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Gao R, Feng C, Sheng Z, Li F, Wang D. Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29638. [PMID: 38682662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Zhou F, Vahokoski J, Langeland N, Cox RJ. Impact of ageing on homologous and human-coronavirus-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:37. [PMID: 38378953 PMCID: PMC10879087 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) circulate worldwide yet remain understudied and unmitigated. The observation of elevated levels of HCoV reactive antibodies in COVID-19 patients highlights the urgent necessity of better understanding of HCoV specific immunity. Here, we characterized in-depth the de novo SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses and the boosting of HCoV-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection in individuals up to 98 years old. All the vaccinees were home-dwelling with no documented SARS-CoV-2 infection before receiving the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). The first two vaccine doses elicited potent SARS-CoV-2 spike binding antibodies in individuals up to 80 years. The third dose largely boosted the previously low S2 domain binding and neutralizing antibodies in elderly 80-90 years old, but less so in those above 90 years. The endemic betacoronavirus (HKU1 and OC43) reactive antibodies were boosted in all vaccinees, although to a lesser extent in those above 80 years old. COVID-19 patients had potent elevation of alpha- and betacoronavirus (229E, NL63, HKU1 and OC43) reactive antibodies. In both patients and vaccinees, S2 domain specific antibody increases correlated with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and HCoV-reactive antibody responses in all ages, indicating S2 domain as a candidate for future universal coronavirus vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospitalen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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3
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging Maternal and Cord Antibody Functions From SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:462-472. [PMID: 37815524 PMCID: PMC10873180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunity impacts the infant, but how is unclear. To understand the implications of the immune exposures of vaccination and infection in pregnancy for neonatal immunity, we evaluated antibody functions in paired peripheral maternal and cord blood. We compared those who in pregnancy received mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, were infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the combination. We found that vaccination enriched a subset of neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions that was driven by IgG1 and was minimally impacted by antibody glycosylation in maternal blood. In paired cord blood, maternal vaccination also enhanced IgG1. However, Fc effector functions compared to neutralizing activities were preferentially transferred. Moreover, changes in IgG posttranslational glycosylation contributed more to cord than peripheral maternal blood antibody functional potency. These differences were enhanced with the combination of vaccination and infection as compared to either alone. Thus, Fc effector functions and antibody glycosylation highlight underexplored maternal opportunities to safeguard newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ann R McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica E Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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4
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Zimmerman O, Altman Doss AM, Ying B, Liang CY, Mackin SR, Davis-Adams HG, Adams LJ, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Scheaffer SM, Desai P, Raju S, Mantia TL, O’Shaughnessy CC, Monroy JM, Wedner HJ, Rigell CJ, Kau AL, Dy TB, Ren Z, Turner JS, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Kendall PL, Fremont DH, Ellebedy AH, Diamond MS. Immunoglobulin replacement products protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo despite poor neutralizing activity. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176359. [PMID: 38175703 PMCID: PMC10967375 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) replacement products are used routinely in patients with immune deficiency and other immune dysregulation disorders who have poor responses to vaccination and require passive immunity conferred by commercial antibody products. The binding, neutralizing, and protective activity of intravenously administered IG against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants remains unknown. Here, we tested 198 different IG products manufactured from December 2019 to August 2022. We show that prepandemic IG had no appreciable cross-reactivity or neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Anti-spike antibody titers and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 D614G increased gradually after the pandemic started and reached levels comparable to vaccinated healthy donors 18 months after the diagnosis of the first COVID-19 case in the United States in January 2020. The average time between production to infusion of IG products was 8 months, which resulted in poor neutralization of the variant strain circulating at the time of infusion. Despite limited neutralizing activity, IG prophylaxis with clinically relevant dosing protected susceptible K18-hACE2-transgenic mice against clinical disease, lung infection, and lung inflammation caused by the XBB.1.5 Omicron variant. Moreover, following IG prophylaxis, levels of XBB.1.5 infection in the lung were higher in FcγR-KO mice than in WT mice. Thus, IG replacement products with poor neutralizing activity against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants likely confer protection to patients with immune deficiency disorders through Fc effector function mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew L. Kau
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department of Medicine, and
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Clever S, Schünemann LM, Armando F, Meyer zu Natrup C, Tuchel T, Tscherne A, Ciurkiewicz M, Baumgärtner W, Sutter G, Volz A. Protective MVA-ST Vaccination Robustly Activates T Cells and Antibodies in an Aged-Hamster Model for COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:52. [PMID: 38250865 PMCID: PMC10819389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in immune system functionality. So-called immunosenescence may impair the successful vaccination of elderly people. Thus, improved vaccination strategies also suitable for an aged immune system are required. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated and replication-deficient vaccinia virus that has been established as a multipurpose viral vector for vaccine development against various infections. We characterized a recombinant MVA expressing a prefusion-stabilized version of SARS-CoV-2 S protein (MVA-ST) in an aged-hamster model for COVID-19. Intramuscular MVA-ST immunization resulted in protection from disease and severe lung pathology. Importantly, this protection was correlated with a potent activation of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells and neutralizing antibodies. Our results suggest that MVA vector vaccines merit further evaluation in preclinical models to contribute to future clinical development as candidate vaccines in elderly people to overcome the limitations of age-dependent immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Clever
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (S.C.); (L.-M.S.); (C.M.z.N.)
| | - Lisa-Marie Schünemann
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (S.C.); (L.-M.S.); (C.M.z.N.)
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany (W.B.)
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Meyer zu Natrup
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (S.C.); (L.-M.S.); (C.M.z.N.)
| | - Tamara Tuchel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (S.C.); (L.-M.S.); (C.M.z.N.)
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany (W.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany (W.B.)
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (S.C.); (L.-M.S.); (C.M.z.N.)
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Lv Y, Huang L, Wang J, He H, Song L, He J, Xu L, Yu C, Mei Y, Gao Q. A community study of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282612. [PMID: 38143749 PMCID: PMC10748485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune background of the overall population before and after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in China remains unexplored. And the level of neutralizing antibodies is a reliable indicator of individual immunity. Objectives This study aimed to assess the immune levels of different population groups during a viral outbreak and identify the factors influencing these levels. Methods We measured the levels of neutralizing antibodies in 12,137 participants using the COVID19 Neutralizing Antibody Detection kit. The dynamics of neutralizing antibodies were analyzed using a generalized additive model, while a generalized linear model and multi-factor analysis of variance were employed to investigate the influencing factors. Additionally, statistical methods were used to compare neutralizing antibody levels among subgroups of the real-world population. Results Participants who received booster doses exhibited significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared to those who received only one or two doses (p<0.001). Both elderly [22.55 (5.12, 62.03) IU/mL, 55%] and minors [21.41 (8.15, 45.06) IU/mL, 56%] showed lower positivity rates and neutralizing antibody levels compared to young adults [29.30 (9.82, 188.08) IU/mL, 62%] (p<0.001). Furthermore, the HIV-positive group demonstrated a slightly lower seropositivity rate compared to the healthy group across the three vaccination time points. Notably, three months after the large-scale infection, both the neutralizing antibody level and positivity rate in real-world populations were higher than the previous record [300 (300, 300) IU/mL, 89%; 27.10 (8.77, 139.28) IU/mL, 60%], and this difference was statistically significant. Conclusions Increasing vaccine dosage enhances neutralizing antibody levels, resulting in greater and longer-lasting immunity. Monitoring immune levels in older individuals and those with AIDS is crucial. Additionally, the neutralizing antibodies generated from vaccination have not yet reached the threshold for achieving herd immunity, while individuals exhibit higher immune levels following a large-scale infection. These findings provide valuable insights for guiding new strategies in vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Lv
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhu Wang
- Health Management Center, AnQing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Hui He
- Health Management Department, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Libo Song
- Health Examination Center, Central Hospital of Jin Zhou, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia He
- Health Service Center, Shulan (Hang Zhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lida Xu
- Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Mei
- Health Management (Medical Examination) Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
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7
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Capuano C, De Federicis D, Ciuti D, Turriziani O, Angeloni A, Anastasi E, Giannini G, Belardinilli F, Molfetta R, Alvaro D, Palmieri G, Galandrini R. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on FcγRIIIA/CD16 dynamics in Natural Killer cells: relevance for antibody-dependent functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285203. [PMID: 38045702 PMCID: PMC10693335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to the protective effects of vaccine-induced antibodies thanks to the low affinity receptor for IgG, FcγRIIIA/CD16, whose aggregation leads to the killing of infected cells and IFNγ release, through which they potentiate adaptive immune responses. Methods Forty-seven healthy young individuals undergoing either homologous (ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S) or heterologous (ChAdOx1-S/BNT162B2) SARS-CoV-2 vaccination settings were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected immediately prior to vaccination and 8 weeks after the booster dose. The phenotypic and functional profile of NK cells was evaluated by flow cytometry at both time points. Serum samples were tested to evaluate circulating anti-Spike IgG levels and cytomegalovirus serostatus. CD16 F158V polymorphism was assessed by sequencing analysis. Results The downregulation of CD16 and the selective impairment of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and IFNγ production in CD56dim NK population, persisting 8 weeks after boosting, were observed in heterologous, but not in homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination scheme. While the magnitude of CD16-dependent functions of the global CD56dim pool correlated with receptor levels before and after vaccination, the responsivity of NKG2C+ subset, that displays amplified size and functionality in HCMV+ individuals, resulted intrinsically insensitive to CD16 levels. Individual CD16 responsiveness was also affected by CD16F158V polymorphism; F/F low affinity individuals, characterized by reduced CD16 levels and functions independently of vaccination, did not show post-vaccinal functional impairment with respect to intermediate and high affinity ones, despite a comparable CD16 downregulation. Further, CD16 high affinity ligation conditions by means of afucosylated mAb overcame vaccine-induced and genotype-dependent functional defects. Finally, the preservation of CD16 expression directly correlated with anti-Spike IgG titer, hinting that the individual magnitude of receptor-dependent functions may contribute to the amplification of the vaccinal response. Conclusion This study demonstrates a durable downmodulation of CD16 levels and Ab-dependent NK functions after SARS-CoV-2 heterologous vaccination, and highlights the impact of genetic and environmental host-related factors in modulating NK cell susceptibility to post-vaccinal Fc-dependent functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capuano
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide De Federicis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Ciuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Anastasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Palmieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Park HJ, Tan ST, León TM, Jain S, Schechter R, Lo NC. Predicting the Public Health Impact of Bivalent Vaccines and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad415. [PMID: 37674629 PMCID: PMC10478155 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uptake of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) bivalent vaccines and the oral medication nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid) has remained low across the United States. Assessing the public health impact of increasing uptake of these interventions in key risk groups can guide further public health resources and policy and determine what proportion of severe COVID-19 is avertable with these interventions. Methods This modeling study used person-level data from the California Department of Public Health on COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccine administration from 23 July 2022 to 23 January 2023. We used a quasi-Poisson regression model calibrated to recent historical data to predict future COVID-19 outcomes and modeled the impact of increasing uptake (up to 70% coverage) of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir during acute illness in different risk groups. Risk groups were defined by age (≥50, ≥65, ≥75 years) and vaccination status (everyone, primary series only, previously vaccinated). We predicted the number of averted COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths and number needed to treat (NNT). Results The model predicted that increased uptake of bivalent COVID-19 boosters and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (up to 70% coverage) in all eligible persons could avert an estimated 15.7% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 11.2%-20.7%; NNT: 17 310) and 23.5% (95% UI, 13.1%-30.0%; NNT: 67) of total COVID-19-related deaths, respectively. In the high-risk group of persons ≥65 years old alone, increased uptake of bivalent boosters and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir could avert an estimated 11.9% (95% UI, 8.4%-15.1%; NNT: 2757) and 22.8% (95% UI, 12.7%-29.2%; NNT: 50) of total COVID-19-related deaths, respectively. Conclusions These findings suggest that prioritizing uptake of bivalent boosters and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir among older age groups (≥65 years) would be most effective (based on NNT) but would not address the entire burden of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sophia T Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tomás M León
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Seema Jain
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Robert Schechter
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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9
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Linterman MA. Age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells shape the humoral immune response to vaccination. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101801. [PMID: 37379670 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is an excellent strategy to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease. Vaccination creates protective, long-lived antibody-mediated immunity by inducing the germinal centre response, an intricate immune reaction that produces memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells that provide protection against (re)infection. The magnitude and quality of the germinal centre response declines with age, contributing to poor vaccine-induced immunity in older individuals. T follicular helper cells are essential for the formation and function of the germinal centre response. This review will discuss how age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells influence the germinal centre response, and the evidence that age-dependent changes need not be a barrier to successful vaccination in the later years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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10
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Harthaller T, Falkensammer B, Bante D, Huber M, Schmitt M, Benainouna H, Rössler A, Fleischer V, von Laer D, Kimpel J, Würzner R, Borena W. Retained avidity despite reduced cross-binding and cross-neutralizing antibody levels to Omicron after SARS-COV-2 wild-type infection or mRNA double vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196988. [PMID: 37545492 PMCID: PMC10401431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has posed a challenge to long-lasting immunity against the novel virus. Apart from neutralizing function, binding antibodies induced by vaccination or infection play an important role in containing the infection. Methods To determine the proportion of wild-type (WT)-generated antibodies recognizant of more recent variants, plasma samples from either SARS-CoV-2 WT-infected (n = 336) or double-mRNA (Comirnaty)-vaccinated individuals (n = 354, age and sex matched to the convalescent group) were analyzed for binding antibody capacity against the S1 protein of the BA.1 omicron variant. Results Overall, 38.59% (95% CI, 37.01- 40.20) of WT-generated antibodies recognized Omicron BA.1 S1 protein [28.83% (95% CI, 26.73-30.91) after infection and 43.46% (95% CI, 41.61-45.31) after vaccination; p < 0.001]. Although the proportion of WT-generated binding and neutralizing antibodies also binding to BA.1 is substantially reduced, the avidity of the remaining antibodies against the Omicron variant was non-inferior to that of the ancestral virus: Omicron: 39.7% (95% CI: 38.1-41.3) as compared to the avidity to WT: 27.0% (95% CI, 25.5-28.4), respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we noticed a modestly yet statistically significant higher avidity toward the Omicron epitopes among the vaccinated group (42.2%; 95% CI, 40.51-43.94) as compared to the convalescent counterparts (36.4%; 95% CI, 33.42-38.76) (p = 0.003), even after adjusting for antibody concentration. Discussion Our results suggest that an aspect of functional immunity against the novel strain was considerably retained after WT contact, speculatively counteracting the impact of immune evasion toward neutralization of the strain. Higher antibody levels and cross-binding capacity among vaccinated individuals suggest an advantage of repeated exposure in generating robust immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Harthaller
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Bante
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Huber
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Schmitt
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Habib Benainouna
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Fleischer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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A'la R, Wijaya AY, Susilowati H, Kuncorojakti S, Diyantoro, Rahmahani J, Rantam FA. Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate immunization on non-human primate animal model: B-cell and T-cell responses immune evaluation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18039. [PMID: 37519714 PMCID: PMC10372371 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was proven to be an effective and efficient measure for mitigating pandemic. COVID-19 infection and mortality subsided along with the increaseing COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Vaccine and health resource equity are predominant factors in COVID-19 pandemic management. Vaccine development for Indonesia, aims to ensure a sustainable pandemic control and steady national stability restoration. A decent vaccine must induce immunity against COVID-19 with minimum adverse reaction. Immunogenicity and ability to induce neutralizing antibody evaluation needs to be performed as part of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development from East Java, Indonesia isolate (Vaksin Merah Putih-INAVAC). Objective This research demonstrated INAVAC performance in inducing the production neutralizing antibody along with its effects on CD4+ and CD8+ cells response in Macaca fascicularis (non-human primate). Methods Two dosages of 3 μg and 5 μg were tested, compared to sham (NaCl 0.9%) in 10 Macaca fascicularis (2 injection intramuscular with 14 days interval). All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed using qRT-PCR while the serum were tested using ELISA and neutralization assay, whereas PBMCs were flowcytrometrically analyzed to measure CD4+ and CD8+ population. Results It is observed that both vaccine doses could stimulate relatively similar immune response and neutralizing antibody (end GMT post challenge = 905,1), whereas higher CD8+ cells response were reported in the 5 μg group after the 3rd day post-challenge. The dose of vaccine that produce adequate immune cell stimulation with neutralizing antibody induction can be adopted to clinical study, as favorable result of these parameters could predict minimum adverse reaction from inflammation response with balanced immune response. Conclusions Therefore, it is concluded that Vaksin Merah Putih-INAVAC with 3 μg dose showed a favorable potential to be developed and tested as human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofiqul A'la
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Helen Susilowati
- Research Center for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suryo Kuncorojakti
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Diyantoro
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Jola Rahmahani
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Research Center for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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12
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging maternal and infant cord antibody functions from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in pregnancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538955. [PMID: 37205338 PMCID: PMC10187183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunization in pregnancy is a critical tool that can be leveraged to protect the infant with an immature immune system but how vaccine-induced antibodies transfer to the placenta and protect the maternal-fetal dyad remains unclear. Here, we compare matched maternal-infant cord blood from individuals who in pregnancy received mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, were infected by SARS-CoV-2, or had the combination of these two immune exposures. We find that some but not all antibody neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions are enriched with vaccination compared to infection. Preferential transport to the fetus of Fc functions and not neutralization is observed. Immunization compared to infection enriches IgG1-mediated antibody functions with changes in antibody post-translational sialylation and fucosylation that impact fetal more than maternal antibody functional potency. Thus, vaccine enhanced antibody functional magnitude, potency and breadth in the fetus are driven more by antibody glycosylation and Fc effector functions compared to maternal responses, highlighting prenatal opportunities to safeguard newborns as SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ye jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ann R. McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jessica E. Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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14
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Mackin SR, Desai P, Whitener BM, Karl CE, Liu M, Baric RS, Edwards DK, Chicz TM, McNamara RP, Alter G, Diamond MS. Fc-γR-dependent antibody effector functions are required for vaccine-mediated protection against antigen-shifted variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:569-580. [PMID: 37012355 PMCID: PMC10797606 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with antigenic changes in the spike protein are neutralized less efficiently by serum antibodies elicited by legacy vaccines against the ancestral Wuhan-1 virus. Nonetheless, these vaccines, including mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, retained their ability to protect against severe disease and death, suggesting that other aspects of immunity control infection in the lung. Vaccine-elicited antibodies can bind Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) and mediate effector functions against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and this property correlates with improved clinical coronavirus disease 2019 outcome. However, a causal relationship between Fc effector functions and vaccine-mediated protection against infection has not been established. Here, using passive and active immunization approaches in wild-type and FcγR-knockout mice, we determined the requirement for Fc effector functions to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. The antiviral activity of passively transferred immune serum was lost against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in mice lacking expression of activating FcγRs, especially murine FcγR III (CD16), or depleted of alveolar macrophages. After immunization with the pre-clinical mRNA-1273 vaccine, control of Omicron BA.5 infection in the respiratory tract also was lost in mice lacking FcγR III. Our passive and active immunization studies in mice suggest that Fc-FcγR engagement and alveolar macrophages are required for vaccine-induced antibody-mediated protection against infection by antigenically changed SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Taras M Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Brook B, Fatou B, Kumar Checkervarty A, Barman S, Sweitzer C, Bosco AN, Sherman AC, Baden LR, Morrocchi E, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Palma P, Nanishi E, O'Meara TR, McGrath ME, Frieman MB, Soni D, van Haren SD, Ozonoff A, Diray-Arce J, Steen H, Dowling DJ, Levy O. The mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 demonstrates impaired T H1 immunogenicity in human elders in vitro and aged mice in vivo. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2395118. [PMID: 36597547 PMCID: PMC9810224 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2395118/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have been key to addressing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but have impaired immunogenicity and durability in vulnerable older populations. We evaluated the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 in human in vitro whole blood assays with supernatants from adult (18-50 years) and elder (≥60 years) participants measured by mass spectrometry and proximity extension assay proteomics. BNT162b2 induced increased expression of soluble proteins in adult blood (e.g., C1S, PSMC6, CPN1), but demonstrated reduced proteins in elder blood (e.g., TPM4, APOF, APOC2, CPN1, and PI16), including 30-85% lower induction of TH1-polarizing cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IFNγ, and CXCL10). Elder TH1 impairment was validated in mice in vivo and associated with impaired humoral and cellular immunogenicity. Our study demonstrates the utility of a human in vitro platform to model age-specific mRNA vaccine activity, highlights impaired TH1 immunogenicity in older adults, and provides rationale for developing enhanced mRNA vaccines with greater immunogenicity in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar Checkervarty
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cali Sweitzer
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Nicole Bosco
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Morrocchi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dheeraj Soni
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Mackin SR, Desai P, Whitener BM, Karl CE, Liu M, Baric RS, Edwards DK, Chicz TM, McNamara RP, Alter G, Diamond MS. Fcγ receptor-dependent antibody effector functions are required for vaccine protection against infection by antigenic variants of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.27.518117. [PMID: 36482975 PMCID: PMC9727771 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.27.518117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with antigenic changes in the spike protein are neutralized less efficiently by serum antibodies elicited by legacy vaccines against the ancestral Wuhan-1 virus. Nonetheless, these vaccines, including mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, retained their ability to protect against severe disease and death, suggesting that other aspects of immunity control infection in the lung. Although vaccine-elicited antibodies can bind Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) and mediate effector functions against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and this property correlates with improved clinical COVID-19 outcome, a causal relationship between Fc effector functions and vaccine-mediated protection against infection has not been established. Here, using passive and active immunization approaches in wild-type and Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) KO mice, we determined the requirement for Fc effector functions to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The antiviral activity of passively transferred immune serum was lost against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in mice lacking expression of activating FcγRs, especially murine FcγR III (CD16), or depleted of alveolar macrophages. After immunization with the preclinical mRNA-1273 vaccine, protection against Omicron BA.5 infection in the respiratory tract also was lost in mice lacking FcγR III. Our passive and active immunization studies in mice suggest that Fc-FcγR engagement and alveolar macrophages are required for vaccine-induced antibody-mediated protection against infection by antigenically changed SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bradley M. Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge MA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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