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Ren W, Chen J, Wang W, Li Q, Yin X, Zhuang G, Zhou H, Zeng W. Sympathetic nerve-enteroendocrine L cell communication modulates GLP-1 release, brain glucose utilization, and cognitive function. Neuron 2024; 112:972-990.e8. [PMID: 38242116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is controlled by brain-gut communications. Yet our understanding of the neuron-gut interface in the glucoregulatory system remains incomplete. Here, we find that sympathetic nerves elevate postprandial blood glucose but restrict brain glucose utilization by repressing the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from enteroendocrine L cells. Sympathetic nerves are in close apposition with the L cells. Importantly, sympathetic denervation or intestinal deletion of the adrenergic receptor α2 (Adra2a) augments postprandial GLP-1 secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels and increased brain glucose uptake. Conversely, sympathetic activation shows the opposite effects. At the cellular level, adrenergic signaling suppresses calcium flux to limit GLP-1 secretion upon sugar ingestion. Consequently, abrogation of adrenergic signal results in a significant improvement in learning and memory ability. Together, our results reveal a sympathetic nerve-enteroendocrine unit in constraining GLP-1 secretion, thus providing a therapeutic nexus of mobilizing endogenous GLP-1 for glucose management and cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenran Ren
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Guanglei Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China.
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Sharma KR, Colvis CM, Rodgers GP, Sheeley DM. Illuminating the druggable genome: Pathways to progress. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103805. [PMID: 37890715 PMCID: PMC10939933 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
There are ∼4500 genes within the 'druggable genome', the subset of the human genome that expresses proteins able to bind drug-like molecules, yet existing drugs only target a few hundred. A substantial subset of druggable proteins are largely uncharacterized or understudied, with many falling within G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), ion channel, and kinase protein families. To improve scientific understanding of these three understudied protein families, the US National Institutes of Health launched the Illuminating the Druggable Genome Program. Now, as the program draws to a close, this review will lay out resources developed by the program that are intended to equip the scientific community with the tools necessary to explore previously understudied biology with the potential to rapidly impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlie R Sharma
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Democracy Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Christine M Colvis
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Democracy Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Griffin P Rodgers
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas M Sheeley
- Office of Strategic Coordination, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nagasawa Y, Katagiri S, Nakagawa K, Hirota T, Yoshimi K, Uchida A, Hatasa M, Komatsu K, Shiba T, Ohsugi Y, Uesaka N, Iwata T, Tohara H. Xanthan gum-based fluid thickener decreases postprandial blood glucose associated with increase of Glp1 and Glp1r expression in ileum and alteration of gut microbiome. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Günther C, Winner B, Neurath MF, Stappenbeck TS. Organoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from experimental models to clinical translation. Gut 2022; 71:1892-1908. [PMID: 35636923 PMCID: PMC9380493 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are entering an era of medicine where increasingly sophisticated data will be obtained from patients to determine proper diagnosis, predict outcomes and direct therapies. We predict that the most valuable data will be produced by systems that are highly dynamic in both time and space. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are poised to be such a highly valuable system for a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In the lab, organoids have emerged as powerful systems to model molecular and cellular processes orchestrating natural and pathophysiological human tissue formation in remarkable detail. Preclinical studies have impressively demonstrated that these organs-in-a-dish can be used to model immunological, neoplastic, metabolic or infectious GI disorders by taking advantage of patient-derived material. Technological breakthroughs now allow to study cellular communication and molecular mechanisms of interorgan cross-talk in health and disease including communication along for example, the gut-brain axis or gut-liver axis. Despite considerable success in culturing classical 3D organoids from various parts of the GI tract, some challenges remain to develop these systems to best help patients. Novel platforms such as organ-on-a-chip, engineered biomimetic systems including engineered organoids, micromanufacturing, bioprinting and enhanced rigour and reproducibility will open improved avenues for tissue engineering, as well as regenerative and personalised medicine. This review will highlight some of the established methods and also some exciting novel perspectives on organoids in the fields of gastroenterology. At present, this field is poised to move forward and impact many currently intractable GI diseases in the form of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Cyranka M, Monfeuga T, Vedovato N, Larabee CM, Chandran A, Toledo EM, de Wet H. NMDA Receptor Antagonists Increase the Release of GLP-1 From Gut Endocrine Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861311. [PMID: 35571112 PMCID: PMC9091448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the most pressing health issues facing modern society. Several antidiabetic drugs are currently in clinical use to treat hyperglycaemia, but there is a need for new treatments that effectively restore pancreatic islet function in patients. Recent studies reported that both murine and human pancreatic islets exhibit enhanced insulin release and β-cell viability in response to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Furthermore, oral administration of dextromethorphan, an over-the-counter NMDA receptor antagonist, to diabetic patients in a small clinical trial showed improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin release. However, the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on the secretion of the incretin hormone GLP-1 was not tested, and nothing is known regarding how NMDA receptor antagonists may alter the secretion of gut hormones. This study demonstrates for the first time that, similar to β-cells, the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 increases the release of GLP-1 from a murine L-cell enteroendocrine model cell line, GLUTag cells. Furthermore, we report the 3′ mRNA expression profiling of GLUTag cells, with a specific focus on glutamate-activated receptors. We conclude that if NMDA receptor antagonists are to be pursued as an alternative, orally administered treatment for T2DM, it is essential that the effects of these drugs on the release of gut hormones, and specifically the incretin hormones, are fully investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Cyranka
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Innovation Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natascia Vedovato
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chelsea M Larabee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Enrique M Toledo
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Innovation Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi de Wet
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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