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Kotova DA, Ivanova AD, Kelmanson IV, Morozova KI, Khramova YV, Solotenkov MA, Stepanov EA, Moshchenko AA, Tiaglik AB, Fedotova AA, Zalygin AV, Oleinikov VA, Katrukha AG, Semyanov A, Belousov VV, Fedotov AB, Fedotov IV, Brazhe NA, Bilan DS. Redox Differences Between Neurons and Astrocytes In Vivo in Ischemic Brain Tissues of Rodents. Antioxid Redox Signal 2025. [PMID: 40387599 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
Aims: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to play a key damaging role in brain during the development of ischemic stroke. To clarify how different ROS contribute to ischemic pathogenesis, innovative approaches for real-time in vivo detection of redox parameters are necessary. Results: Using highly sensitive genetically encoded biosensor HyPer7 and a fiber-optic neurointerface technology, we demonstrated that the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) slowly increases in neurons and astrocytes of the ischemic area of the rat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion during next 40 h; notably, in astrocytes the level is somewhat higher. Raman microspectroscopy in awake mice also revealed redox differences between mitochondria of neurons and astrocytes during acute ischemia caused by photothrombosis. Astrocytes demonstrated the overloading of the electron transport chain (ETC) with electrons after 1 h of ischemia, whereas neurons do not demonstrate changes in the amount of reduced electron carries. Innovation and Conclusion: The combination of novel in vivo approaches allows to detail redox events with spatiotemporal resolution. We demonstrated redox difference between neurons and astrocytes in damaged brain areas in vivo. An elevated loading of astrocytic ETC with electrons during the acute ischemia phase provides basis for the increased generation of superoxide anion radical (O2•-) with its following conversion to other reactive species. However, we observed increased H2O2 concentrations in astrocytes and neurons at later pathogenesis stages. During this period, ETC did not demonstrate an elevated loading with electrons, and therefore, increased H2O2 generation may be a phenomenon of secondary redox events. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Kotova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D Ivanova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Kelmanson
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniia I Morozova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Khramova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Solotenkov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Stepanov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Moshchenko
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa B Tiaglik
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Fedotova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V Zalygin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Oleinikov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey G Katrukha
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies Center, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei B Fedotov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Fedotov
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Brazhe
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Bilan
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Wittenberg P, McBryde FD, Korsak A, Rodrigues KL, Paton JFR, Marina N, Gourine AV. On the regulation of arterial blood pressure by an intracranial baroreceptor mechanism. J Physiol 2025; 603:2517-2532. [PMID: 39924875 PMCID: PMC7617620 DOI: 10.1113/jp285082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Maintaining sufficient cerebral blood flow is critical for brain function. There is evidence that one of the mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow to the brain involves the regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP) by an intracranial baroreceptor mechanism sensitive to changes in brain perfusion. This experimental animal study aimed to provide a detailed characterization of this mechanism. In studies conducted in anaesthetized and conscious rats, cerebral perfusion was experimentally manipulated by applying precise, incremental physiological changes in intracranial pressure (ICP). The data show that (i) the intracranial baroreceptor triggers robust, non-habituating, proportional sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to acute and repeated ICP increases within the physiological range; (ii) there is a linear relationship between systemic ABP and ICP, as well as between sympathetic nerve activity and ICP; (iii) decreases in brain partial pressure of oxygen induced by physiological changes in ICP are negligible, making the brain tissue hypoxia an unlikely cause of the evoked sympathetic and cardiovascular responses; (iv) ABP responses induced by decreased cerebral perfusion are restrained by inputs from arterial baroreceptors, but are unaffected by renal afferent activity; (v) intracranial baroreceptor mechanism contributes to sympathoexcitatory responses induced by acute arterial hypotension; and (vi) activation of the intracranial baroreceptor mechanism resets the arterial baroreflex centrally, allowing regulation of systemic blood pressure at a higher level required to counteract reduced brain perfusion. These data support the hypothesis that cerebral perfusion is a major determinant of sympathetic activity and systemic arterial blood pressure, regulated by the intracranial baroreceptor mechanism. KEY POINTS: An intracranial baroreceptor mechanism contributes to the regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure to maintain cerebral blood flow. The intracranial baroreceptor mechanism triggers robust, non-habituating, proportional sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to physiological changes in brain perfusion. Arterial blood pressure increases induced by activation of the intracranial baroreceptor mechanism in response to reduced cerebral perfusion are restrained by inputs from arterial baroreceptors. The intracranial baroreceptor mechanism resets the arterial baroreflex centrally to regulate systemic blood pressure at a higher level required to counteract reduced brain perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Wittenberg
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fiona D. McBryde
- Manaaki Manawa Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Karla L. Rodrigues
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- Manaaki Manawa Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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3
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Mascarenhas A, Braga A, Majernikova SM, Nizari S, Marletta D, Theparambil SM, Aziz Q, Marina N, Gourine AV. On the mechanisms of brain blood flow regulation during hypoxia. J Physiol 2025; 603:2263-2280. [PMID: 38843467 PMCID: PMC12013793 DOI: 10.1113/jp285060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2025] Open
Abstract
The brain requires an uninterrupted supply of oxygen and nutrients to support the high metabolic needs of billions of nerve cells processing information. In low oxygen conditions, increases in cerebral blood flow maintain brain oxygen delivery, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for dilation of cerebral blood vessels in response to hypoxia are not fully understood. This article presents a systematic review and analysis of data reported in studies of these mechanisms. Our primary outcome measure was the percent reduction of the cerebrovascular response to hypoxia in conditions of pharmacological or genetic blockade of specific signaling mechanisms studied in experimental animals or in humans. Selection criteria were met by 28 articles describing the results of animal studies and six articles describing the results of studies conducted in humans. Selected studies investigated the potential involvement of various neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, vasoactive molecules and ion channels. Of all the experimental conditions, blockade of adenosine-mediated signaling and inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels had the most significant effect in reducing the cerebrovascular response to hypoxia (by 49% and 37%, respectively). Various degree reductions of the hypoxic response were also reported in studies which investigated the roles of nitric oxide, arachidonic acid derivates, catecholamines and hydrogen sulphide, amongst others. However, definitive conclusions about the importance of these signaling pathways cannot be drawn from the results of this analysis. In conclusion, there is significant evidence that one of the key mechanisms of hypoxic cerebral vasodilation (accounting for ∼50% of the response) involves the actions of adenosine and modulation of vascular KATP channels. However, recruitment of other vasodilatory signaling mechanisms is required for the full expression of the cerebrovascular response to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mascarenhas
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alice Braga
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Maria Majernikova
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Shereen Nizari
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Shefeeq M. Theparambil
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Qadeer Aziz
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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4
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Soares JRP, dos Santos CC, de Oliveira LMG, Rocha Neto H, Victor MM, França EL, Costa MDFD, Costa SL, de Oliveira JVR. Synthesis of Naringenin and Senecioic Acid Ester Derivatives and Biological Evaluation of the Astrocyte Antioxidant Mechanism and Reactivity After Inflammatory Stimulus. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2215. [PMID: 40076834 PMCID: PMC11900193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26052215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between the overproduction of reactive species and antioxidant mechanisms can result in astrogliosis and oxidative stress associated with neurodegeneration. Based on the described antioxidant activity of naturally occurring flavonoids, this study evaluated the antioxidant mechanisms of the flavonoid naringenin and the senecioic acid ester derivatives in cortical astrocytes. Naringenin and (S)-naringenin were purified from Citrus paradisi, and from them 7,4-O-disenecioic ester naringenin, (S)-7,4-O-disenecioic ester naringenin, and 7-O-senecioic ester naringenin were synthesized and tested for antioxidant activity by the free-radical scavenging reaction with DPPH. The flavonoids' toxicity and glutathione (GS) depletion were determined in rat astrocyte cultures; the effects on the astrocytes' reactivity was determined by the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production in astrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/mL/24 h). The compounds (1-10 μM) presented antioxidant effects, and the (S)-7,4'-O-disenecioic ester naringenin was the most effective. The compounds (1-100 μM) were not toxic to the astrocytes, also promoting an antioxidant effect by increasing GSH. Moreover, naringenin, (S)-7,4'-O-disenecioic ester naringenin, and 7-O-senecioc ester naringenin mitigated the astrocyte reactivity induced by LPS, reducing GFAP expression and NO production. These findings indicate that naringenin and senecioic acid ester derivatives present a pharmacological potential as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds for brain diseases via the modulation of astrocyte response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Ribeiro Pereira Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Cleonice Creusa dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Lucas Matheus Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Heráclito Rocha Neto
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
| | - Maurício Moraes Victor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil;
| | - Elivana Lima França
- Federal Institute of Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45078-300, Brazil;
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juciele Valeria Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil; (J.R.P.S.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.G.d.O.); (H.R.N.); (M.d.F.D.C.)
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5
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Semyanov A, Verkhratsky A. Neuroglia in aging. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2025; 209:49-67. [PMID: 40122631 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-19104-6.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Aging is associated with morphologic and functional decline of the brain active milieu and, in particular, of the neuroglia, which compromises homeostatic support and neuroprotection. Astrocytes in aging undergo complex and region specific changes, manifested by morphologic atrophy and widespread functional asthenia. Aging leads to mitochondrial malfunction and reduced protein/lipid ratio in human astrocytes. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells are the most affected cells by the aging process, which limits myelinating capacity, thus leading to a substantial reduction in the white matter and deficient brain connectome. Finally, microglia undergo a morphologic functional dystrophy in the aged human brain which curtails brain defenses and increases brain vulnerability to neuropathology and especially to age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. Lifestyle modifications, such as enriched environment, physical exercise, and healthy dieting, boost neuroglial support, thus improving cognitive longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Velmurugan GV, Vekaria HJ, Patel SP, Sullivan PG, Hubbard WB. Astrocytic mitochondrial transfer to brain endothelial cells and pericytes in vivo increases with aging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241306054. [PMID: 39668588 PMCID: PMC11638933 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241306054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular mitochondrial transfer (IMT) is an intriguing biological phenomenon where mitochondria are transferred between different cells and notably, cell types. IMT is physiological, occurring in normal conditions, but also is utilized to deliver healthy mitochondria to cells in distress. Transferred mitochondria can be integrated to improve cellular metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Research on the mitochondrial transfer axis between astrocytes and brain capillaries in vivo is limited by the cellular heterogeneity of the neurovascular unit. To this end, we developed an inducible mouse model that expresses mitochondrial Dendra2 only in astrocytes and then isolated brain capillaries to remove all intact astrocytes. This method allows the visualization of in vivo astrocyte- endothelial cell (EC) and astrocyte-pericyte IMT. We demonstrate evidence of astrocyte-EC and astrocyte-pericyte mitochondrial transfer within brain capillaries. We also show that healthy aging enhances mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes to brain capillaries, revealing a potential link between brain aging and cellular mitochondrial dynamics. Finally, we observe that astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles transfer mitochondria to brain microvascular endothelial cells, showing the potential route of in vivo IMT. These results represent a breakthrough in our understanding of IMT in the brain and a new target in brain aging and neurovascular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal V Velmurugan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Samir P Patel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - W Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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Soldatov V, Venediktov A, Belykh A, Piavchenko G, Naimzada MD, Ogneva N, Kartashkina N, Bushueva O. Chaperones vs. oxidative stress in the pathobiology of ischemic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1513084. [PMID: 39723236 PMCID: PMC11668803 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1513084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As many proteins prioritize functionality over constancy of structure, a proteome is the shortest stave in the Liebig's barrel of cell sustainability. In this regard, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess abundant machinery supporting the quality of the proteome in healthy and stressful conditions. This machinery, namely chaperones, assists in folding, refolding, and the utilization of client proteins. The functions of chaperones are especially important for brain cells, which are highly sophisticated in terms of structural and functional organization. Molecular chaperones are known to exert beneficial effects in many brain diseases including one of the most threatening and widespread brain pathologies, ischemic stroke. However, whether and how they exert the antioxidant defense in stroke remains unclear. Herein, we discuss the chaperones shown to fight oxidative stress and the mechanisms of their antioxidant action. In ischemic stroke, during intense production of free radicals, molecular chaperones preserve the proteome by interacting with oxidized proteins, regulating imbalanced mitochondrial function, and directly fighting oxidative stress. For instance, cells recruit Hsp60 and Hsp70 to provide proper folding of newly synthesized proteins-these factors are required for early ischemic response and to refold damaged polypeptides. Additionally, Hsp70 upregulates some dedicated antioxidant pathways such as FOXO3 signaling. Small HSPs decrease oxidative stress via attenuation of mitochondrial function through their involvement in the regulation of Nrf- (Hsp22), Akt and Hippo (Hsp27) signaling pathways as well as mitophagy (Hsp27, Hsp22). A similar function has also been proposed for the Sigma-1 receptor, contributing to the regulation of mitochondrial function. Some chaperones can prevent excessive formation of reactive oxygen species whereas Hsp90 is suggested to be responsible for pro-oxidant effects in ischemic stroke. Finally, heat-resistant obscure proteins (Hero) are able to shield client proteins, thus preventing their possible over oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Soldatov
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Artem Venediktov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Belykh
- Pathophysiology Department, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
- Research Institute of General Pathology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Gennadii Piavchenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mukhammad David Naimzada
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Nastasya Ogneva
- Scientific Center of Biomedical Technologies, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Kartashkina
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Bushueva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
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8
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Bailey DM, Bain AR, Hoiland RL, Barak OF, Drvis I, Stacey BS, Iannetelli A, Davison GW, Dahl RH, Berg RMG, MacLeod DB, Dujic Z, Ainslie PN. Severe hypoxaemic hypercapnia compounds cerebral oxidative-nitrosative stress during extreme apnoea: Implications for cerebral bioenergetic function. J Physiol 2024; 602:5659-5684. [PMID: 38348606 DOI: 10.1113/jp285555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the extent to which apnoea-induced extremes of oxygen demand/carbon dioxide production impact redox regulation of cerebral bioenergetic function. Ten ultra-elite apnoeists (six men and four women) performed two maximal dry apnoeas preceded by normoxic normoventilation, resulting in severe end-apnoea hypoxaemic hypercapnia, and hyperoxic hyperventilation designed to ablate hypoxaemia, resulting in hyperoxaemic hypercapnia. Transcerebral exchange of ascorbate radicals (by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy) and nitric oxide metabolites (by tri-iodide chemiluminescence) were calculated as the product of global cerebral blood flow (by duplex ultrasound) and radial arterial (a) to internal jugular venous (v) concentration gradients. Apnoea duration increased from 306 ± 62 s during hypoxaemic hypercapnia to 959 ± 201 s in hyperoxaemic hypercapnia (P ≤ 0.001). Apnoea generally increased global cerebral blood flow (all P ≤ 0.001) but was insufficient to prevent a reduction in the cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and glucose (P = 0.015-0.044). This was associated with a general net cerebral output (v > a) of ascorbate radicals that was greater in hypoxaemic hypercapnia (P = 0.046 vs. hyperoxaemic hypercapnia) and coincided with a selective suppression in plasma nitrite uptake (a > v) and global cerebral blood flow (P = 0.034 to <0.001 vs. hyperoxaemic hypercapnia), implying reduced consumption and delivery of nitric oxide consistent with elevated cerebral oxidative-nitrosative stress. In contrast, we failed to observe equidirectional gradients consistent with S-nitrosohaemoglobin consumption and plasma S-nitrosothiol delivery during apnoea (all P ≥ 0.05). Collectively, these findings highlight a key catalytic role for hypoxaemic hypercapnia in cerebral oxidative-nitrosative stress. KEY POINTS: Local sampling of blood across the cerebral circulation in ultra-elite apnoeists determined the extent to which severe end-apnoea hypoxaemic hypercapnia (prior normoxic normoventilation) and hyperoxaemic hypercapnia (prior hyperoxic hyperventilation) impact free radical-mediated nitric oxide bioavailability and global cerebral bioenergetic function. Apnoea generally increased the net cerebral output of free radicals and suppressed plasma nitrite consumption, thereby reducing delivery of nitric oxide consistent with elevated oxidative-nitrosative stress. The apnoea-induced elevation in global cerebral blood flow was insufficient to prevent a reduction in the cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and glucose. Cerebral oxidative-nitrosative stress was greater during hypoxaemic hypercapnia compared with hyperoxaemic hypercapnia and coincided with a lower apnoea-induced elevation in global cerebral blood flow, highlighting a key catalytic role for hypoxaemia. This applied model of voluntary human asphyxia might have broader implications for the management and treatment of neurological diseases characterized by extremes of oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Anthony R Bain
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vancouver General Hospital, West 12th Avenue, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Otto F Barak
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Drvis
- School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin S Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Angelo Iannetelli
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ulster, UK
| | - Rasmus H Dahl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan M G Berg
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Glamorgan, UK
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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9
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Møller K. Hypoxic cerebrovascular oxidative-nitrosative stress: Take my breath away. J Physiol 2024; 602:5717-5718. [PMID: 38466023 DOI: 10.1113/jp286304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Xie L, Wu Q, Li K, Khan MAS, Zhang A, Sinha B, Li S, Chang SL, Brody DL, Grinstaff MW, Zhou S, Alterovitz G, Liu P, Wang X. Tryptophan Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease with the Involvement of Microglia and Astrocyte Crosstalk and Gut-Brain Axis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2168-2190. [PMID: 38916729 PMCID: PMC11346405 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular Amyloid Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition and intracellular Tau protein aggregation. Glia, especially microglia and astrocytes are core participants during the progression of AD and these cells are the mediators of Aβ clearance and degradation. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is a complex interactive network between the gut and brain involved in neurodegeneration. MGBA affects the function of glia in the central nervous system (CNS), and microbial metabolites regulate the communication between astrocytes and microglia; however, whether such communication is part of AD pathophysiology remains unknown. One of the potential links in bilateral gut-brain communication is tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. The microbiota-originated Trp and its metabolites enter the CNS to control microglial activation, and the activated microglia subsequently affect astrocyte functions. The present review highlights the role of MGBA in AD pathology, especially the roles of Trp per se and its metabolism as a part of the gut microbiota and brain communications. We (i) discuss the roles of Trp derivatives in microglia-astrocyte crosstalk from a bioinformatics perspective, (ii) describe the role of glia polarization in the microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and AD pathology, and (iii) summarize the potential of Trp metabolism as a therapeutic target. Finally, we review the role of Trp in AD from the perspective of the gut-brain axis and microglia, as well as astrocyte crosstalk, to inspire the discovery of novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushuang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Kelin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Mohammed A. S. Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Andrew Zhang
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bharati Sinha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sihui Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.
| | - David L. Brody
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | | | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Calì C, Cantando I, Veloz Castillo MF, Gonzalez L, Bezzi P. Metabolic Reprogramming of Astrocytes in Pathological Conditions: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8922. [PMID: 39201607 PMCID: PMC11354244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining brain energy homeostasis, supporting neuronal function through glycolysis and lipid metabolism. This review explores the metabolic intricacies of astrocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions, highlighting their adaptive plasticity and diverse functions. Under normal conditions, astrocytes modulate synaptic activity, recycle neurotransmitters, and maintain the blood-brain barrier, ensuring a balanced energy supply and protection against oxidative stress. However, in response to central nervous system pathologies such as neurotrauma, stroke, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, astrocytes undergo significant morphological, molecular, and metabolic changes. Reactive astrocytes upregulate glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation to meet increased energy demands, which can be protective in acute settings but may exacerbate chronic inflammation and disease progression. This review emphasizes the need for advanced molecular, genetic, and physiological tools to further understand astrocyte heterogeneity and their metabolic reprogramming in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Calì
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10143 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Veloz Castillo
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10143 Orbassano, Italy
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laurine Gonzalez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.C.); (L.G.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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12
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Adamus JP, Ruszczyńska A, Wyczałkowska-Tomasik A. Molybdenum's Role as an Essential Element in Enzymes Catabolizing Redox Reactions: A Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:869. [PMID: 39062583 PMCID: PMC11275037 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for human life, acting as a cofactor in various enzymes crucial for metabolic homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the latest advances in research on molybdenum-containing enzymes and their clinical significance. One of these enzymes is xanthine oxidase (XO), which plays a pivotal role in purine catabolism, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of inducing oxidative stress and subsequent organ dysfunction. Elevated XO activity is associated with liver pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aldehyde oxidases (AOs) are also molybdenum-containing enzymes that, similar to XO, participate in drug metabolism, with notable roles in the oxidation of various substrates. However, beneath its apparent efficacy, AOs' inhibition may impact drug effectiveness and contribute to liver damage induced by hepatotoxins. Another notable molybdenum-enzyme is sulfite oxidase (SOX), which catalyzes the conversion of sulfite to sulfate, crucial for the degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids. Recent research highlights SOX's potential as a diagnostic marker for HCC, offering promising sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing cancerous lesions. The newest member of molybdenum-containing enzymes is mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC), involved in drug metabolism and detoxification reactions. Emerging evidence suggests its involvement in liver pathologies such as HCC and NAFLD, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. Overall, understanding the roles of molybdenum-containing enzymes in human physiology and disease pathology is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various health conditions, particularly those related to liver dysfunction. Further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying these enzymes' functions could lead to novel treatments and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Piotr Adamus
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Nakamura E, Aoki T, Endo Y, Kazmi J, Hagiwara J, Kuschner CE, Yin T, Kim J, Becker LB, Hayashida K. Organ-Specific Mitochondrial Alterations Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:477. [PMID: 38672748 PMCID: PMC11050834 DOI: 10.3390/life14040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is triggered by systemic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and affects various organs, is a key factor in the development of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). Current research on PCAS primarily addresses generalized mitochondrial responses, resulting in a knowledge gap regarding organ-specific mitochondrial dynamics. This review focuses on the organ-specific mitochondrial responses to IR injury, particularly examining the brain, heart, and kidneys, to highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to enhance outcomes post-IR injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a narrative review examining recent advancements in mitochondrial research related to IR injury. Mitochondrial responses to IR injury exhibit considerable variation across different organ systems, influenced by unique mitochondrial structures, bioenergetics, and antioxidative capacities. Each organ demonstrates distinct mitochondrial behaviors that have evolved to fulfill specific metabolic and functional needs. For example, cerebral mitochondria display dynamic responses that can be both protective and detrimental to neuronal activity and function during ischemic events. Cardiac mitochondria show vulnerability to IR-induced oxidative stress, while renal mitochondria exhibit a unique pattern of fission and fusion, closely linked to their susceptibility to acute kidney injury. This organ-specific heterogeneity in mitochondrial responses requires the development of tailored interventions. Progress in mitochondrial medicine, especially in the realms of genomics and metabolomics, is paving the way for innovative strategies to combat mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging techniques such as mitochondrial transplantation hold the potential to revolutionize the management of IR injury in resuscitation science. CONCLUSIONS The investigation into organ-specific mitochondrial responses to IR injury is pivotal in the realm of resuscitation research, particularly within the context of PCAS. This nuanced understanding holds the promise of revolutionizing PCAS management, addressing the unique mitochondrial dysfunctions observed in critical organs affected by IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Nakamura
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Tomoaki Aoki
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Jacob Kazmi
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Jun Hagiwara
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Cyrus E. Kuschner
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Tai Yin
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Junhwan Kim
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Lance B. Becker
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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