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Wang M, Jendrichovsky P, Kanold PO. Auditory discrimination learning differentially modulates neural representation in auditory cortex subregions and inter-areal connectivity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114172. [PMID: 38703366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in sound-evoked responses in the auditory cortex (ACtx) occur during learning, but how learning alters neural responses in different ACtx subregions and changes their interactions is unclear. To address these questions, we developed an automated training and widefield imaging system to longitudinally track the neural activity of all mouse ACtx subregions during a tone discrimination task. We find that responses in primary ACtx are highly informative of learned stimuli and behavioral outcomes throughout training. In contrast, representations of behavioral outcomes in the dorsal posterior auditory field, learned stimuli in the dorsal anterior auditory field, and inter-regional correlations between primary and higher-order areas are enhanced with training. Moreover, ACtx response changes vary between stimuli, and such differences display lag synchronization with the learning rate. These results indicate that learning alters functional connections between ACtx subregions, inducing region-specific modulations by propagating behavioral information from primary to higher-order areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peter Jendrichovsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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2
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Huang S, Guo X, Xie JJ, Lau KYS, Liu R, Mak ADP, Cheung VCK, Chan RHM. Rectified Latent Variable Model-Based EMG Factorization of Inhibitory Muscle Synergy Components Related to Aging, Expertise and Force-Tempo Variations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2820. [PMID: 38732926 PMCID: PMC11086352 DOI: 10.3390/s24092820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Muscle synergy has been widely acknowledged as a possible strategy of neuromotor control, but current research has ignored the potential inhibitory components in muscle synergies. Our study aims to identify and characterize the inhibitory components within motor modules derived from electromyography (EMG), investigate the impact of aging and motor expertise on these components, and better understand the nervous system's adaptions to varying task demands. We utilized a rectified latent variable model (RLVM) to factorize motor modules with inhibitory components from EMG signals recorded from ten expert pianists when they played scales and pieces at different tempo-force combinations. We found that older participants showed a higher proportion of inhibitory components compared with the younger group. Senior experts had a higher proportion of inhibitory components on the left hand, and most inhibitory components became less negative with increased tempo or decreased force. Our results demonstrated that the inhibitory components in muscle synergies could be shaped by aging and expertise, and also took part in motor control for adapting to different conditions in complex tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subing Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.H.); (X.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.H.); (X.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Jodie J. Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.J.X.); (K.Y.S.L.); (V.C.K.C.)
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Y. S. Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.J.X.); (K.Y.S.L.); (V.C.K.C.)
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.H.); (X.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Arthur D. P. Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Vincent C. K. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.J.X.); (K.Y.S.L.); (V.C.K.C.)
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rosa H. M. Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.H.); (X.G.); (R.L.)
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Deane KE, Klymentiev R, Heck J, Mark MD, Ohl FW, Heine M, Happel MFK. Inhibiting presynaptic calcium channel motility in the auditory cortex suppresses synchronized input processing. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1369047. [PMID: 38660672 PMCID: PMC11041022 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1369047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergent coherent population activity from thousands of stochastic neurons in the brain is believed to constitute a key neuronal mechanism for salient processing of external stimuli and its link to internal states like attention and perception. In the sensory cortex, functional cell assemblies are formed by recurrent excitation and inhibitory influences. The stochastic dynamics of each cell involved is largely orchestrated by presynaptic CAV2.1 voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Cav2.1 VGCCs initiate the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic compartment and are therefore able to add variability into synaptic transmission which can be partly explained by their mobile organization around docked vesicles. Methods To investigate the relevance of Cav2.1 channel surface motility for the input processing in the primary auditory cortex (A1) in vivo, we make use of a new optogenetic system which allows for acute, reversable cross-linking Cav2.1 VGCCs via a photo-cross-linkable cryptochrome mutant, CRY2olig. In order to map neuronal activity across all cortical layers of the A1, we performed laminar current-source density (CSD) recordings with varying auditory stimulus sets in transgenic mice with a citrine tag on the N-terminus of the VGCCs. Results Clustering VGCCs suppresses overall sensory-evoked population activity, particularly when stimuli lead to a highly synchronized distribution of synaptic inputs. Discussion Our findings reveal the importance of membrane dynamics of presynaptic calcium channels for sensory encoding by dynamically adjusting network activity across a wide range of synaptic input strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E. Deane
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Ruslan Klymentiev
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Heck
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie D. Mark
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank W. Ohl
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max F. K. Happel
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- MSB Medical School Berlin, Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Mittelstadt JK, Shilling-Scrivo KV, Kanold PO. Long-term training alters response dynamics in the aging auditory cortex. Hear Res 2024; 444:108965. [PMID: 38364511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Age-related auditory dysfunction, presbycusis, is caused in part by functional changes in the auditory cortex (ACtx) such as altered response dynamics and increased population correlations. Given the ability of cortical function to be altered by training, we tested if performing auditory tasks might benefit auditory function in old age. We examined this by training adult mice on a low-effort tone-detection task for at least six months and then investigated functional responses in ACtx at an older age (∼18 months). Task performance remained stable well into old age. Comparing sound-evoked responses of thousands of ACtx neurons using in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging, we found that many aspects of youthful neuronal activity, including low activity correlations, lower neural excitability, and a greater proportion of suppressed responses, were preserved in trained old animals as compared to passively-exposed old animals. Thus, consistent training on a low-effort task can benefit age-related functional changes in ACtx and may preserve many aspects of auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah K Mittelstadt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kelson V Shilling-Scrivo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Morandell K, Yin A, Triana Del Rio R, Schneider DM. Movement-Related Modulation in Mouse Auditory Cortex Is Widespread Yet Locally Diverse. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1227232024. [PMID: 38286628 PMCID: PMC10941236 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1227-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse auditory cortex are strongly influenced by behavior, including both suppression and enhancement of sound-evoked responses during movement. The mouse auditory cortex comprises multiple fields with different roles in sound processing and distinct connectivity to movement-related centers of the brain. Here, we asked whether movement-related modulation in male mice might differ across auditory cortical fields, thereby contributing to the heterogeneity of movement-related modulation at the single-cell level. We used wide-field calcium imaging to identify distinct cortical fields and cellular-resolution two-photon calcium imaging to visualize the activity of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons within each field. We measured each neuron's responses to three sound categories (pure tones, chirps, and amplitude-modulated white noise) as mice rested and ran on a non-motorized treadmill. We found that individual neurons in each cortical field typically respond to just one sound category. Some neurons are only active during rest and others during locomotion, and those that are responsive across conditions retain their sound-category tuning. The effects of locomotion on sound-evoked responses vary at the single-cell level, with both suppression and enhancement of neural responses, and the net modulatory effect of locomotion is largely conserved across cortical fields. Movement-related modulation in auditory cortex also reflects more complex behavioral patterns, including instantaneous running speed and nonlocomotor movements such as grooming and postural adjustments, with similar patterns seen across all auditory cortical fields. Our findings underscore the complexity of movement-related modulation throughout the mouse auditory cortex and indicate that movement-related modulation is a widespread phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Morandell
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10012
| | - Audrey Yin
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10012
| | | | - David M Schneider
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10012
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Ribeiro TL, Jendrichovsky P, Yu S, Martin DA, Kanold PO, Chialvo DR, Plenz D. Trial-by-trial variability in cortical responses exhibits scaling of spatial correlations predicted from critical dynamics. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113762. [PMID: 38341856 PMCID: PMC10956720 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cortex, even simple sensory inputs or movements activate many neurons, with each neuron responding variably to repeated stimuli-a phenomenon known as trial-by-trial variability. Understanding the spatial patterns and dynamics of this variability is challenging. Using cellular 2-photon imaging, we study visual and auditory responses in the primary cortices of awake mice. We focus on how individual neurons' responses differed from the overall population. We find consistent spatial correlations in these differences that are unique to each trial and linearly scale with the cortical area observed, a characteristic of critical dynamics as confirmed in our neuronal simulations. Using chronic multi-electrode recordings, we observe similar scaling in the prefrontal and premotor cortex of non-human primates during self-initiated and visually cued motor tasks. These results suggest that trial-by-trial variability, rather than being random noise, reflects a critical, fluctuation-dominated state in the cortex, supporting the brain's efficiency in processing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago L Ribeiro
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Jendrichovsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Daniel A Martin
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences (CEMSC3), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, (ICIFI) Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), San Martín 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences (CEMSC3), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, (ICIFI) Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), San Martín 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dietmar Plenz
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Ford AN, Czarny JE, Rogalla MM, Quass GL, Apostolides PF. Auditory Corticofugal Neurons Transmit Auditory and Non-auditory Information During Behavior. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1190232023. [PMID: 38123993 PMCID: PMC10869159 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1190-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Layer 5 pyramidal neurons of sensory cortices project "corticofugal" axons to myriad sub-cortical targets, thereby broadcasting high-level signals important for perception and learning. Recent studies suggest dendritic Ca2+ spikes as key biophysical mechanisms supporting corticofugal neuron function: these long-lasting events drive burst firing, thereby initiating uniquely powerful signals to modulate sub-cortical representations and trigger learning-related plasticity. However, the behavioral relevance of corticofugal dendritic spikes is poorly understood. We shed light on this issue using 2-photon Ca2+ imaging of auditory corticofugal dendrites as mice of either sex engage in a GO/NO-GO sound-discrimination task. Unexpectedly, only a minority of dendritic spikes were triggered by behaviorally relevant sounds under our conditions. Task related dendritic activity instead mostly followed sound cue termination and co-occurred with mice's instrumental licking during the answer period of behavioral trials, irrespective of reward consumption. Temporally selective, optogenetic silencing of corticofugal neurons during the trial answer period impaired auditory discrimination learning. Thus, auditory corticofugal systems' contribution to learning and plasticity may be partially nonsensory in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Ford
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jordyn E Czarny
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Meike M Rogalla
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gunnar L Quass
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Pierre F Apostolides
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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8
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Bowen Z, Shilling-Scrivo K, Losert W, Kanold PO. Fractured columnar small-world functional network organization in volumes of L2/3 of mouse auditory cortex. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae074. [PMID: 38415223 PMCID: PMC10898513 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The sensory cortices of the brain exhibit large-scale functional topographic organization, such as the tonotopic organization of the primary auditory cortex (A1) according to sound frequency. However, at the level of individual neurons, layer 2/3 (L2/3) A1 appears functionally heterogeneous. To identify if there exists a higher-order functional organization of meso-scale neuronal networks within L2/3 that bridges order and disorder, we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of pyramidal neurons to identify networks in three-dimensional volumes of L2/3 A1 in awake mice. Using tonal stimuli, we found diverse receptive fields with measurable colocalization of similarly tuned neurons across depth but less so across L2/3 sublayers. These results indicate a fractured microcolumnar organization with a column radius of ∼50 µm, with a more random organization of the receptive field over larger radii. We further characterized the functional networks formed within L2/3 by analyzing the spatial distribution of signal correlations (SCs). Networks show evidence of Rentian scaling in physical space, suggesting effective spatial embedding of subnetworks. Indeed, functional networks have characteristics of small-world topology, implying that there are clusters of functionally similar neurons with sparse connections between differently tuned neurons. These results indicate that underlying the regularity of the tonotopic map on large scales in L2/3 is significant tuning diversity arranged in a hybrid organization with microcolumnar structures and efficient network topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac Bowen
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fraunhofer USA Center Mid-Atlantic, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA
| | - Kelson Shilling-Scrivo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20215, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20215, USA
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9
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Chien VSC, Wang P, Maess B, Fishman Y, Knösche TR. Laminar neural dynamics of auditory evoked responses: Computational modeling of local field potentials in auditory cortex of non-human primates. Neuroimage 2023; 281:120364. [PMID: 37683810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evoked neural responses to sensory stimuli have been extensively investigated in humans and animal models both to enhance our understanding of brain function and to aid in clinical diagnosis of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Recording and imaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), local field potentials (LFPs), and calcium imaging provide complementary information about different aspects of brain activity at different spatial and temporal scales. Modeling and simulations provide a way to integrate these different types of information to clarify underlying neural mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to shed light on the neural dynamics underlying auditory evoked responses by fitting a rate-based model to LFPs recorded via multi-contact electrodes which simultaneously sampled neural activity across cortical laminae. Recordings included neural population responses to best-frequency (BF) and non-BF tones at four representative sites in primary auditory cortex (A1) of awake monkeys. The model considered major neural populations of excitatory, parvalbumin-expressing (PV), and somatostatin-expressing (SOM) neurons across layers 2/3, 4, and 5/6. Unknown parameters, including the connection strength between the populations, were fitted to the data. Our results revealed similar population dynamics, fitted model parameters, predicted equivalent current dipoles (ECD), tuning curves, and lateral inhibition profiles across recording sites and animals, in spite of quite different extracellular current distributions. We found that PV firing rates were higher in BF than in non-BF responses, mainly due to different strengths of tonotopic thalamic input, whereas SOM firing rates were higher in non-BF than in BF responses due to lateral inhibition. In conclusion, we demonstrate the feasibility of the model-fitting approach in identifying the contributions of cell-type specific population activity to stimulus-evoked LFPs across cortical laminae, providing a foundation for further investigations into the dynamics of neural circuits underlying cortical sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S C Chien
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany; Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Peng Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Maess
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany
| | - Yonatan Fishman
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany.
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10
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Mittelstadt JK, Kanold PO. Orbitofrontal cortex conveys stimulus and task information to the auditory cortex. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4160-4173.e4. [PMID: 37716349 PMCID: PMC10602585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Auditory cortical neurons modify their response profiles in response to numerous external factors. During task performance, changes in primary auditory cortex (A1) responses are thought to be driven by top-down inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which may lead to response modification on a trial-by-trial basis. While OFC neurons respond to auditory stimuli and project to A1, the function of OFC projections to A1 during auditory tasks is unknown. Here, we observed the activity of putative OFC terminals in A1 in mice by using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of OFC terminals under passive conditions and during a tone detection task. We found that behavioral activity modulates but is not necessary to evoke OFC terminal responses in A1. OFC terminals in A1 form distinct populations that exclusively respond to either the tone, reward, or error. Using tones against a background of white noise, we found that OFC terminal activity was modulated by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in both the passive and active conditions and that OFC terminal activity varied with SNR, and thus task difficulty in the active condition. Therefore, OFC projections in A1 are heterogeneous in their modulation of auditory encoding and likely contribute to auditory processing under various auditory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah K Mittelstadt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Vivaldo CA, Lee J, Shorkey M, Keerthy A, Rothschild G. Auditory cortex ensembles jointly encode sound and locomotion speed to support sound perception during movement. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002277. [PMID: 37651461 PMCID: PMC10499203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to process and act upon incoming sounds during locomotion is critical for survival and adaptive behavior. Despite the established role that the auditory cortex (AC) plays in behavior- and context-dependent sound processing, previous studies have found that auditory cortical activity is on average suppressed during locomotion as compared to immobility. While suppression of auditory cortical responses to self-generated sounds results from corollary discharge, which weakens responses to predictable sounds, the functional role of weaker responses to unpredictable external sounds during locomotion remains unclear. In particular, whether suppression of external sound-evoked responses during locomotion reflects reduced involvement of the AC in sound processing or whether it results from masking by an alternative neural computation in this state remains unresolved. Here, we tested the hypothesis that rather than simple inhibition, reduced sound-evoked responses during locomotion reflect a tradeoff with the emergence of explicit and reliable coding of locomotion velocity. To test this hypothesis, we first used neural inactivation in behaving mice and found that the AC plays a critical role in sound-guided behavior during locomotion. To investigate the nature of this processing, we used two-photon calcium imaging of local excitatory auditory cortical neural populations in awake mice. We found that locomotion had diverse influences on activity of different neurons, with a net suppression of baseline-subtracted sound-evoked responses and neural stimulus detection, consistent with previous studies. Importantly, we found that the net inhibitory effect of locomotion on baseline-subtracted sound-evoked responses was strongly shaped by elevated ongoing activity that compressed the response dynamic range, and that rather than reflecting enhanced "noise," this ongoing activity reliably encoded the animal's locomotion speed. Decoding analyses revealed that locomotion speed and sound are robustly co-encoded by auditory cortical ensemble activity. Finally, we found consistent patterns of joint coding of sound and locomotion speed in electrophysiologically recorded activity in freely moving rats. Together, our data suggest that rather than being suppressed by locomotion, auditory cortical ensembles explicitly encode it alongside sound information to support sound perception during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arturo Vivaldo
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joonyeup Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - MaryClaire Shorkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ajay Keerthy
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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12
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Calhoun G, Chen CT, Kanold PO. Bilateral widefield calcium imaging reveals circuit asymmetries and lateralized functional activation of the mouse auditory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219340120. [PMID: 37459544 PMCID: PMC10372568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219340120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated functioning of the two cortical hemispheres is crucial for perception. The human auditory cortex (ACx) shows functional lateralization with the left hemisphere specialized for processing speech, whereas the right analyzes spectral content. In mice, virgin females demonstrate a left-hemisphere response bias to pup vocalizations that strengthens with motherhood. However, how this lateralized function is established is unclear. We developed a widefield imaging microscope to simultaneously image both hemispheres of mice to bilaterally monitor functional responses. We found that global ACx topography is symmetrical and stereotyped. In both male and virgin female mice, the secondary auditory cortex (A2) in the left hemisphere shows larger responses than right to high-frequency tones and adult vocalizations; however, only virgin female mice show a left-hemisphere bias in A2 in response to adult pain calls. These results indicate hemispheric bias with both sex-independent and -dependent aspects. Analyzing cross-hemispheric functional correlations showed that asymmetries exist in the strength of correlations between DM-AAF and A2-AAF, while other ACx areas showed smaller differences. We found that A2 showed lower cross-hemisphere correlation than other cortical areas, consistent with the lateralized functional activation of A2. Cross-hemispheric activity correlations are lower in deaf, otoferlin knockout (OTOF-/-) mice, indicating that the development of functional cross-hemispheric connections is experience dependent. Together, our results reveal that ACx is topographically symmetric at the macroscopic scale but that higher-order A2 shows sex-dependent and independent lateralized responses due to asymmetric intercortical functional connections. Moreover, our results suggest that sensory experience is required to establish functional cross-hemispheric connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Calhoun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Chih-Ting Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Patrick O. Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205
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13
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Mukherjee D, Xue B, Chen CT, Chang M, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Early retinal deprivation crossmodally alters nascent subplate circuits and activity in the auditory cortex during the precritical period. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9038-9053. [PMID: 37259176 PMCID: PMC10350824 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory perturbation in one modality results in the adaptive reorganization of neural pathways within the spared modalities, a phenomenon known as "crossmodal plasticity," which has been examined during or after the classic "critical period." Because peripheral perturbations can alter the auditory cortex (ACX) activity and functional connectivity of the ACX subplate neurons (SPNs) even before the critical period, called the precritical period, we investigated if retinal deprivation at birth crossmodally alters the ACX activity and SPN circuits during the precritical period. We deprived newborn mice of visual inputs after birth by performing bilateral enucleation. We performed in vivo widefield imaging in the ACX of awake pups during the first two postnatal weeks to investigate cortical activity. We found that enucleation alters spontaneous and sound-evoked activities in the ACX in an age-dependent manner. Next, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with laser scanning photostimulation in ACX slices to investigate circuit changes in SPNs. We found that enucleation alters the intracortical inhibitory circuits impinging on SPNs, shifting the excitation-inhibition balance toward excitation and this shift persists after ear opening. Together, our results indicate that crossmodal functional changes exist in the developing sensory cortices at early ages before the onset of the classic critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Binghan Xue
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Chih-Ting Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Minzi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Department of Physiology, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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14
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Morandell K, Yin A, Del Rio RT, Schneider DM. Movement-related modulation in mouse auditory cortex is widespread yet locally diverse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.03.547560. [PMID: 37461568 PMCID: PMC10349927 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.547560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse auditory cortex are strongly influenced by behavior, including both suppression and enhancement of sound-evoked responses during movement. The mouse auditory cortex comprises multiple fields with different roles in sound processing and distinct connectivity to movement-related centers of the brain. Here, we asked whether movement-related modulation might differ across auditory cortical fields, thereby contributing to the heterogeneity of movement-related modulation at the single-cell level. We used wide-field calcium imaging to identify distinct cortical fields followed by cellular-resolution two-photon calcium imaging to visualize the activity of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons within each field. We measured each neuron's responses to three sound categories (pure tones, chirps, and amplitude modulated white noise) as mice rested and ran on a non-motorized treadmill. We found that individual neurons in each cortical field typically respond to just one sound category. Some neurons are only active during rest and others during locomotion, and those that are responsive across conditions retain their sound-category tuning. The effects of locomotion on sound-evoked responses vary at the single-cell level, with both suppression and enhancement of neural responses, and the net modulatory effect of locomotion is largely conserved across cortical fields. Movement-related modulation in auditory cortex also reflects more complex behavioral patterns, including instantaneous running speed and non-locomotor movements such as grooming and postural adjustments, with similar patterns seen across all auditory cortical fields. Our findings underscore the complexity of movement-related modulation throughout the mouse auditory cortex and indicate that movement-related modulation is a widespread phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Morandell
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Audrey Yin
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10012
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15
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Paci E, Lumb BM, Apps R, Lawrenson CL, Moran RJ. Dynamic causal modeling reveals increased cerebellar- periaqueductal gray communication during fear extinction. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1148604. [PMID: 37266394 PMCID: PMC10229824 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1148604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The extinction of fear memories is an important component in regulating defensive behaviors, contributing toward adaptive processes essential for survival. The cerebellar medial nucleus (MCN) has bidirectional connections with the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and is implicated in the regulation of multiple aspects of fear, such as conditioned fear learning and the expression of defensive motor outputs. However, it is unclear how communication between the MCN and vlPAG changes during conditioned fear extinction. Methods We use dynamic causal models (DCMs) to infer effective connectivity between the MCN and vlPAG during auditory cue-conditioned fear retrieval and extinction in the rat. DCMs determine causal relationships between neuronal sources by using neurobiologically motivated models to reproduce the dynamics of post-synaptic potentials generated by synaptic connections within and between brain regions. Auditory event related potentials (ERPs) during the conditioned tone offset were recorded simultaneously from MCN and vlPAG and then modeled to identify changes in the strength of the synaptic inputs between these brain areas and the relationship to freezing behavior across extinction trials. The DCMs were structured to model evoked responses to best represent conditioned tone offset ERPs and were adapted to represent PAG and cerebellar circuitry. Results With the use of Parametric Empirical Bayesian (PEB) analysis we found that the strength of the information flow, mediated through enhanced synaptic efficacy from MCN to vlPAG was inversely related to freezing during extinction, i.e., communication from MCN to vlPAG increased with extinction. Discussion The results are consistent with the cerebellum contributing to predictive processes that underpin fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paci
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget M. Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L. Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Department of Neuroimaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kline AM, Aponte DA, Kato HK. Distinct nonlinear spectrotemporal integration in primary and secondary auditory cortices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7658. [PMID: 37169827 PMCID: PMC10175507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals sense sounds through hierarchical neural pathways that ultimately reach higher-order cortices to extract complex acoustic features, such as vocalizations. Elucidating how spectrotemporal integration varies along the hierarchy from primary to higher-order auditory cortices is a crucial step in understanding this elaborate sensory computation. Here we used two-photon calcium imaging and two-tone stimuli with various frequency-timing combinations to compare spectrotemporal integration between primary (A1) and secondary (A2) auditory cortices in mice. Individual neurons showed mixed supralinear and sublinear integration in a frequency-timing combination-specific manner, and we found unique integration patterns in these two areas. Temporally asymmetric spectrotemporal integration in A1 neurons suggested their roles in discriminating frequency-modulated sweep directions. In contrast, temporally symmetric and coincidence-preferring integration in A2 neurons made them ideal spectral integrators of concurrent multifrequency sounds. Moreover, the ensemble neural activity in A2 was sensitive to two-tone timings, and coincident two-tones evoked distinct ensemble activity patterns from the linear sum of component tones. Together, these results demonstrate distinct roles of A1 and A2 in encoding complex acoustic features, potentially suggesting parallel rather than sequential information extraction between these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Kline
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Destinee A Aponte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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17
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Narayanan DP, Tsukano H, Kline AM, Onodera K, Kato HK. Biological constraints on stereotaxic targeting of functionally-defined cortical areas. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3293-3310. [PMID: 35834935 PMCID: PMC10016058 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding computational principles in hierarchically organized sensory systems requires functional parcellation of brain structures and their precise targeting for manipulations. Although brain atlases are widely used to infer area locations in the mouse neocortex, it has been unclear whether stereotaxic coordinates based on standardized brain morphology accurately represent functional domains in individual animals. Here, we used intrinsic signal imaging to evaluate the accuracy of area delineation in the atlas by mapping functionally-identified auditory cortices onto bregma-based stereotaxic coordinates. We found that auditory cortices in the brain atlas correlated poorly with the true complexity of functional area boundaries. Inter-animal variability in functional area locations predicted surprisingly high error rates in stereotaxic targeting with atlas coordinates. This variability was not simply attributed to brain sizes or suture irregularities but instead reflected differences in cortical geography across animals. Our data thus indicate that functional mapping in individual animals is essential for dissecting cortical area-specific roles with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroaki Tsukano
- Corresponding authors: Hiroyuki Kato, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States. ; Hiroaki Tsukano, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States.
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Corresponding authors: Hiroyuki Kato, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States. ; Hiroaki Tsukano, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Dr., Mary Ellen Jones Building, Rm. 6212B, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7250, United States.
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18
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Mukherjee D, Xue B, Chen CT, Chang M, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Early retinal deprivation crossmodally alters nascent subplate circuits and activity in the auditory cortex during the precritical period. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.529453. [PMID: 36865142 PMCID: PMC9980129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Sensory perturbation in one modality results in adaptive reorganization of neural pathways within the spared modalities, a phenomenon known as "crossmodal plasticity", which has been examined during or after the classic 'critical period'. Because peripheral perturbations can alter auditory cortex (ACX) activity and functional connectivity of the ACX subplate neurons (SPNs) even before the classic critical period, called the precritical period, we investigated if retinal deprivation at birth crossmodally alters ACX activity and SPN circuits during the precritical period. We deprived newborn mice of visual inputs after birth by performing bilateral enucleation. We performed in vivo imaging in the ACX of awake pups during the first two postnatal weeks to investigate cortical activity. We found that enucleation alters spontaneous and sound-evoked activity in the ACX in an age-dependent manner. Next, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with laser scanning photostimulation in ACX slices to investigate circuit changes in SPNs. We found that enucleation alters the intracortical inhibitory circuits impinging on SPNs shifting the excitation-inhibition balance towards excitation and this shift persists after ear opening. Together, our results indicate that crossmodal functional changes exist in the developing sensory cortices at early ages before the onset of the classic critical period.
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19
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Kang H, Kanold PO. Auditory memory of complex sounds in sparsely distributed, highly correlated neurons in the auditory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526903. [PMID: 36778416 PMCID: PMC9915716 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Listening in complex sound environments requires rapid segregation of different sound sources e.g., speakers from each other, speakers from other sounds, or different instruments in an orchestra, and also adjust auditory processing on the prevailing sound conditions. Thus, fast encoding of inputs and identifying and adapting to reoccurring sounds are necessary for efficient and agile sound perception. This adaptation process represents an early phase of developing implicit learning of sound statistics and thus represents a form of auditory memory. The auditory cortex (ACtx) is known to play a key role in this encoding process but the underlying circuits and if hierarchical processing exists are not known. To identify ACtx regions and cells involved in this process, we simultaneously imaged population of neurons in different ACtx subfields using in vivo 2-photon imaging in awake mice. We used an experimental stimulus paradigm adapted from human studies that triggers rapid and robust implicit learning to passively present complex sounds and imaged A1 Layer 4 (L4), A1 L2/3, and A2 L2/3. In this paradigm, a frozen spectro-temporally complex 'Target' sound would be randomly re-occurring within a stream of random other complex sounds. We find distinct groups of cells that are specifically responsive to complex acoustic sequences across all subregions indicating that even the initial thalamocortical input layers (A1 L4) respond to complex sounds. Cells in all imaged regions showed decreased response amplitude for reoccurring Target sounds indicating that a memory signature is present even in the thalamocortical input layers. On the population level we find increased synchronized activity across cells to the Target sound and that this synchronized activity was more consistent across cells regardless of the duration of frozen token within Target sounds in A2, compared to A1. These findings suggest that ACtx and its input layers play a role in auditory memory for complex sounds and suggest a hierarchical structure of processes for auditory memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- HiJee Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20215
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20215
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20
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Luo D, Liu J, Auksztulewicz R, Wing Yip TK, Kanold PO, Schnupp JW. Hierarchical Deviant Processing in Auditory Cortex of Awake Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524413. [PMID: 36711896 PMCID: PMC9882249 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Detecting patterns, and noticing unexpected pattern changes, in the environment is a vital aspect of sensory processing. Adaptation and prediction error responses are two components of neural processing related to these tasks, and previous studies in the auditory system in rodents show that these two components are partially dissociable in terms of the topography and latency of neural responses to sensory deviants. However, many previous studies have focused on repetitions of single stimuli, such as pure tones, which have limited ecological validity. In this study, we tested whether the auditory cortical activity shows adaptation to repetition of more complex sound patterns (bisyllabic pairs). Specifically, we compared neural responses to violations of sequences based on single stimulus probability only, against responses to more complex violations based on stimulus order. We employed an auditory oddball paradigm and monitored the auditory cortex (ACtx) activity of awake mice (N=8) using wide-field calcium imaging. We found that cortical responses were sensitive both to single stimulus probabilities and to more global stimulus patterns, as mismatch signals were elicited following both substitution deviants and transposition deviants. Notably, A2 area elicited larger mismatch signaling to those deviants than primary ACtx (A1), which suggests a hierarchical gradient of prediction error signaling in the auditory cortex. Such a hierarchical gradient was observed for late but not early peaks of calcium transients to deviants, suggesting that the late part of the deviant response may reflect prediction error signaling in response to more complex sensory pattern violations.
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21
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Decreased Modulation of Population Correlations in Auditory Cortex Is Associated with Decreased Auditory Detection Performance in Old Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9278-9292. [PMID: 36302637 PMCID: PMC9761686 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0955-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) affects one-third of the world's population. One hallmark of presbycusis is difficulty hearing in noisy environments. Presbycusis can be separated into two components: the aging ear and the aging brain. To date, the role of the aging brain in presbycusis is not well understood. Activity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) during a behavioral task is because of a combination of responses representing the acoustic stimuli, attentional gain, and behavioral choice. Disruptions in any of these aspects can lead to decreased auditory processing. To investigate how these distinct components are disrupted in aging, we performed in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging in both male and female mice (Thy1-GCaMP6s × CBA/CaJ mice) that retain peripheral hearing into old age. We imaged A1 neurons of young adult (2-6 months) and old mice (16-24 months) during a tone detection task in broadband noise. While young mice performed well, old mice performed worse at low signal-to-noise ratios. Calcium imaging showed that old animals have increased prestimulus activity, reduced attentional gain, and increased noise correlations. Increased correlations in old animals exist regardless of cell tuning and behavioral outcome, and these correlated networks exist over a much larger portion of cortical space. Neural decoding techniques suggest that this prestimulus activity is predictive of old animals making early responses. Together, our results suggest a model in which old animals have higher and more correlated prestimulus activity and cannot fully suppress this activity, leading to the decreased representation of targets among distracting stimuli.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging inhibits the ability to hear clearly in noisy environments. We show that the aging auditory cortex is unable to fully suppress its responses to background noise. During an auditory behavior, fewer neurons were suppressed in the old relative to young animals, which leads to higher prestimulus activity and more false alarms. We show that this excess activity additionally leads to increased correlations between neurons, reducing the amount of relevant stimulus information in the auditory cortex. Future work identifying the lost circuits that are responsible for proper background suppression could provide new targets for therapeutic strategies to preserve auditory processing ability into old age.
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22
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Benisty H, Song A, Mishne G, Charles AS. Review of data processing of functional optical microscopy for neuroscience. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:041402. [PMID: 35937186 PMCID: PMC9351186 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.4.041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Functional optical imaging in neuroscience is rapidly growing with the development of optical systems and fluorescence indicators. To realize the potential of these massive spatiotemporal datasets for relating neuronal activity to behavior and stimuli and uncovering local circuits in the brain, accurate automated processing is increasingly essential. We cover recent computational developments in the full data processing pipeline of functional optical microscopy for neuroscience data and discuss ongoing and emerging challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Benisty
- Yale Neuroscience, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Alexander Song
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gal Mishne
- UC San Diego, Halıcığlu Data Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Neurosciences Graduate Program, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Adam S. Charles
- Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Center for Imaging Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, and Mathematical Institute for Data Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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23
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Olsen T, Hasenstaub AR. Offset Responses in the Auditory Cortex Show Unique History Dependence. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7370-7385. [PMID: 35999053 PMCID: PMC9525174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0494-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory responses typically vary depending on the recent history of sensory experience. This is essential for processes, including adaptation, efficient coding, and change detection. In the auditory cortex (AC), the short-term history dependence of sound-evoked (onset) responses has been well characterized. Yet many AC neurons also respond to sound terminations, and little is known about the history dependence of these "offset" responses, whether the short-term dynamics of onset and offset responses are correlated, or how these properties are distributed among cell types. Here we presented awake male and female mice with repeating noise burst stimuli while recording single-unit activity from primary AC. We identified parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons through optotagging, and also separated narrow-spiking from broad-spiking units. We found that offset responses are typically less depressive than onset responses, and this result was robust to a variety of stimulus parameters, controls, measurement types, and selection criteria. Whether a cell's onset response facilitates or depresses does not predict whether its offset response facilitates or depresses. Cell types differed in the dynamics of their onset responses, and in the prevalence, but not the dynamics, of their offset responses. Finally, we clustered cells according to spiking responses and found that response clusters were associated with cell type. Each cluster contained cells of several types, but even within a cluster, cells often showed cell type-specific response dynamics. We conclude that onset and offset responses are differentially influenced by recent sound history, and discuss the implications of this for the encoding of ongoing sound stimuli.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory neuron responses depend on stimulus history. This history dependence is crucial for sensory processing, is precisely controlled at individual synapses and circuits, and is adaptive to the specific requirements of different sensory systems. In the auditory cortex, neurons respond to sound cessation as well as to sound itself, but how history dependence is used along this separate, "offset" information stream is unknown. We show that offset responses are more facilitatory than sound responses, even in neurons where sound responses depress. In contrast to sound onset responses, offset responses are absent in many cells, are relatively homogeneous, and show no cell type-specific differences in history dependence. Offset responses thus show unique response dynamics, suggesting their unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Olsen
- Coleman Memorial Laboratory
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Coleman Memorial Laboratory
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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24
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Anandakumar DB, Liu RC. More than the end: OFF response plasticity as a mnemonic signature of a sound’s behavioral salience. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:974264. [PMID: 36148326 PMCID: PMC9485674 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.974264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In studying how neural populations in sensory cortex code dynamically varying stimuli to guide behavior, the role of spiking after stimuli have ended has been underappreciated. This is despite growing evidence that such activity can be tuned, experience-and context-dependent and necessary for sensory decisions that play out on a slower timescale. Here we review recent studies, focusing on the auditory modality, demonstrating that this so-called OFF activity can have a more complex temporal structure than the purely phasic firing that has often been interpreted as just marking the end of stimuli. While diverse and still incompletely understood mechanisms are likely involved in generating phasic and tonic OFF firing, more studies point to the continuing post-stimulus activity serving a short-term, stimulus-specific mnemonic function that is enhanced when the stimuli are particularly salient. We summarize these results with a conceptual model highlighting how more neurons within the auditory cortical population fire for longer duration after a sound’s termination during an active behavior and can continue to do so even while passively listening to behaviorally salient stimuli. Overall, these studies increasingly suggest that tonic auditory cortical OFF activity holds an echoic memory of specific, salient sounds to guide behavioral decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshitha B Anandakumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert C Liu
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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25
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Suri H, Rothschild G. Enhanced stability of complex sound representations relative to simple sounds in the auditory cortex. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0031-22.2022. [PMID: 35868858 PMCID: PMC9347310 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0031-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical everyday sounds, such as those of speech or running water, are spectrotemporally complex. The ability to recognize complex sounds (CxS) and their associated meaning is presumed to rely on their stable neural representations across time. The auditory cortex is critical for processing of CxS, yet little is known of the degree of stability of auditory cortical representations of CxS across days. Previous studies have shown that the auditory cortex represents CxS identity with a substantial degree of invariance to basic sound attributes such as frequency. We therefore hypothesized that auditory cortical representations of CxS are more stable across days than those of sounds that lack spectrotemporal structure such as pure tones (PTs). To test this hypothesis, we recorded responses of identified L2/3 auditory cortical excitatory neurons to both PTs and CxS across days using two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice. Auditory cortical neurons showed significant daily changes of responses to both types of sounds, yet responses to CxS exhibited significantly lower rates of daily change than those of PTs. Furthermore, daily changes in response profiles to PTs tended to be more stimulus-specific, reflecting changes in sound selectivity, as compared to changes of CxS responses. Lastly, the enhanced stability of responses to CxS was evident across longer time intervals as well. Together, these results suggest that spectrotemporally CxS are more stably represented in the auditory cortex across time than PTs. These findings support a role of the auditory cortex in representing CxS identity across time.Significance statementThe ability to recognize everyday complex sounds such as those of speech or running water is presumed to rely on their stable neural representations. Yet, little is known of the degree of stability of single-neuron sound responses across days. As the auditory cortex is critical for complex sound perception, we hypothesized that the auditory cortical representations of complex sounds are relatively stable across days. To test this, we recorded sound responses of identified auditory cortical neurons across days in awake mice. We found that auditory cortical responses to complex sounds are significantly more stable across days as compared to those of simple pure tones. These findings support a role of the auditory cortex in representing complex sound identity across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Suri
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Francis NA, Mukherjee S, Koçillari L, Panzeri S, Babadi B, Kanold PO. Sequential transmission of task-relevant information in cortical neuronal networks. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110878. [PMID: 35649366 PMCID: PMC9387204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical processing of task-relevant information enables recognition of behaviorally meaningful sensory events. It is unclear how task-related information is represented within cortical networks by the activity of individual neurons and their functional interactions. Here, we use two-photon imaging to record neuronal activity from the primary auditory cortex of mice during a pure-tone discrimination task. We find that a subset of neurons transiently encode sensory information used to inform behavioral choice. Using Granger causality analysis, we show that these neurons form functional networks in which information transmits sequentially. Network structures differ for target versus non-target tones, encode behavioral choice, and differ between correct versus incorrect behavioral choices. Correct behavioral choices are associated with shorter communication timescales, larger functional correlations, and greater information redundancy. In summary, specialized neurons in primary auditory cortex integrate task-related information and form functional networks whose structures encode both sensory input and behavioral choice. Francis et al. find that, as mice perform an auditory discrimination task, cortical neurons form functional networks in which task-relevant information transmits sequentially between neurons. Network structures encode behavioral choice, and correct behavioral choices are associated with shorter communication timescales, larger functional correlations, and greater information redundancy between neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas A Francis
- Department of Biology & Brain and Behavior Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shoutik Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Loren Koçillari
- Laboratory of Neural Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto 38068, Italy; Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Laboratory of Neural Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto 38068, Italy; Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Behtash Babadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology & Brain and Behavior Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Xue B, Alipio JB, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Perinatal Opioid Exposure Results in Persistent Hypoconnectivity of Excitatory Circuits and Reduced Activity Correlations in Mouse Primary Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3676-3687. [PMID: 35332087 PMCID: PMC9053845 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2542-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use by pregnant women results in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) and lifelong neurobehavioral deficits including language impairments. Animal models of NOWS show impaired performance in a two-tone auditory discrimination task, suggesting abnormalities in sensory processing in the auditory cortex. To investigate the consequences of perinatal opioid exposure on auditory cortex circuits, we administered fentanyl to mouse dams in their drinking water throughout gestation and until litters were weaned at postnatal day (P)21. We then used in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging in adult animals of both sexes to investigate how primary auditory cortex (A1) function was altered. Perinatally exposed animals showed fewer sound-responsive neurons in A1, and the remaining sound-responsive cells exhibited lower response amplitudes but normal frequency selectivity and stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA). Populations of nearby layer 2/3 (L2/3) cells in exposed animals showed reduced correlated activity, suggesting a reduction of shared inputs. We then investigated A1 microcircuits to L2/3 cells by performing laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) combined with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from A1 L2/3 cells. L2/3 cells in exposed animals showed functional hypoconnectivity of excitatory circuits of ascending inputs from L4 and L5/6 to L2/3, while inhibitory connections were unchanged, leading to an altered excitatory/inhibitory balance. These results suggest a specific reduction in excitatory ascending interlaminar cortical circuits resulting in decreased activity correlations after fentanyl exposure. We speculate that these changes in cortical circuits contribute to the impaired auditory discrimination ability after perinatal opioid exposure.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This is the first study to investigate the functional effects of perinatal fentanyl exposure on the auditory cortex. Experiments show that perinatal fentanyl exposure results in decreased excitatory functional circuits and altered population activity in primary sensory areas in adult mice. These circuit changes might underlie the observed language and cognitive deficits in infants exposed to opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghan Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 20215
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Jason B Alipio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 20215
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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28
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Nakanishi M, Nemoto M, Kawai HD. Cortical nicotinic enhancement of tone-evoked heightened activities and subcortical nicotinic enlargement of activated areas in mouse auditory cortex. Neurosci Res 2022; 181:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lawrenson C, Paci E, Pickford J, Drake RAR, Lumb BM, Apps R. Cerebellar modulation of memory encoding in the periaqueductal grey and fear behaviour. eLife 2022; 11:76278. [PMID: 35287795 PMCID: PMC8923669 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) in fear learning is reinforced by the identification of neurons in male rat ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) that encode fear memory through signalling the onset and offset of an auditory-conditioned stimulus during presentation of the unreinforced conditioned tone (CS+) during retrieval. Some units only display CS+ onset or offset responses, and the two signals differ in extinction sensitivity, suggesting that they are independent of each other. In addition, understanding cerebellar contributions to survival circuits is advanced by the discovery that (i) reversible inactivation of the medial cerebellar nucleus (MCN) during fear consolidation leads in subsequent retrieval to (a) disruption of the temporal precision of vlPAG offset, but not onset responses to CS+, and (b) an increase in duration of freezing behaviour. And (ii) chemogenetic manipulation of the MCN-vlPAG projection during fear acquisition (a) reduces the occurrence of fear-related ultrasonic vocalisations, and (b) during subsequent retrieval, slows the extinction rate of fear-related freezing. These findings show that the cerebellum is part of the survival network that regulates fear memory processes at multiple timescales and in multiple ways, raising the possibility that dysfunctional interactions in the cerebellar-survival network may underlie fear-related disorders and comorbidities. Anxiety disorders are a cluster of mental health conditions characterised by persistent and excessive amounts of fear and worry. They affect millions of people worldwide, but treatments can sometimes be ineffective and have unwanted side effects. Understanding which brain regions are involved in fear and anxiety-related behaviours, and how those areas are connected, is the first step towards designing more effective treatments. A region known as the periaqueductal grey (or PAG) sits at the centre of the brain’s fear and anxiety network, regulating pain, encoding fear memories and responding to threats and stressors. It also controls survival behaviours such as the ‘freeze’ response, when an animal is frightened. A more recent addition to the fear and anxiety network is the cerebellum, which sits at the base of the brain. Two-way connections between this region and the PAG have been well described, but how the cerebellum might influence fear and anxiety-related behaviours remains unclear. To explore this role, Lawrenson, Paci et al. investigated whether the cerebellum modulates brain activity within the PAG and if so, how this relates to fear behaviours. Rats had electrodes implanted in their brains to record the activity of nerve cells within the PAG. A common fear-conditioning task was then used to elicit ‘freeze’ responses: a sound was paired with mild foot shocks until the animals learned to fear the auditory signal. In the rats, a subset of neurons within the PAG responded to the tone, consistent with those cells encoding a fear memory. But when a drug blocked the cerebellum’s output during fear conditioning, the timing of the PAG response was less precise and the rats’ freeze response lasted longer. Lawrenson, Paci et al. concluded that the cerebellum, through its interactions with the brain’s fear and anxiety network, might be responsible for coordinating the most appropriate behavioural response to fear, and how long ‘freezing’ lasts. In summary, these findings show that the cerebellum is a part of the brain’s survival network which regulates fear-memory processes. It raises the possibility that disruption of the cerebellum might underlie anxiety and other fear-related disorders, thereby providing a new target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Paci
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A R Drake
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget M Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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30
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Yang N, Liu F, Zhang X, Chen C, Xia Z, Fu S, Wang J, Xu J, Cui S, Zhang Y, Yi M, Wan Y, Li Q, Xu S. A Hybrid Titanium-Softmaterial, High-Strength, Transparent Cranial Window for Transcranial Injection and Neuroimaging. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020129. [PMID: 35200389 PMCID: PMC8870569 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A transparent and penetrable cranial window is essential for neuroimaging, transcranial injection and comprehensive understanding of cortical functions. For these applications, cranial windows made from glass coverslip, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethylmethacrylate, crystal and silicone hydrogel have offered remarkable convenience. However, there is a lack of high-strength, high-transparency, penetrable cranial window with clinical application potential. We engineer high-strength hybrid Titanium-PDMS (Ti-PDMS) cranial windows, which allow large transparent area for in vivo two-photon imaging, and provide a soft window for transcranial injection. Laser scanning and 3D printing techniques are used to match the hybrid cranial window to different skull morphology. A multi-cycle degassing pouring process ensures a good combination of PDMS and Ti frame. Ti-PDMS cranial windows have a high fracture strength matching human skull bone, excellent light transmittance up to 94.4%, and refractive index close to biological tissue. Ti-PDMS cranial windows show excellent bio-compatibility during 21-week implantation in mice. Dye injection shows that the PDMS window has a "self-sealing" to keep liquid from leaking out. Two-photon imaging for brain tissues could be achieved up to 450 µm in z-depth. As a novel brain-computer-interface, this Ti-PDMS device offers an alternative choice for in vivo drug delivery, optical experiments, ultrasonic treatment and electrophysiology recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (N.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Fengyu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (Q.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenni Chen
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xia
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Su Fu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (N.Y.); (J.X.)
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Li
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (Q.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (N.Y.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (S.X.)
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31
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Bigelow J, Morrill RJ, Olsen T, Hasenstaub AR. Visual modulation of firing and spectrotemporal receptive fields in mouse auditory cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Solyga M, Barkat TR. Emergence and function of cortical offset responses in sound termination detection. eLife 2021; 10:e72240. [PMID: 34910627 PMCID: PMC8673837 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Offset responses in auditory processing appear after a sound terminates. They arise in neuronal circuits within the peripheral auditory system, but their role in the central auditory system remains unknown. Here, we ask what the behavioral relevance of cortical offset responses is and what circuit mechanisms drive them. At the perceptual level, our results reveal that experimentally minimizing auditory cortical offset responses decreases the mouse performance to detect sound termination, assigning a behavioral role to offset responses. By combining in vivo electrophysiology in the auditory cortex and thalamus of awake mice, we also demonstrate that cortical offset responses are not only inherited from the periphery but also amplified and generated de novo. Finally, we show that offset responses code more than silence, including relevant changes in sound trajectories. Together, our results reveal the importance of cortical offset responses in encoding sound termination and detecting changes within temporally discontinuous sounds crucial for speech and vocalization.
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Mukherjee D, Meng X, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Impaired Hearing and Altered Subplate Circuits During the First and Second Postnatal Weeks of Otoferlin-Deficient Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2816-2830. [PMID: 34849612 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory deprivation from the periphery impacts cortical development. Otoferlin deficiency leads to impaired cochlear synaptic transmission and is associated with progressive hearing loss in adults. However, it remains elusive how sensory deprivation due to otoferlin deficiency impacts the early development of the auditory cortex (ACX) especially before the onset of low threshold hearing. To test that, we performed in vivo imaging of the ACX in awake mice lacking otoferlin (Otof-/-) during the first and second postnatal weeks and found that spontaneous and sound-driven cortical activity were progressively impaired. We then characterized the effects on developing auditory cortical circuits by performing in vitro recordings from subplate neurons (SPN), the first primary targets of thalamocortical inputs. We found that in Otof-/- pups, SPNs received exuberant connections from excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Moreover, as a population, SPNs showed higher similarity with respect to their circuit topology in the absence of otoferlin. Together, our results show that otoferlin deficiency results in impaired hearing and has a powerful influence on cortical connections and spontaneous activity in early development even before complete deafness. Therefore, peripheral activity has the potential to sculpt cortical structures from the earliest ages, even before hearing impairment is diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Inhibition in the auditory cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:61-75. [PMID: 34822879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The auditory system provides us with extremely rich and precise information about the outside world. Once a sound reaches our ears, the acoustic information it carries travels from the cochlea all the way to the auditory cortex, where its complexity and nuances are integrated. In the auditory cortex, functional circuits are formed by subpopulations of intermingled excitatory and inhibitory cells. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of the specific contributions of inhibitory neurons in sound processing and integration. We first examine intrinsic properties of three main classes of inhibitory interneurons in the auditory cortex. Then, we describe how inhibition shapes the responsiveness of the auditory cortex to sound. Finally, we discuss how inhibitory interneurons contribute to the sensation and perception of sounds. Altogether, this review points out the crucial role of cortical inhibitory interneurons in integrating information about the context, history, or meaning of a sound. It also highlights open questions to be addressed for increasing our understanding of the staggering complexity leading to the subtlest auditory perception.
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Shilling-Scrivo K, Mittelstadt J, Kanold PO. Altered Response Dynamics and Increased Population Correlation to Tonal Stimuli Embedded in Noise in Aging Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9650-9668. [PMID: 34611028 PMCID: PMC8612470 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0839-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a chronic health condition that affects one-third of the world population. One hallmark of presbycusis is a difficulty hearing in noisy environments. Presbycusis can be separated into two components: alterations of peripheral mechanotransduction of sound in the cochlea and central alterations of auditory processing areas of the brain. Although the effects of the aging cochlea in hearing loss have been well studied, the role of the aging brain in hearing loss is less well understood. Therefore, to examine how age-related central processing changes affect hearing in noisy environments, we used a mouse model (Thy1-GCaMP6s X CBA) that has excellent peripheral hearing in old age. We used in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging to measure the responses of neuronal populations in auditory cortex (ACtx) of adult (2-6 months, nine male, six female, 4180 neurons) and aging mice (15-17 months, six male, three female, 1055 neurons) while listening to tones in noisy backgrounds. We found that ACtx neurons in aging mice showed larger responses to tones and have less suppressed responses consistent with reduced inhibition. Aging neurons also showed less sensitivity to temporal changes. Population analysis showed that neurons in aging mice showed higher pairwise activity correlations and showed a reduced diversity in responses to sound stimuli. Using neural decoding techniques, we show a loss of information in neuronal populations in the aging brain. Thus, aging not only affects the responses of single neurons but also affects how these neurons jointly represent stimuli.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging results in hearing deficits particularly under challenging listening conditions. We show that auditory cortex contains distinct subpopulations of excitatory neurons that preferentially encode different stimulus features and that aging selectively reduces certain subpopulations. We also show that aging increases correlated activity between neurons and thereby reduces the response diversity in auditory cortex. The loss of population response diversity leads to a decrease of stimulus information and deficits in sound encoding, especially in noisy backgrounds. Future work determining the identities of circuits affected by aging could provide new targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelson Shilling-Scrivo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21230
| | - Jonah Mittelstadt
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 20215
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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36
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Lee J, Rothschild G. Encoding of acquired sound-sequence salience by auditory cortical offset responses. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109927. [PMID: 34731615 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviorally relevant sounds are often composed of distinct acoustic units organized into specific temporal sequences. The meaning of such sound sequences can therefore be fully recognized only when they have terminated. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of sound sequences remain unclear. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging in the auditory cortex of behaving mice to test the hypothesis that neural responses to termination of sound sequences ("Off-responses") encode their acoustic history and behavioral salience. We find that auditory cortical Off-responses encode preceding sound sequences and that learning to associate a sound sequence with a reward induces enhancement of Off-responses relative to responses during the sound sequence ("On-responses"). Furthermore, learning enhances network-level discriminability of sound sequences by Off-responses. Last, learning-induced plasticity of Off-responses but not On-responses lasts to the next day. These findings identify auditory cortical Off-responses as a key neural signature of acquired sound-sequence salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyeup Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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37
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Chen C, She Z, Tang P, Qin Z, He J, Qu JY. Study of neurovascular coupling by using mesoscopic and microscopic imaging. iScience 2021; 24:103176. [PMID: 34693226 PMCID: PMC8511898 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activation is often accompanied by the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics via a process known as neurovascular coupling (NVC) which is essential for proper brain function and has been observed to be disrupted in a variety of neuropathologies. A comprehensive understanding of NVC requires imaging capabilities with high spatiotemporal resolution and a field-of-view that spans different orders of magnitude. Here, we present an approach for concurrent multi-contrast mesoscopic and two-photon microscopic imaging of neurovascular dynamics in the cortices of live mice. We investigated the spatiotemporal correlation between sensory-evoked neuronal and vascular responses in the auditory cortices of living mice using four imaging modalities. Our findings unravel drastic differences in the NVC at the regional and microvascular levels and the distinctive effects of different brain states on NVC. We further investigated the brain-state-dependent changes of NVC in large cortical networks and revealed that anesthesia and sedation caused spatiotemporal disruption of NVC. Concurrent mesoscopic and microscopic imaging of neurovascular dynamics Spatiotemporal characteristics of neurovascular responses across multiple scales Distinct effects of anesthesia and sedation on neurovascular coupling Cortex-wide correlation of neuronal activity and cerebral hemodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Congping Chen
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhentao She
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Neuroscience (NS), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Zhongya Qin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Neuroscience (NS), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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38
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Rupasinghe A, Francis N, Liu J, Bowen Z, Kanold PO, Babadi B. Direct extraction of signal and noise correlations from two-photon calcium imaging of ensemble neuronal activity. eLife 2021; 10:68046. [PMID: 34180397 PMCID: PMC8354639 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity correlations are key to understanding how populations of neurons collectively encode information. While two-photon calcium imaging has created a unique opportunity to record the activity of large populations of neurons, existing methods for inferring correlations from these data face several challenges. First, the observations of spiking activity produced by two-photon imaging are temporally blurred and noisy. Secondly, even if the spiking data were perfectly recovered via deconvolution, inferring network-level features from binary spiking data is a challenging task due to the non-linear relation of neuronal spiking to endogenous and exogenous inputs. In this work, we propose a methodology to explicitly model and directly estimate signal and noise correlations from two-photon fluorescence observations, without requiring intermediate spike deconvolution. We provide theoretical guarantees on the performance of the proposed estimator and demonstrate its utility through applications to simulated and experimentally recorded data from the mouse auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuththara Rupasinghe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Nikolas Francis
- The Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Ji Liu
- The Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Zac Bowen
- The Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- The Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Behtash Babadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
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39
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Romero S, Hight AE, Clayton KK, Resnik J, Williamson RS, Hancock KE, Polley DB. Cellular and Widefield Imaging of Sound Frequency Organization in Primary and Higher Order Fields of the Mouse Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1603-1622. [PMID: 31667491 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse auditory cortex (ACtx) contains two core fields-primary auditory cortex (A1) and anterior auditory field (AAF)-arranged in a mirror reversal tonotopic gradient. The best frequency (BF) organization and naming scheme for additional higher order fields remain a matter of debate, as does the correspondence between smoothly varying global tonotopy and heterogeneity in local cellular tuning. Here, we performed chronic widefield and two-photon calcium imaging from the ACtx of awake Thy1-GCaMP6s reporter mice. Data-driven parcellation of widefield maps identified five fields, including a previously unidentified area at the ventral posterior extreme of the ACtx (VPAF) and a tonotopically organized suprarhinal auditory field (SRAF) that extended laterally as far as ectorhinal cortex. Widefield maps were stable over time, where single pixel BFs fluctuated by less than 0.5 octaves throughout a 1-month imaging period. After accounting for neuropil signal and frequency tuning strength, BF organization in neighboring layer 2/3 neurons was intermediate to the heterogeneous salt and pepper organization and the highly precise local organization that have each been described in prior studies. Multiscale imaging data suggest there is no ultrasonic field or secondary auditory cortex in the mouse. Instead, VPAF and a dorsal posterior (DP) field emerged as the strongest candidates for higher order auditory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Romero
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ariel E Hight
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kameron K Clayton
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer Resnik
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ross S Williamson
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kenneth E Hancock
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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40
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Meng X, Solarana K, Bowen Z, Liu J, Nagode DA, Sheikh A, Winkowski DE, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Transient Subgranular Hyperconnectivity to L2/3 and Enhanced Pairwise Correlations During the Critical Period in the Mouse Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1914-1930. [PMID: 31667495 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the critical period, neuronal connections are shaped by sensory experience. While the basis for this temporarily heightened plasticity remains unclear, shared connections introducing activity correlations likely play a key role. Thus, we investigated the changing intracortical connectivity in primary auditory cortex (A1) over development. In adult, layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons receive ascending inputs from layer 4 (L4) and also receive few inputs from subgranular layer 5/6 (L5/6). We measured the spatial pattern of intracortical excitatory and inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons in slices of mouse A1 across development using laser-scanning photostimulation. Before P11, L2/3 cells receive most excitatory input from within L2/3. Excitatory inputs from L2/3 and L4 increase after P5 and peak during P9-16. L5/6 inputs increase after P5 and provide most input during P12-16, the peak of the critical period. Inhibitory inputs followed a similar pattern. Functional circuit diversity in L2/3 emerges after P16. In vivo two-photon imaging shows low pairwise signal correlations in neighboring neurons before P11, which peak at P15-16 and decline after. Our results suggest that the critical period is characterized by high pairwise activity correlations and that transient hyperconnectivity of specific circuits, in particular those originating in L5/6, might play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Krystyna Solarana
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zac Bowen
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel A Nagode
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aminah Sheikh
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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41
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Li Y, Wang X, Li Z, Chen J, Qin L. Effect of locomotion on the auditory steady state response of head-fixed mice. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:362-372. [PMID: 32901530 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1814409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) can non-invasively probe cortical function to generate the gamma-band (40 Hz) oscillation, which is increasingly applied to the neurophysiological studies on the rodent models of psychiatric disorders. Though, it has been well established that the brain activities are significantly modulated by the behavioural state (such as locomotion), how the ASSR is affected remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the effect of locomotion by recording local field potential (LFP) evoked by 40-Hz click-train from multiple brain areas: auditory cortex (AC), medial geniculate body (MGB), hippocampus (HP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), in head-fixed mice free to run on a treadmill. Comparisons were conducted on the LFPs during spontaneous movement and stationary conditions. RESULTS We found that in both the auditory (AC and MGB) and non-auditory areas (HP and PFC), locomotion reduced the initial negative deflection of LFP (early response during 0-100 ms from stimulus onset), and had no significant effect on the ASSR phase-locking to the late stimulus (100-500 ms). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that different neural mechanisms contribute to the early response and ASSR, and the ASSR is a more robust biomarker to investigate the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuo Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zijie Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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42
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Development of Auditory Cortex Circuits. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2021; 22:237-259. [PMID: 33909161 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to process and perceive sensory stimuli is an essential function for animals. Among the sensory modalities, audition is crucial for communication, pleasure, care for the young, and perceiving threats. The auditory cortex (ACtx) is a key sound processing region that combines ascending signals from the auditory periphery and inputs from other sensory and non-sensory regions. The development of ACtx is a protracted process starting prenatally and requires the complex interplay of molecular programs, spontaneous activity, and sensory experience. Here, we review the development of thalamic and cortical auditory circuits during pre- and early post-natal periods.
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43
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Li H, Wang J, Liu G, Xu J, Huang W, Song C, Wang D, Tao HW, Zhang LI, Liang F. Phasic Off responses of auditory cortex underlie perception of sound duration. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109003. [PMID: 33882311 PMCID: PMC8154544 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that sound information is separately streamed into onset and offset pathways for parallel processing. However, how offset responses contribute to auditory perception remains unclear. Here, loose-patch and whole-cell recordings in awake mouse primary auditory cortex (A1) reveal that a subset of pyramidal neurons exhibit a transient "Off" response, with its onset tightly time-locked to the sound termination and its frequency tuning similar to that of the transient "On" response. Both responses are characterized by excitation briefly followed by inhibition, with the latter mediated by parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory neurons. Optogenetically manipulating sound-evoked A1 responses at different temporal phases or artificially creating phantom sounds in A1 further reveals that the A1 phasic On and Off responses are critical for perceptual discrimination of sound duration. Our results suggest that perception of sound duration is dependent on precisely encoding its onset and offset timings by phasic On and Off responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guilong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weilong Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Changbao Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dijia Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Center for Neural Circuits & Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits & Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Feixue Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220, China.
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44
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Bondanelli G, Deneux T, Bathellier B, Ostojic S. Network dynamics underlying OFF responses in the auditory cortex. eLife 2021; 10:e53151. [PMID: 33759763 PMCID: PMC8057817 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across sensory systems, complex spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity arise following the onset (ON) and offset (OFF) of stimuli. While ON responses have been widely studied, the mechanisms generating OFF responses in cortical areas have so far not been fully elucidated. We examine here the hypothesis that OFF responses are single-cell signatures of recurrent interactions at the network level. To test this hypothesis, we performed population analyses of two-photon calcium recordings in the auditory cortex of awake mice listening to auditory stimuli, and compared them to linear single-cell and network models. While the single-cell model explained some prominent features of the data, it could not capture the structure across stimuli and trials. In contrast, the network model accounted for the low-dimensional organization of population responses and their global structure across stimuli, where distinct stimuli activated mostly orthogonal dimensions in the neural state-space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bondanelli
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationelles, Département d’études cognitives, ENS, PSL University, INSERMParisFrance
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)GenoaItaly
| | - Thomas Deneux
- Départment de Neurosciences Intégratives et Computationelles (ICN), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), UMR 9197 CNRS, Université Paris SudGif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Brice Bathellier
- Départment de Neurosciences Intégratives et Computationelles (ICN), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), UMR 9197 CNRS, Université Paris SudGif-sur-YvetteFrance
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Institut de l’AuditionParisFrance
| | - Srdjan Ostojic
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationelles, Département d’études cognitives, ENS, PSL University, INSERMParisFrance
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45
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Henschke JU, Price AT, Pakan JMP. Enhanced modulation of cell-type specific neuronal responses in mouse dorsal auditory field during locomotion. Cell Calcium 2021; 96:102390. [PMID: 33744780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As we move through the environment we experience constantly changing sensory input that must be merged with our ongoing motor behaviors - creating dynamic interactions between our sensory and motor systems. Active behaviors such as locomotion generally increase the sensory-evoked neuronal activity in visual and somatosensory cortices, but evidence suggests that locomotion largely suppresses neuronal responses in the auditory cortex. However, whether this effect is ubiquitous across different anatomical regions of the auditory cortex is largely unknown. In mice, auditory association fields such as the dorsal auditory cortex (AuD), have been shown to have different physiological response properties, protein expression patterns, and cortical as well as subcortical connections, in comparison to primary auditory regions (A1) - suggesting there may be important functional differences. Here we examined locomotion-related modulation of neuronal activity in cortical layers ⅔ of AuD and A1 using two-photon Ca2+ imaging in head-fixed behaving mice that are able to freely run on a spherical treadmill. We determined the proportion of neurons in these two auditory regions that show enhanced and suppressed sensory-evoked responses during locomotion and quantified the depth of modulation. We found that A1 shows more suppression and AuD more enhanced responses during locomotion periods. We further revealed differences in the circuitry between these auditory regions and motor cortex, and found that AuD is more highly connected to motor cortical regions. Finally, we compared the cell-type specific locomotion-evoked modulation of responses in AuD and found that, while subpopulations of PV-expressing interneurons showed heterogeneous responses, the population in general was largely suppressed during locomotion, while excitatory population responses were generally enhanced in AuD. Therefore, neurons in primary and dorsal auditory fields have distinct response properties, with dorsal regions exhibiting enhanced activity in response to movement. This functional distinction may be important for auditory processing during navigation and acoustically guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia U Henschke
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alan T Price
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; Cognitive Neurophysiology group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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46
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Diversity of Receptive Fields and Sideband Inhibition with Complex Thalamocortical and Intracortical Origin in L2/3 of Mouse Primary Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3142-3162. [PMID: 33593857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1732-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptive fields of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons show excitatory neuronal frequency preference and diverse inhibitory sidebands. While the frequency preferences of excitatory neurons in local A1 areas can be heterogeneous, those of inhibitory neurons are more homogeneous. To date, the diversity and the origin of inhibitory sidebands in local neuronal populations and the relation between local cellular frequency preference and inhibitory sidebands are unknown. To reveal both excitatory and inhibitory subfields, we presented two-tone and pure tone stimuli while imaging excitatory neurons (Thy1) and two types of inhibitory neurons (parvalbumin and somatostatin) in L2/3 of mice A1. We classified neurons into six classes based on frequency response area (FRA) shapes and sideband inhibition depended both on FRA shapes and cell types. Sideband inhibition showed higher local heterogeneity than frequency tuning, suggesting that sideband inhibition originates from diverse sources of local and distant neurons. Two-tone interactions depended on neuron subclasses with excitatory neurons showing the most nonlinearity. Onset and offset neurons showed dissimilar spectral integration, suggesting differing circuits processing sound onset and offset. These results suggest that excitatory neurons integrate complex and nonuniform inhibitory input. Thalamocortical terminals also exhibited sideband inhibition, but with different properties from those of cortical neurons. Thus, some components of sideband inhibition are inherited from thalamocortical inputs and are further modified by converging intracortical circuits. The combined heterogeneity of frequency tuning and diverse sideband inhibition facilitates complex spectral shape encoding and allows for rapid and extensive plasticity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory systems recognize and differentiate between different stimuli through selectivity for different features. Sideband inhibition serves as an important mechanism to sharpen stimulus selectivity, but its cortical mechanisms are not entirely resolved. We imaged pyramidal neurons and two common classes of interneurons suggested to mediate sideband inhibition (parvalbumin and somatostatin positive) in the auditory cortex and inferred their inhibitory sidebands. We observed a higher degree of variability in the inhibitory sideband than in the local frequency tuning, which cannot be predicted from the relative high homogeneity of responses by inhibitory interneurons. This suggests that cortical sideband inhibition is nonuniform and likely results from a complex interplay between existing functional inhibition in the feedforward input and cortical refinement.
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47
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Cramer SW, Carter RE, Aronson JD, Kodandaramaiah SB, Ebner TJ, Chen CC. Through the looking glass: A review of cranial window technology for optical access to the brain. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 354:109100. [PMID: 33600850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering neurologic function is a daunting task, requiring understanding the neuronal networks and emergent properties that arise from the interactions among single neurons. Mechanistic insights into neuronal networks require tools that simultaneously assess both single neuron activity and the consequent mesoscale output. The development of cranial window technologies, in which the skull is thinned or replaced with a synthetic optical interface, has enabled monitoring neuronal activity from subcellular to mesoscale resolution in awake, behaving animals when coupled with advanced microscopy techniques. Here we review recent achievements in cranial window technologies, appraise the relative merits of each design and discuss the future research in cranial window design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Cramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Mayo D429, MMC 96, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA.
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Mayo D429, MMC 96, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Meng X, Mukherjee D, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Early peripheral activity alters nascent subplate circuits in the auditory cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc9155. [PMID: 33579707 PMCID: PMC7880598 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cortical function can be shaped by sensory experience during a critical period. The onset of the critical period is thought to coincide with the onset of thalamocortical transmission to the thalamo-recipient layer 4 (L4). In early development, subplate neurons (SPNs), and not L4 neurons, are the first targets of thalamic afferents. SPNs are transiently involved in early development and are largely eliminated during development. Activation of L4 by thalamic afferents coincides with the opening of ear canal (~P11 in mice) and precedes the later critical period. Here, we show in mice that abolishing peripheral function or presenting sound stimuli even before P11 leads to bidirectionally altered functional connectivity of SPNs in auditory cortex. Thus, early sensory experience can sculpt subplate circuits before thalamocortical circuits to L4 are mature. Our results show that peripheral activity shapes cortical circuits in a sequential manner and from earlier ages than has been appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Cardin JA, Crair MC, Higley MJ. Mesoscopic Imaging: Shining a Wide Light on Large-Scale Neural Dynamics. Neuron 2020; 108:33-43. [PMID: 33058764 PMCID: PMC7577373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging has revolutionized our ability to monitor brain activity, spanning spatial scales from synapses to cells to circuits. Here, we summarize the rapid development and application of mesoscopic imaging, a widefield fluorescence-based approach that balances high spatiotemporal resolution with extraordinarily large fields of view. By leveraging the continued expansion of fluorescent reporters for neuronal activity and novel strategies for indicator expression, mesoscopic analysis enables measurement and correlation of network dynamics with behavioral state and task performance. Moreover, the combination of widefield imaging with cellular resolution methods such as two-photon microscopy and electrophysiology is bridging boundaries between cellular and network analyses. Overall, mesoscopic imaging provides a powerful option in the optical toolbox for investigation of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael J Higley
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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