cell junctions as they fuse. Similar events occur when an epithelium is wounded. Cells at the edge of the wound undergo a partial EMT and migrate towards each other to close the gap. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of Netrins in these processes, and provide insights into the possible signalling pathways involved. Netrins are secreted, laminin-like proteins that are evolutionarily conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Although best known as axonal chemotropic guidance molecules, Netrins also regulate epithelial cells. For example, Netrins regulate branching morphogenesis of the lung and mammary gland, and promote EMT during Drosophila wing eversion. Netrins also control epithelial fusion during optic fissure closure and inner ear formation, and are strongly implicated in neural tube closure and secondary palate closure. Netrins are also upregulated in response to organ damage and epithelial wounding, and can protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury and speed wound healing in cornea and skin. Since Netrins also have immunomodulatory properties, and can promote angiogenesis and re-innervation, they hold great promise as potential factors in future wound healing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chaturvedi
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Murray
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
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12
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Zang Y, Chaudhari K, Bashaw GJ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance receptor regulation and signaling. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:147-196. [PMID: 33706917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the nervous system develops, newly differentiated neurons need to extend their axons toward their synaptic targets to form functional neural circuits. During this highly dynamic process of axon pathfinding, guidance receptors expressed at the tips of motile axons interact with soluble guidance cues or membrane tethered molecules present in the environment to be either attracted toward or repelled away from the source of these cues. As competing cues are often present at the same location and during the same developmental period, guidance receptors need to be both spatially and temporally regulated in order for the navigating axons to make appropriate guidance decisions. This regulation is exerted by a diverse array of molecular mechanisms that have come into focus over the past several decades and these mechanisms ensure that the correct complement of surface receptors is present on the growth cone, a fan-shaped expansion at the tip of the axon. This dynamic, highly motile structure is defined by a lamellipodial network lining the periphery of the growth cone interspersed with finger-like filopodial projections that serve to explore the surrounding environment. Once axon guidance receptors are deployed at the right place and time at the growth cone surface, they respond to their respective ligands by initiating a complex set of signaling events that serve to rearrange the growth cone membrane and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton to affect axon growth and guidance. In this review, we highlight recent advances that shed light on the rich complexity of mechanisms that regulate axon guidance receptor distribution, activation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karina Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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13
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Yamagishi S, Bando Y, Sato K. Involvement of Netrins and Their Receptors in Neuronal Migration in the Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:590009. [PMID: 33520982 PMCID: PMC7843923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, excitatory cortical neurons develop from the proliferative epithelium and progenitor cells in the ventricular zone and subventricular zone, and migrate radially to the cortical plate, whereas inhibitory GABAergic interneurons are born in the ganglionic eminence and migrate tangentially. The migration of newly born cortical neurons is tightly regulated by both extracellular and intracellular signaling to ensure proper positioning and projections. Non-cell-autonomous extracellular molecules, such as growth factors, axon guidance molecules, extracellular matrix, and other ligands, play a role in cortical migration, either by acting as attractants or repellents. In this article, we review the guidance molecules that act as cell-cell recognition molecules for the regulation of neuronal migration, with a focus on netrin family proteins, their receptors, and related molecules, including neogenin, repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs), Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs), and draxin. Netrin proteins induce attractive and repulsive signals depending on their receptors. For example, binding of netrin-1 to deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), possibly together with Unc5, repels migrating GABAergic neurons from the ventricular zone of the ganglionic eminence, whereas binding to α3β1 integrin promotes cortical interneuron migration. Human genetic disorders associated with these and related guidance molecules, such as congenital mirror movements, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamagishi
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Bando
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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14
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Waiho K, Afiqah‐Aleng N, Iryani MTM, Fazhan H. Protein–protein interaction network: an emerging tool for understanding fish disease in aquaculture. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2021; 13:156-177. [DOI: 10.1111/raq.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
Abstract
AbstractProtein–protein interactions (PPIs) play integral roles in a wide range of biological processes that regulate the overall growth, development, physiology and disease in living organisms. With the advancement of high‐throughput sequencing technologies, increasing numbers of PPI networks are being predicted and annotated, and these contribute greatly towards the understanding of pathogenesis and the discovery of novel drug targets for the treatment of diseases. The use of this tool is gaining popularity in the identification, understanding and treatment of diseases in humans and plants. Due to the importance of aquaculture in tackling the global food crisis by producing cheap and high‐quality protein source, the maintenance of the overall health status of aquaculture species is essential. With the increasing omics data on aquaculture species, the PPI network is an emerging tool for fish health maintenance. In this review, we first introduce the concept of PPI network, how they are discovered and their general application. Then, the current status of aquaculture and disease in aquaculture are discussed. The different applications of PPI network in aquaculture fish disease management such as biomarker identification, mechanism prediction, understanding of host–pathogen interaction, understanding of pathogen co‐infection interaction, and potential development of vaccines and treatments are subsequently highlighted. It is hoped that this emerging tool – PPI network – would deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of various diseases and hasten the prevention and treatment processes in aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khor Waiho
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Nor Afiqah‐Aleng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Mat Taib Mimi Iryani
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology Shantou University Guangdong China
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15
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Trans-Axonal Signaling in Neural Circuit Wiring. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145170. [PMID: 32708320 PMCID: PMC7404203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neural circuits is a complex process that relies on the proper navigation of axons through their environment to their appropriate targets. While axon–environment and axon–target interactions have long been known as essential for circuit formation, communication between axons themselves has only more recently emerged as another crucial mechanism. Trans-axonal signaling governs many axonal behaviors, including fasciculation for proper guidance to targets, defasciculation for pathfinding at important choice points, repulsion along and within tracts for pre-target sorting and target selection, repulsion at the target for precise synaptic connectivity, and potentially selective degeneration for circuit refinement. This review outlines the recent advances in identifying the molecular mechanisms of trans-axonal signaling and discusses the role of axon–axon interactions during the different steps of neural circuit formation.
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16
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Abstract
The spinal cord receives, relays and processes sensory information from the periphery and integrates this information with descending inputs from supraspinal centres to elicit precise and appropriate behavioural responses and orchestrate body movements. Understanding how the spinal cord circuits that achieve this integration are wired during development is the focus of much research interest. Several families of proteins have well-established roles in guiding developing spinal cord axons, and recent findings have identified new axon guidance molecules. Nevertheless, an integrated view of spinal cord network development is lacking, and many current models have neglected the cellular and functional diversity of spinal cord circuits. Recent advances challenge the existing spinal cord axon guidance dogmas and have provided a more complex, but more faithful, picture of the ontogenesis of vertebrate spinal cord circuits.
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17
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Meijers R, Smock RG, Zhang Y, Wang JH. Netrin Synergizes Signaling and Adhesion through DCC. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:6-12. [PMID: 31704057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Netrin is a prototypical axon guidance cue. Structural studies have revealed how netrin interacts with the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptor, other receptors, and co-factors for signaling. Recently, genetic studies suggested that netrin is involved in neuronal haptotaxis, which requires a reversible adhesion process. Structural data indicate that netrin can also mediate trans-adhesion between apposing cells decorated with its receptors on the condition that the auxiliary guidance cue draxin is present. Here, we propose that netrin is involved in conditional adhesion, a reversible and localized process that can contribute to cell adhesion and migration. We suggest that netrin-mediated adhesion and signaling are linked, and that local environmental factors in the ventricular zone, the floor plate, or other tissues coordinate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Robert G Smock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China; Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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Volkoff H. Fish as models for understanding the vertebrate endocrine regulation of feeding and weight. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 497:110437. [PMID: 31054868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies of eating disorders and obesity have increased worldwide in recent years. Their pathophysiologies are still unclear, but recent evidence suggests that they might be related to changes in endocrine and neural factors that regulate feeding and energy homeostasis. In order to develop efficient therapeutic drugs, a more thorough knowledge of the neuronal circuits and mechanisms involved is needed. Although to date, rodents have mostly been used models in the area of neuroscience and neuroendocrinology, an increasing number of studies use non-mammalian vertebrates, in particular fish, as model systems. Fish present several advantages over mammalian models and they share genetic and physiological homology to mammals with close similarities in the mechanisms involved in the neural and endocrine regulation of appetite. This review briefly describes the regulation of feeding in two model species, goldfish and zebrafish, how this regulation compares to that in mammals, and how these fish could be used for studies on endocrine regulation of eating and weight and its dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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19
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Wood L, Wright GJ. Approaches to identify extracellular receptor–ligand interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Synergistic Activity of Floor-Plate- and Ventricular-Zone-Derived Netrin-1 in Spinal Cord Commissural Axon Guidance. Neuron 2019; 101:625-634.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ducuing H, Gardette T, Pignata A, Tauszig-Delamasure S, Castellani V. Commissural axon navigation in the spinal cord: A repertoire of repulsive forces is in command. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 85:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Boyer NP, Gupton SL. Revisiting Netrin-1: One Who Guides (Axons). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:221. [PMID: 30108487 PMCID: PMC6080411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper patterning of the nervous system requires that developing axons find appropriate postsynaptic partners; this entails microns to meters of extension through an extracellular milieu exhibiting a wide range of mechanical and chemical properties. Thus, the elaborate networks of fiber tracts and non-fasciculated axons evident in mature organisms are formed via complex pathfinding. The macroscopic structures of axon projections are highly stereotyped across members of the same species, indicating precise mechanisms guide their formation. The developing axon exhibits directionally biased growth toward or away from external guidance cues. One of the most studied guidance cues is netrin-1, however, its presentation in vivo remains debated. Guidance cues can be secreted to form soluble or chemotactic gradients or presented bound to cells or the extracellular matrix to form haptotactic gradients. The growth cone, a highly specialized dynamic structure at the end of the extending axon, detects these guidance cues via transmembrane receptors, such as the netrin-1 receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5. These receptors orchestrate remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane through both chemical and mechanotransductive pathways, which result in traction forces generated by the cytoskeleton against the extracellular environment and translocation of the growth cone. Through intracellular signaling responses, netrin-1 can trigger either attraction or repulsion of the axon. Here we review the mechanisms by which the classical guidance cue netrin-1 regulates intracellular effectors to respond to the extracellular environment in the context of axon guidance during development of the central nervous system and discuss recent findings that demonstrate the critical importance of mechanical forces in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Boyer
- Neurobiology Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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23
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Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons extend axons to reach their targets and form functional circuits. The faulty assembly or disintegration of such circuits results in disorders of the nervous system. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that guide axons and lead to neural circuit formation is of interest not only to developmental neuroscientists but also for a better comprehension of neural disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated how crosstalk between different families of guidance receptors can regulate axonal navigation at choice points, and how changes in growth cone behaviour at intermediate targets require changes in the surface expression of receptors. These changes can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including transcription, translation, protein-protein interactions, and the specific trafficking of proteins and mRNAs. Here, I review these axon guidance mechanisms, highlighting the most recent advances in the field that challenge the textbook model of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther T Stoeckli
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Liu Y, Bhowmick T, Liu Y, Gao X, Mertens HDT, Svergun DI, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Wang JH, Meijers R. Structural Basis for Draxin-Modulated Axon Guidance and Fasciculation by Netrin-1 through DCC. Neuron 2018; 97:1261-1267.e4. [PMID: 29503192 PMCID: PMC5871715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Axon guidance involves the spatiotemporal interplay between guidance cues and membrane-bound cell-surface receptors, present on the growth cone of the axon. Netrin-1 is a prototypical guidance cue that binds to deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), and it has been proposed that the guidance cue Draxin modulates this interaction. Here, we present structural snapshots of Draxin/DCC and Draxin/Netrin-1 complexes, revealing a triangular relationship that affects Netrin-mediated haptotaxis and fasciculation. Draxin interacts with DCC through the N-terminal four immunoglobulin domains, and Netrin-1 through the EGF-3 domain, in the same region where DCC binds. Netrin-1 and DCC bind to adjacent sites on Draxin, which appears to capture Netrin-1 and tether it to the DCC receptor. We propose the conformational flexibility of the single-pass membrane receptor DCC is used to promote fasciculation and regulate axon guidance through concerted Netrin-1/Draxin binding. Video Abstract
Crystal structure of cysteine knot domain of Draxin in complex with DCC Crystal structure of Netrin-1 in complex with a Draxin fragment Netrin-1 contains a competing binding site for DCC and Draxin on the EGF-3 domain Draxin tethers Netrin-1 and DCC together to promote fasciculation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yiqiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xuefan Gao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haydyn D T Mertens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Science and Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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25
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Sato Y, Matsuo A, Kudoh S, Fang L, Hasegawa K, Shinmyo Y, Ito T. Expression of Draxin in Lung Carcinomas. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:53-62. [PMID: 29622850 PMCID: PMC5880803 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidance molecules, such as Netrin-1, and their receptors have important roles in controlling axon pathfinding, modulate biological activities of various cancer cells, and may be a useful target for cancer therapy. Dorsal repulsive axon guidance protein (Draxin) is a novel guidance molecule that binds not only common guidance molecule receptors with Netrin-1, but also directly binds the EGF domain of Netrin-1 through a 22-amino-acid peptide (22aa). By immunostaining, Draxin was positively expressed in small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (ADC), and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that Draxin was expressed in all histological types of lung cancer cell lines examined. Knockdown of Draxin in an ADC cell line H358 resulted in altered expression of molecules associated with proliferation and apoptosis. The Ki-67 labeling index of Draxin-knockdown ADC cells was increased compared to that of control ADC cells. In H358 cells, treatment of 22aa induced phosphorylation of histone H3, but did not change apoptosis-associated enzymes. These data suggest that Draxin might be involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younosuke Sato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Akira Matsuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Liu Fang
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Koki Hasegawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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26
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Draxin regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the postnatal dentate gyrus by inhibiting DCC-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:840. [PMID: 29339781 PMCID: PMC5770412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) is controlled by diffusible molecules that modulate neurogenic processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying hippocampal neurogenesis, we investigated the function of draxin, originally identified as a neural chemorepellent, in the regulation of neuronal survival in the DG. Draxin was expressed in Tbr2 (+) late progenitors and NeuroD1 (+) neuroblasts in the dentate granule cell lineage, whereas expression of its receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) was mainly detectable in neuroblasts. Our phenotypic analysis revealed that draxin deficiency led to enhanced apoptosis of DCC-expressing neuroblasts in the neurogenic areas. Furthermore, in vitro assays using a hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cell (HNSPC) line indicated that draxin inhibited apoptosis in differentiating HNSPCs, which express DCC. Taken together, we postulate that draxin plays a pivotal role in postnatal DG neurogenesis as a dependence receptor ligand for DCC to maintain and promote survival of neuroblasts.
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27
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Finci LI, Zhang J, Sun X, Smock RG, Meijers R, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Wang JH. Structure of unliganded membrane-proximal domains FN4-FN5-FN6 of DCC. Protein Cell 2017; 8:701-705. [PMID: 28664251 PMCID: PMC5563286 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo I Finci
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Xiaqin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Robert G Smock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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28
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Friocourt F, Lafont AG, Kress C, Pain B, Manceau M, Dufour S, Chédotal A. Recurrent DCC gene losses during bird evolution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:37569. [PMID: 28240285 PMCID: PMC5327424 DOI: 10.1038/srep37569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, midline crossing by axons brings into play highly conserved families of receptors and ligands. The interaction between the secreted ligand Netrin-1 and its receptor Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC) is thought to control midline attraction of crossing axons. Here, we studied the evolution of this ligand/receptor couple in birds taking advantage of a wealth of newly sequenced genomes. From phylogeny and synteny analyses we can infer that the DCC gene has been conserved in most extant bird species, while two independent events have led to its loss in two avian groups, passeriformes and galliformes. These convergent accidental gene loss events are likely related to chromosome Z rearrangement. We show, using whole-mount immunostaining and 3Disco clearing, that in the nervous system of all birds that have a DCC gene, DCC protein expression pattern is similar to other vertebrates. Surprisingly, we show that the early developmental pattern of commissural tracts is comparable in all birds, whether or not they have a DCC receptor. Interestingly, only 4 of the 5 genes encoding secreted netrins, the DCC ligands in vertebrates, were found in birds, but Netrin-5 was absent. Together, these results support a remarkable plasticity of commissural axon guidance mechanisms in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Friocourt
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Gaelle Lafont
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Kress
- Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRA, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRA, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR 7241, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
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29
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de Ramon Francàs G, Zuñiga NR, Stoeckli ET. The spinal cord shows the way - How axons navigate intermediate targets. Dev Biol 2016; 432:43-52. [PMID: 27965053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional neural circuits depend on the establishment of specific connections between neurons and their target cells. To this end, many axons have to travel long distances to reach their target cells during development. Studies addressing the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance have to overcome the complexity of subpopulation-specific requirements with respect to pathways, guidance cues, and target recognition. Compared to the brain, the relatively simple structure of the spinal cord provides an advantage for experimental studies of axon guidance mechanisms. Therefore, the so far best understood model for axon guidance is the dI1 population of dorsal interneurons of the spinal cord. They extend their axons ventrally towards the floor plate. After midline crossing, they turn rostrally along the contralateral floor-plate border. Despite the fact that the trajectory of dI1 axons seems to be rather simple, the number of axon guidance molecules involved in the decisions taken by these axons is bewildering. Because guidance molecules and mechanisms are conserved throughout the developing nervous system, we can generalize what we have learned about the navigation of the floor plate as an intermediate target for commissural axons to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma de Ramon Francàs
- University of Zurich, Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikole R Zuñiga
- University of Zurich, Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- University of Zurich, Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Morales D, Kania A. Cooperation and crosstalk in axon guidance cue integration: Additivity, synergy, and fine-tuning in combinatorial signaling. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:891-904. [PMID: 27739221 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit development involves the coordinated growth and guidance of axons to their targets. Following the identification of many guidance cue molecules, recent experiments have focused on the interactions of their signaling cascades, which can be generally classified as additive or non-additive depending on the signal convergence point. While additive (parallel) signaling suggests limited molecular interaction between the pathways, non-additive signaling involves crosstalk between pathways and includes more complex synergistic, hierarchical, and permissive guidance cue relationships. Here the authors have attempted to classify recent studies that describe axon guidance signal integration according to these divisions. They also discuss the mechanistic implications of such interactions, as well as general ideas relating signal integration to the generation of diversity of axon guidance responses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 891-904, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morales
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B2, Canada.,Department of Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Panza P, Sitko AA, Maischein HM, Koch I, Flötenmeyer M, Wright GJ, Mandai K, Mason CA, Söllner C. The LRR receptor Islr2 is required for retinal axon routing at the vertebrate optic chiasm. Neural Dev 2015; 10:23. [PMID: 26492970 PMCID: PMC4618557 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the visual system of most binocular vertebrates, the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) diverge at the diencephalic midline and extend to targets on both ipsi- and contralateral sides of the brain. While a molecular mechanism explaining ipsilateral guidance decisions has been characterized, less is known of how RGC axons cross the midline. RESULTS Here, we took advantage of the zebrafish, in which all RGC axons project contralaterally at the optic chiasm, to characterize Islr2 as an RGC receptor required for complete retinal axon midline crossing. We used a systematic extracellular protein-protein interaction screening assay to identify two Vasorin paralogs, Vasna and Vasnb, as specific Islr2 ligands. Antibodies against Vasna and Vasnb reveal cellular populations surrounding the retinal axon pathway, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in guidance decisions made by axons of the optic nerve. Specifically, Vasnb marks the membranes of a cellular barricade located anteriorly to the optic chiasm, a structure termed the "glial knot" in higher vertebrates. Loss of function mutations in either vasorin paralog, individually or combined, however, do not exhibit an overt retinal axon projection phenotype, suggesting that additional midline factors, acting either independently or redundantly, compensate for their loss. Analysis of Islr2 knockout mice supports a scenario in which Islr2 controls the coherence of RGC axons through the ventral midline and optic tract. CONCLUSIONS Although stereotypic guidance of RGC axons at the vertebrate optic chiasm is controlled by multiple, redundant mechanisms, and despite the differences in ventral diencephalic tissue architecture, we identify a novel role for the LRR receptor Islr2 in ensuring proper axon navigation at the optic chiasm of both zebrafish and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Panza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Genetik, Spemannstraße 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Austen A Sitko
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Martin Maischein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Genetik, Spemannstraße 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für Herz- und Lungenforschung, Abteilung Genetik der Entwicklung, Ludwigstraße 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Elektronenmikroskopie, Spemannstraße 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Flötenmeyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Elektronenmikroskopie, Spemannstraße 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Carol A Mason
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christian Söllner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Genetik, Spemannstraße 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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