Pancreatic cancer patients who smoke and drink are diagnosed at younger ages

Early onset pancreatic cancer: A review

Early-onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC) is usually defined as patients with pancreatic cancer before the age of 50 years, which is relatively rare. However, the research on EOPC is somewhat obscure, and the specific clinical and molecular characteristics of this condition are debated. In this review, we discussed the differences between EOPC and late-onset pancreatic cancer (LOPC) or average-onset pancreatic cancer (AOPC) with a focus on clinical and molecular characteristics, survival outcomes and treatment to promote the diagnosis and treatment of EOPC.

Modifiable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Risk Factors

This study aims to summarize the modifiable risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that have been known for a long time, as well as information from the most recent reports. As a cancer with a late diagnosis and poor prognosis, accurate analysis of PDAC risk factors is warranted. The incidence of this cancer continues to rise, and the five-year survival rate is the lowest with respect to other tumors. The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic pancreatitis in increasing the risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is continually being confirmed. There are also newly emerging reports relating to the impact of lifestyle, including physical activity, the gut and oral microbiome, and hepatotropic viruses. A precise understanding of PDAC risk factors can help to identify groups of high-risk patients, and this may contribute to population awareness and education as well as earlier diagnoses with possible better treatment outcomes.

Burden of Cancer Due to Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Korea

This study aimed to estimate the burden of cancer in Koreans attributable to smoking and alcohol consumption using disability-adjusted life years and population attributable fractions. We estimated the burden of 12 cancers due to simultaneous and independent smoking and alcohol exposure in Koreans aged ≥40 years. In men, the cancer burden attributable to the combined risk factors, smoking alone, and alcohol consumption alone were 9.5, 14.8, and 6.1%, respectively; the corresponding values for women were 1.1, 2.5, and 2.7%, respectively. In men, tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancers were the most common cancer types. The disease burden may have been reduced by 16.8, 32.3, and 4.1% in the absence of the combined risk factors, smoking alone, and alcohol consumption alone, respectively. Our findings suggest that risk factor-based intervention may have the greatest preventative effect for lung cancer among all cancers in men. Our real-world data methodology could provide further evidence-based methods to explore and facilitate effective health promotion interventions for specific target groups and may lay the foundation for the establishment of healthcare services according to population subgroups or regional characteristics.

Burden of non-communicable diseases in Cyprus, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

BACKGROUND

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for over 90% of all deaths in the Cypriot population, in 2018. However, a detailed and comprehensive overview of the impact of NCDs on population health of Cyprus over the period of 1990 to 2017, expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), is currently not available. Knowledge about the drivers of changes in NCD DALYs over time is paramount to identify priorities for the prevention of NCDs in Cyprus and guide evidence-based decision making. The objectives of this paper were to: 1) assess the burden of NCDs in terms of years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and DALYs in Cyprus in 2017, and 2) identify changes in the burden of NCDs in Cyprus over the 28-year period and assess the main drivers of these changes.

METHODS

We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 results on NCDs for Cyprus from 1990 to 2017. We calculated the percentage change of age-standardized DALY rates between 1990 and 2017 and decomposed these time trends to assess the causes of death and disability that were the main drivers of change.

RESULTS

In Cyprus in 2017, 83% (15,129 DALYs per 100,000; 12,809 to 17,707 95%UI) of total DALYs were due to NCDs. The major contributors to NCD DALYs were cardiovascular diseases (16.5%), neoplasms (16.3%), and musculoskeletal disorders (15.6%). Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardized NCD DALY rates decreased by 23%. For both males and females, the largest decreases in DALY rates were observed in ischemic heart disease and stroke. For Cypriot males, the largest increases in DALY rates were observed for pancreatic cancer, drug use disorders, and acne vulgaris, whereas for Cypriot females these were for acne vulgaris, psoriasis and eating disorders.

CONCLUSION

Despite a decrease in the burden of NCDs over the period from 1990 to 2017, NCDs are still a major public health challenge. Implementation of interventions and early detection screening programmes of modifiable NCD risk factors are needed to reduce occurrence and exacerbation of leading causes of NCDs in the Cypriot population.

Pancreatic Cancer Exposome Profile to Aid Early Detection and Inform Prevention Strategies

Pancreatic cancer (PCa) is associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. The causes of PCa are not fully elucidated yet, although certain exposome factors have been identified. The exposome is defined as the sum of all environmental factors influencing the occurrence of a disease during a life span. The development of an exposome approach for PCa has the potential to discover new disease-associated factors to better understand the carcinogenesis of PCa and help with early detection strategies. Our systematic review of the literature identified several exposome factors that have been associated with PCa alone and in combination with other exposures. A potential inflammatory signature has been observed among the interaction of several exposures (i.e., smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory markers) that further increases the incidence and progression of PCa. A large number of exposures have been identified such as genetic, hormonal, microorganism infections and immune responses that warrant further investigation. Future early detection strategies should utilize this information to assess individuals' risk for PCa.

Diagnostic Significance of Serum Fatty Acid Synthase in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is considered as the most deadly tumor among gastrointestinal cancers because of its poor prognosis. The frequently deregulated pathway in the cancer cell is associated with an increased expression of various genes, including the synthesis of fatty acids. We aimed to evaluate the level of serum fatty acid synthase (FASN) as a diagnostic marker for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Serum FASN levels were measured by ELISA in 92 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas and in 92 healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of certain diagnostic categories. RESULTS Serum FASN levels were significantly higher in patients with pancreatic cancer than in healthy controls (1.35 [0.98-2.3] ng/mL vs 1.04 [0.19-1.34] ng/mL, p < 0.001) and in smokers compared to non-smokers (1.41 [0.79-2.52] ng/mL vs 1.07 [0.21-1.74] ng/mL, p < 0.001). FASN levels and smoking were associated with increased risk of PC (1.54 [1.1- 2.14] ng/mL, p = 0.011 and 5.69 [2.68-12.09] ng/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Elevated serum FASN levels in patients with pancreatic cancer indicate the need for the production of large numbers of lipids for the survival and proliferation of human cancer cells and the diagnostic value of FASN as a new diagnostic biomarker.

Possible novel non-invasive biomarker for inflammation mediated pancreatic malignancy

OBJECTIVES

Pancreatic malignancy is a major public health problem worldwide and recent reports indicated that pancreatic cancer will be second most common cause of cancer-related deaths by the end of 2021. The cause of increasing death rate is due to the nonexistence of detection tools to early diagnose, poor prognosis, resistance to chemotherapy and also lack in understanding the mechanism of PDAC pathogenesis. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a major role in metastatic step of intravasation and presence of these cells are strong prognostic marker for the progression of pancreatic malignancy in chronic pancreatitis (CP).

GOAL

Identifying the novel CTCs in the chronic inflammation mediated experimental model for the progression of malignancy in CP.

METHODS

We have performed flow cytometer and immunofluorescence analyses in the lymphoid and lung samples was performed o detect CTCs in the chronic inflammation induced mouse model CP.

RESULTS

We report that induced SOX9 positive cells were observed in the blood, lymph node and spleen samples of cerulein with azoximethane (AOM) treated mouse model of CP compared to cerulein alone. Further, we provide evidence that early metastasis through the migration and homing of mega merged SOX9⁺ and PDX⁺ ductal stem cells (CTCs) in the lungs of cerulein with AOM treated mice. These identified CTCs in experimentally induced malignant pancreatitis may serve as a novel finding to identify a non-invasive biomarker that needs to be examined in the blood of human pancreatic cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, the presented data of identified mega merged SOX9⁺ and PDX⁺ ductal stem cells (CTCs) may serve a non-invasive biomarker for the early detection of pancreatic malignancy and metastasis.

Management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer: updated recommendations from the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening Consortium met in 2018 to update its consensus recommendations for the management of individuals with increased risk of pancreatic cancer based on family history or germline mutation status (high-risk individuals).

METHODS

A modified Delphi approach was employed to reach consensus among a multidisciplinary group of experts who voted on consensus statements. Consensus was considered reached if ≥75% agreed or disagreed.

RESULTS

Consensus was reached on 55 statements. The main goals of surveillance (to identify high-grade dysplastic precursor lesions and T1N0M0 pancreatic cancer) remained unchanged. Experts agreed that for those with familial risk, surveillance should start no earlier than age 50 or 10 years earlier than the youngest relative with pancreatic cancer, but were split on whether to start at age 50 or 55. Germline ATM mutation carriers with one affected first-degree relative are now considered eligible for surveillance. Experts agreed that preferred surveillance tests are endoscopic ultrasound and MRI/magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, but no consensus was reached on how to alternate these modalities. Annual surveillance is recommended in the absence of concerning lesions. Main areas of disagreement included if and how surveillance should be performed for hereditary pancreatitis, and the management of indeterminate lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic surveillance is recommended for selected high-risk individuals to detect early pancreatic cancer and its high-grade precursors, but should be performed in a research setting by multidisciplinary teams in centres with appropriate expertise. Until more evidence supporting these recommendations is available, the benefits, risks and costs of surveillance of pancreatic surveillance need additional evaluation.

Risk of pancreatic cancer in patients undergoing surgery for chronic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is considered to be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of pancreatic cancer after surgery for CP and to determine the risk factors.

METHODS

The patients who underwent surgery for histologically documented CP between January 2009 and December 2017 were reviewed. The baseline characteristics, operative data, postoperative complications, and follow-up information were analysed. We calculated standardized incidence ratio on the base of the incidence of pancreatic cancer in the standard population in China. The risk factor for pancreatic cancer was assessed using Cox regression.

RESULTS

Among 650 patients, pancreatic cancer was detected in 12 patients (1.8%) after a median follow-up of 4.4 years. The standardized incidence ratio of pancreatic cancer was 68.12 (95% CI, 35.20-118.99). Two independent risk factors for the development of pancreatic cancer in patients with chronic pancreatitis after surgery were identified: time interval to surgery [HR 1.005, 95% CI (1.002-1.008), P = 0.002] and de novo endocrine insufficiency [HR 10.672, 95% CI (2.567-44.372), P = 0.001].

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who require surgery for CP are at a very high risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Early surgical intervention plays a protective role in the development of pancreatic cancer from CP. A high index of suspicion for pancreatic cancer should be maintained in CP patients with de novo postoperative diabetes after surgery.

Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among Persons with Tobacco- and Non-tobacco-Associated Cancers

PURPOSE

To examine smoking and use of smoking cessation aids among tobacco-associated cancer (TAC) or non-tobacco-associated cancer (nTAC) survivors. Understanding when and if specific types of cessation resources are used can help with planning interventions to more effectively decrease smoking among all cancer survivors, but there is a lack of research on smoking cessation modalities used among cancer survivors.

METHODS

Kentucky Cancer Registry data on incident lung, colorectal, pancreatic, breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer cases diagnosed 2007-2011, were linked with health administrative claims data (Medicaid, Medicare, private insurers) to examine the prevalence of smoking and use of smoking cessation aids 1 year prior and 1 year following the cancer diagnosis. TACs included colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancers; nTAC included breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.

RESULTS

There were 10,033 TAC and 13,670 nTAC survivors. Smoking before diagnosis was significantly higher among TAC survivors (p < 0.0001). Among TAC survivors, smoking before diagnosis was significantly higher among persons who: were males (83%), aged 45-64 (83%), of unknown marital status (84%), had very low education (78%), had public insurance (89%), Medicaid (85%) or were uninsured (84%). Smoking cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy were more common among TAC than nTAC survivors (p < 0.01 and p = 0.05, respectively).

DISCUSSION

While smoking cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy were higher among TAC survivors, reducing smoking among all cancer survivors remains a priority, given cancer survivors are at increased risk for subsequent chronic diseases, including cancer. Tobacco cessation among all cancer survivors (not just those with TAC) can help improve prognosis, quality of life and reduce the risk of further disease. Health care providers can recommend for individual, group and telephone counseling and/or pharmacotherapy recommendations. These could also be included in survivorship care plans.

Excessive miR-25-3p maturation via N6-methyladenosine stimulated by cigarette smoke promotes pancreatic cancer progression

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is an important mechanism in miRNA processing and maturation, but the role of its aberrant regulation in human diseases remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that oncogenic primary microRNA-25 (miR-25) in pancreatic duct epithelial cells can be excessively maturated by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) via enhanced m6A modification that is mediated by NF-κB associated protein (NKAP). This modification is catalyzed by overexpressed methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) due to hypomethylation of the METTL3 promoter also caused by CSC. Mature miR-25, miR-25-3p, suppresses PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), resulting in the activation of oncogenic AKT-p70S6K signaling, which provokes malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer cells. High levels of miR-25-3p are detected in smokers and in pancreatic cancers tissues that are correlated with poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. These results collectively indicate that cigarette smoke-induced miR-25-3p excessive maturation via m6A modification promotes the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.

Demographic, clinical, and pathological features of early onset pancreatic cancer patients

Background

Early onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC), i.e. pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) occurring in patients below 50 years of age, is rare and there is limited information regarding risk factors, molecular basis and outcome. This study aimed to determine the demographic and clinicopathological features and survival figures for EOPC.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients treated at the Royal London Hospital for PDAC between September 2004 and September 2015 was performed. Data on demographics, risk factors, presentation, pathological features, treatment and survival outcome were compared in EOPC and older PDAC patients.

Results

Of 369 PDAC cases identified, 35 (9.5%) were EOPC. Compared to older patients, EOPC patients were more frequently male (71% vs 54%, p = 0.043) and less commonly of British origin (37% vs 70%, p = 0.002). There was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of any of the risk factors known to be associated with older PDAC patients. Fewer EOPC patients presented with resectable disease (23% vs 44%, p = 0.015) and more received adjuvant chemo/radiotherapy (60% vs 46%, p = 0.008). The overall median survival and stage specific survival did not differ significantly between the two groups, although a longer survival for localized disease was seen in EOPC patients (25 months (12.9–37, 95%CI) vs 13 months (10.5–15.5 95%CI) for older PDAC patients).

Conclusions

The EOPC patients had different demographics and were more likely than their older PDAC counterparts to be male. Typically they presented with more advanced disease, received more aggressive treatment, and had on overall similar survival outcome.

Overexpression of CBX3 in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Promotes Cell Cycle Transition-Associated Tumor Progression

BACKGROUND

Previous studies showed that Chromobox protein homolog 3 (CBX3) was overexpressed in several types of human cancers, however its pattern and role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) has not yet been understood. The aim of this study was to identify the expression and function of CBX3 in PAAD.

METHODS

Data of transcriptomic and protein expression of CBX3 in PAAD were collected from different databases and analyzed. The in vitro and in vivo role of CBX3 in PAAD was examined.

RESULTS

CBX3 was overexpressed in human PAAD tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis of overall and disease-free survival of the patients. Overexpression of CBX3 induced the in vitro proliferation, anchorage-free growth, migration and invasion of the PAAD cells, and led to in vivo growth of orthotoptic PAAD tumors in mice. GO and KEGG pathway analysis, as well as experimental observation showed that CBX3 may be associated with cell cycle transition of PAAD cells, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) may mediate the tumor-promoting action of CBX3. CDK1 knockdown attenuated the cell cycle transition, proliferation and invasion of CBX3-overexpressing PAAD cells.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest the tumor-promoting role of CBX3 in PAAD to be targeted by novel therapeutic strategies.

Overweight or Obese Individuals at Eighteen Years of Age Develop Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma at a Significantly Earlier Age

Background

Adolescent obesity is a national epidemic that recently has been shown to increase risk for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) and is associated with an earlier age of PC onset. We hypothesized that PC patients who are overweight or obese at age 18 would have an earlier age of PC onset.

Methods

Retrospective review of 531 patients in our PC registry was completed. Self-reported weight at age 18 and maximum lifetime weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) at age 18 (BMI-18) and maximum lifetime BMI.

Results

Complete BMI and baseline covariate data was available in 319 PC patients. Mean age (in years) of PC diagnosis for patients whose BMI-18 was overweight (64.0) or obese (59.9) was significantly different when compared to patients with a normal BMI-18 (66.7). No significant difference was observed in the mean age of PC diagnosis in those patients who maintained a normal BMI-18 when compared to those patients who subsequently became overweight or obese (67.0 versus 66.6; p = 0.65).

Conclusions

An elevated BMI at age 18 is associated with an earlier age of PC onset and should be factored into determining the optimal age of beginning screening for patients at high risk for PC.

Impact of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing 25 different cancers in the UK: a retrospective study of 422,010 patients followed for up to 30 years

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing 25 different cancers in patients followed for up to 30 years in general practices in the UK.

METHODS

This study included all individuals with at least one visit to one of 196 general practitioners' offices in the UK between January 1988 and December 2008 (index date). Only individuals with documented smoking status were included. Smokers and non-smokers were matched (1:1) by age, gender, index year, body mass index, and physician. The main outcome of the study was the risk of cancer as a function of smoking status. Data regarding a total of 25 cancers were available for the present analysis. The risk of cancer was analyzed using Cox's regression model.

RESULTS

The present retrospective study included 211,005 smokers and 211,005 non-smokers. The mean age was 36.5 years (SD = 12.5 years) in men and 34.3 years (SD = 13.1 years) in women. There was a slightly positive association between smoking and any cancer in both men (HR = 1.07) and women (HR = 1.03). Smoking was further found to be positively associated with several cancers, such as liver cancer, bladder and kidney cancers, pancreas cancer, and lymphoma. By contrast, the use of tobacco was negatively associated with the risk of developing skin cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, endometrial carcinoma, or breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Smoking increased the overall risk of cancer in primary care practices in the UK. In addition, smoking was predominantly positively and less frequently negatively associated with numerous specific cancers.

Smoking and IPMN malignant progression

BACKGROUND

Patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) are at risk for invasive pancreatic cancer. We aim to characterize the impact of smoking on IPMN malignant progression.

METHODS

Patients undergoing pancreatic resection for IPMN (1991-2015) were retrospectively reviewed using a prospectively collected database.

RESULTS

Of 422 patients identified, 324 had complete data for analysis; 55% were smokers. Smoking status did not impact IPMN malignant progression (smokers/non-smokers: 22%/18% invasive grade; p = 0.5). Smokers were younger than non-smokers at the time of IPMN diagnosis (63 versus 68 years; p = 0.001). This association also held in the invasive IPMN subgroup (65 versus 72 years, p = 0.01). Despite this observation, rate of symptoms at diagnosis, cancer stage, and median survival were the same between smokers and non-smokers.

CONCLUSION

Although smoking is not associated with IPMN malignant progression, invasive IPMN is diagnosed at a younger age in smokers. These data suggest tobacco exposure may accelerate IPMN malignant progression.

Risk Factors for Early-Onset and Very-Early-Onset Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4) Analysis

OBJECTIVES

While pancreatic cancer (PC) most often affects older adults, to date, there has been no comprehensive assessment of risk factors among PC patients younger than 60 years.

METHODS

We defined early-onset PC (EOPC) and very-early-onset PC (VEOPC) as diagnosis of PC in patients younger than 60 and 45 years, respectively. We pooled data from 8 case-control studies, including 1954 patients with EOPC and 3278 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associations with EOPC and VEOPC.

RESULTS

Family history of PC, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, and pancreatitis were associated with EOPC. Alcohol use equal to or greater than 26 g daily also was associated with increased risk of EOPC (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.84), and there appeared to be a dose- and age-dependent effect of alcohol on risk. The point estimate for risk of VEOPC was an odds ratio of 2.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.17-4.09).

CONCLUSIONS

The established risk factors for PC, including smoking, diabetes, family history of PC, and obesity, also apply to EOPC. Alcohol intake appeared to have an age-dependent effect; the strongest association was with VEOPC.

Delayed diagnosis of pancreatic cancer reported as more common in a population of North African young adults

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most challenging tumor entities worldwide, characterized as a highly aggressive disease with dismal overall prognosis and an incidence rate equaling mortality rate.

OBJECTIVE

In order to have an update about pancreatic cancer incidence and evolution in North Africa, we conducted an epidemiological analytical retrospective study at the level of three Algerian regions: Sidi-bel-Abbes, Oran and Tlemcen along the last eight years [2006-2013].

METHODS

We performed a retrospective hospital-based study in which we analyzed the records of 160 pancreatic cancer patients registered, evaluated and treated in a Northern African region; at the level of hospital centers of the three western Algerian regions from 2006 to 2013.

RESULTS

Along the period of study, 160 patients were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer; with a mean age of 66.2 years, and a sex ratio of 1.65; other parameters such as a medical history smoking and alcoholism history, tumor site; histological type as well as the stage of diagnosis were also enrolled in the study. Our statistical analyses reported a very significant correlation between patients who belonged to the age group of 21-40 years and the advanced stage of diagnosis (basing on TNM classification) with P=0.02.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic cancer is increasingly diagnosed in young adults at an advanced stage in North African regions.

Genetics and Genetic Testing in Pancreatic Cancer

Genetic testing of germline DNA is used in patients suspected of being at risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to better define the individual's risk and to determine the mechanism of risk. A high genetic risk increases the pretest probability that a biomarker of early cancer is a true positive and warrants further investigation. The highest PDAC risk is generally associated with a hereditary predisposition. However, the majority of PDAC results from complex, progressive gene-environment interactions that currently fall outside the traditional risk models. Over many years, the combination of inflammation, exposure to DNA-damaging toxins, and failed DNA repair promote the accumulation of somatic mutations in pancreatic cells; PDAC risk is further increased by already present oncogenic germline mutations. Predictive models and new technologies are needed to classify patients into more accurate and mechanistic PDAC risk categories that can be linked to improved surveillance and preventative strategies.

Impact of Smoking on Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Current Chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE

Smoking may affect pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents and hemodynamics of the smokers, thereby influencing adverse events and efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this study was to clarify how smoking totally affected patients with PC receiving current chemotherapy.

METHODS

We evaluated the impact of smoking status on the performance of chemotherapy and survival in 262 patients with PC including 158 resectable and 104 unresectable PC.

RESULTS

There were more male and younger patients in current smokers than in nonsmokers. In unresectable PC, current smokers had more metastatic tumors than locally advanced tumors compared with nonsmokers. In current smokers receiving chemotherapy, the baseline white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers. Furthermore, grades 3 to 4 neutropenia was observed more often in nonsmokers than smokers. On the other hand, the performance and efficacy of the planned adjuvant chemotherapy were similar between smokers and nonsmokers. More importantly, there was no significant difference in overall prognosis between smokers and nonsmokers receiving chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Smoking status has no significant impact on the efficacy of current chemotherapy for both resectable and unresectable PC.

The inhibition of renin-angiotensin system in advanced pancreatic cancer: an exploratory analysis in 349 patients

PURPOSE

The role of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as a target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been increasingly reported, but the addition of candesartan, one of angiotensin system inhibitors (ASIs), to gemcitabine in our prospective trial failed to demonstrate activity against pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to explore subgroups that would benefit from the inhibition of RAS by the use of ASIs.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy were retrospectively studied. Hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated by a Cox proportional hazards model. Interactions between the use of ASIs and each subgroup were tested.

RESULTS

Between 2001 and 2013, 349 patients received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer; 232 were metastatic, 210 received gemcitabine monotherapy, 108 took ASIs, 166 were never smokers and 188 were diabetic. The median PFS and OS were 4.9 and 11.2 months, respectively. When the effects of the use of ASIs were evaluated by a Cox proportional hazard model, there were two subgroups with P interaction <0.10 both in PFS and OS: never smokers and gemcitabine monotherapy. HRs for PFS and OS by the inhibition of RAS were 0.71 (P = 0.021) and 0.68 (P = 0.014) in never smokers and 0.70 (P = 0.027) and 0.77 (P = 0.124) in patients receiving gemcitabine monotherapy.

CONCLUSION

The inhibition of RAS in advanced pancreatic cancer might improve clinical outcomes in cases without a history of smoking or in cases receiving gemcitabine monotherapy.

Early onset pancreatic cancer: risk factors, presentation and outcome

BACKGROUND

About 10% of pancreatic cancer patients are aged ≤50 at diagnosis and defined as Early Onset Pancreatic Cancer (EOPC). There is limited information regarding risk factors for EOPC occurrence and their outcome.

AIM

To investigate risk factors, presentation features and outcome of EOPC patients.

METHODS

Consecutive, histologically confirmed, pancreatic cancer patients enrolled. Data regarding environmental and genetic risk factors, clinical and pathological information, treatment and survival were recorded. EOPC patients (aged ≤50 at diagnosis) were compared to older subjects.

RESULTS

Twenty-five of 293 patients (8.5%) had EOPC. There was no difference regarding sex distribution, medical conditions and alcohol intake between EOPC and older subjects. EOPC patients were more frequently current smokers (56% vs 28% p = 0.001) and started smoking at a significantly lower mean age (19.8 years, 95%CI 16.7-22.9) as compared to older patients (26.1, 95%CI 24.2-28) (p = 0.001). Current smoking (OR 7.5; 95%CI 1.8-30; p = 0.004) and age at smoking initiation (OR 0.8 for every increasing year; 95%CI 0.7-0.9; p = 0.01) were significant and independent risk factors for diagnosis of EOPC. There were no differences regarding genetic syndromes and pancreatic cancer family history. EOCP presented less frequently with jaundice (16% vs 44%, p = 0.006) and had a higher rate of unresectable disease, albeit not significantly (84% vs 68%, p = 0.1). EOPC patients were more frequently fit for surgery or chemotherapy than their counterpart, resulting in similar stage-specific survival probability.

CONCLUSION

EOPC seems related to active and early smoking but not to familial syndromes. Young patients display aggressive disease but not worse outcome.

ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes

This guideline presents recommendations for the management of patients with hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. The initial assessment is the collection of a family history of cancers and premalignant gastrointestinal conditions and should provide enough information to develop a preliminary determination of the risk of a familial predisposition to cancer. Age at diagnosis and lineage (maternal and/or paternal) should be documented for all diagnoses, especially in first- and second-degree relatives. When indicated, genetic testing for a germline mutation should be done on the most informative candidate(s) identified through the family history evaluation and/or tumor analysis to confirm a diagnosis and allow for predictive testing of at-risk relatives. Genetic testing should be conducted in the context of pre- and post-test genetic counseling to ensure the patient's informed decision making. Patients who meet clinical criteria for a syndrome as well as those with identified pathogenic germline mutations should receive appropriate surveillance measures in order to minimize their overall risk of developing syndrome-specific cancers. This guideline specifically discusses genetic testing and management of Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP), MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Cowden syndrome, serrated (hyperplastic) polyposis syndrome, hereditary pancreatic cancer, and hereditary gastric cancer.

Smoking, family history of cancer, and diabetes mellitus are associated with the age of onset of pancreatic cancer in Japanese patients

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to examine the association of risk factors including diabetes mellitus (DM) with the age of onset in Japanese pancreatic cancer (PC) patients.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 688 PC patients diagnosed at our institute. We analyzed the association between the age of onset of PC and the following variables: sex, smoking, alcohol, DM, and a family history of cancer especially PC.

RESULTS

The mean age of PC diagnosis was 67.6 years. The onset of PC occurred earlier in current smokers (63.6 years old, P < 0.001) compared with past smokers (69.5 years old) and never smokers (68.6 years old). Patients with long-standing DM (>2 years) were older (70.5 years, P < 0.001) when diagnosed with PC than patients with new-onset DM (within 2 years) (66.9 years old) and patients without DM (66.7 years old). In the multivariate analysis, current smokers and a family history of cancer other than PC were associated with earlier onset. Conversely, long-standing DM was associated with later onset.

CONCLUSIONS

In Japanese PC patients, current smokers and a family history of cancer other than PC were associated with a younger age of onset. Conversely, long-standing DM was associated with a later onset.

Mortality, cancer, and comorbidities associated with chronic pancreatitis: a Danish nationwide matched-cohort study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

We aimed to assess the risk of death, cancer, and comorbidities among patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic chronic pancreatitis (CP).

METHODS

We performed a nationwide retrospective cohort study, collecting data from Danish registries from 1995 through 2010. We evaluated the prevalences and incidences of death, cancers, and comorbidities among subjects with CP (cases) compared with age- and sex-matched individuals (controls). In total, 11,972 cases (71,814 person-years) and 119,720 controls (917,436 person-years) were included in the analysis. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

Forty-six percent of the cases died during the follow-up period, compared with 13.0% of controls (mean age, 63.7 vs 72.1 y; P < .0001), corresponding to a HR of 5.0 for CP (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-5.2). Cancer was a frequent cause of death among cases (10.2%) and controls (3.3%). Cancer (particularly pancreatic cancer) was a frequent cause of death among cases; the HR was 6.9 (95% CI, 7.5-11.8). Alcoholic CP did not produce a higher risk for cancer or death than nonalcoholic CP. Cerebrovascular disease (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4), chronic pulmonary disease (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8-2.1), ulcer disease (HR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.3-3.9), diabetes (HR, 5.2; 95% CI, 5.0-5.6), and chronic renal disease (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9) occurred more frequently among patients with CP, but myocardial infarction did not (HR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.8-1.0).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on a Danish nationwide cohort study, individuals with CP are at higher risk for death from cancer (particularly pancreatic cancer) and have a higher incidence of comorbidities than people without CP.

Anaesthetic perioperative management of patients with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains a significant and unresolved therapeutic challenge. Currently, the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer is surgical resection. Pancreatic surgery represents a technically demanding major abdominal procedure that can occasionally lead to a number of pathophysiological alterations resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Systemic, rather than surgical complications, cause the majority of deaths. Because patients are increasingly referred to surgery with at advanced ages and because pancreatic surgery is extremely complex, anaesthesiologists and surgeons play a crucial role in preoperative evaluations and diagnoses for surgical intervention. The anaesthetist plays a key role in perioperative management and can significantly influence patient outcome. To optimise overall care, patients should be appropriately referred to tertiary centres, where multidisciplinary teams (surgical, medical, radiation oncologists, gastroenterologists, interventional radiologists and anaesthetists) work together and where close cooperation between surgeons and anaesthesiologists promotes the safe performance of major gastrointestinal surgeries with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. In this review, we sought to provide simple daily recommendations to the clinicians who manage pancreatic surgery patients to make their work easier and suggest a joint approach between surgeons and anaesthesiologists in daily decision making.

Inherited pancreatic cancer syndromes

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most challenging of all cancers. Genetic risk factors are believed to play a major role, but other than genes coding for blood group, genetic risks for sporadic cases remain elusive. However, several germline mutations have been identified that lead to hereditary pancreatic cancer, familial pancreatic cancer, and increased risk for pancreatic cancer as part of a familial cancer syndrome. The most important genes with variants increasing risk for pancreatic cancer include BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, CDKN2A, APC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, PRSS1, and STK11. Recognition of members of high-risk families is important for understanding pancreatic cancer biology, for recommending risk reduction strategies and, in some cases, initiating cancer surveillance programs. Because the best methods for surveillance have not been established, the recommendation to refer at-risk patients to centers with ongoing research programs in pancreatic cancer surveillance is supported.

Cigarette smoking impairs pancreatic duct cell bicarbonate secretion

OBJECTIVE

To compare pancreatic duct cell function in smokers (current and past) and never smokers by measurement of secretin-stimulated peak bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]) in endoscopic collected pancreatic fluid (PF).

METHODS

This retrospective study was cross-sectional in design, recording demographic information (age, gender, etc.), smoking status (former, current, never), alcohol intake, clinical data (imaging, endoscopy), and laboratory results (peak PF [HCO3-]) from subjects evaluated for pancreatic disease at a tertiary pancreas center. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (SAS Version 9.2, Cary, NC, USA) was performed to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and secretin-stimulated pancreatic fluid bicarbonate concentration.

RESULTS

A total of 131 subjects underwent pancreatic fluid collection (endoscopic pancreatic function test, ePFT) for bicarbonate analysis: 25.2% (33 out of 131) past smokers, 31.3% (41 out of 131) current smokers, and 43.5% (57 out of 131) were never smokers. Measures of Association: The mean peak PF [HCO3-] in never smokers (81.3 ± 18.5 mEq/L) was statistically higher (indicating better duct cell function) when compared to past smokers (66.8 ± 24.7 mEq/L, P=0.005) and current smokers (70.0 ± 20.2 mEq/L, P=0.005). However, the mean peak [HCO3-] in past smokers was not statistically different from that in current smokers (P=0.575), and therefore, the two smoking groups were combined to form a single "smokers cohort". When compared to the never smokers, the smokers cohort was older (P=0.037) and had a greater proportion of subjects with definite chronic pancreatitis imaging (P=0.010), alcohol consumption ≥20 g/day (P=0.012), and abnormal peak PF [HCO3-] (P<0.001). Risk-Based Estimates: Cigarette smoking (risk ratio, RR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.5; P<0.001), diagnosis of definite chronic pancreatitis imaging (RR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.6-3.2; P<0.001) and alcohol consumption ≥20 g/day (RR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.4; P=0.033) were all associated with low mean peak PF [HCO3-] (indicating duct cell secretory dysfunction). Multivariate Analysis: Smoking (odds ratio, OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.6-9.1; P=0.003) and definite chronic pancreatitis imaging (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 2.2-14.8; P<0.001) were determined to be independent predictors of low peak PF [HCO3-], controlling for age, gender, and alcohol intake. Furthermore there was no interaction between smoking status and alcohol intake in predicting duct cell dysfunction (P=0.571).

CONCLUSION

Measurement of pancreatic fluid bicarbonate in smokers reveals that cigarette smoking (past and current) is an independent risk factor for pancreatic duct cell secretory dysfunction (low PF [HCO3-]). Furthermore, the risk of duct cell dysfunction in subjects who smoked was approximately twice the risk (RR: 2.2) in never smokers. Further in depth, translational research approaches to pancreatic fluid analysis may help unravel mechanisms of cigarette smoking induced pancreatic duct cell injury.

Alcohol and tobacco lower the age of presentation in sporadic pancreatic cancer in a dose-dependent manner: a multicenter study

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to examine the association between tobacco and alcohol dose and type and the age of onset of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PancCa).

METHODS

Prospective data from the Pancreatic Cancer Collaborative Registry were used to examine the association between age of onset and variables of interest including: gender, race, birth country, educational status, family history of PancCa, diabetes status, and tobacco and alcohol use. Statistical analysis included logistic and linear regression, Cox proportional hazard regression, and time-to-event analysis.

RESULTS

The median age to diagnosis for PancCa was 66.3 years (95% confidence intervals (CIs), 64.5-68.0). Males were more likely than females to be smokers (77% vs. 69%, P=0.0002) and heavy alcohol and beer consumers (19% vs. 6%, 34% vs. 19%, P<0.0001). In univariate analysis for effects on PancCa presentation age, the following were significant: gender, alcohol and tobacco use (amount, status and type), family history of PancCa, and body mass index. Both alcohol and tobacco had dose-dependent effects. In multivariate analysis, alcohol status and dose were independently associated with increased risk for earlier PancCa onset with greatest risk occurring in heavy drinkers (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.04-2.54). Smoking status had the highest risk for earlier onset pancreatic cancer with a HR of 2.69 (95% CI, 1.97-3.68) for active smokers and independent effects for dose (P=0.019). The deleterious effects for alcohol and tobacco appear to resolve after 10 years of abstinence.

CONCLUSIONS

Alcohol and tobacco use are associated with a dose-related increased risk for earlier age of onset of PancCa. Although beer drinkers develop pancreatic cancer at an earlier age than nondrinkers, alcohol type did not have a significant effect after controlling for alcohol dose.

Cytochrome P450 2E1 variable number tandem repeat polymorphisms and health risks: a genotype-phenotype study in cancers associated with drinking and/or smoking

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is one of the main enzymes involved in the oxidation of ethanol and in the transformation of a number of potentially dangerous compounds. It has various polymorphic sites, one of which is a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism previously described in the 5'-flanking region. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype-phenotype association between CYP2E1 VNTR polymorphisms and risky health habits in healthy subjects and to analyze the associations between these polymorphisms with drinking- and/or smoking-related cancers. We analyzed 166 healthy subjects by genotyping for the CYP2E1 VNTR polymorphism associated with drinking and/or smoking habits by the more sensitive restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) method, using the NlaIV restriction enzyme. Sixty cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) and 66 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), were also genotyped. Statistical analysis was carried out to investigate the genotype-phenotype associations and to compare certain genotypes and cancer. We found 7 genotypes both in the healthy subjects and patients. The A1/A1 genotype was observed to be mainly associated with non-drinkers and -smokers (87.5 and 75.0%, respectively); moreover it was never found in the PA or HCC patients. Conversely, a weak association between A2/A3 with smokers (45.8%) and A4/A4 with drinkers (53.9%) was detected. In addition, the A4/A4 genotype was found to be significantly associated to PA [odds ratio (OR)=3.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-7.50]. Our data demonstrate that certain CYP2E1 VNTR genotypes are associated with drinking and/or smoking habits; consequently, they may contribute either to the decreased or increased risk of developing drinking- and/or smoking-related cancers. In particular, we hypothesize that the A1/A1 VNTR genotype may have a protective role against drinking- and/or smoking-related cancers, and that A4/A4 may be a high-risk genotype during the early stages of cancer.

ABO blood group and chronic pancreatitis risk in the NAPS2 cohort

OBJECTIVES

A risk association has been observed between non-O blood groups and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis also increases risk for pancreatic cancer, raising questions as to whether non-O blood groups are a risk for chronic pancreatitis and whether the pathophysiologic pathways are linked. Our goal was to determine whether ABO blood group may affect the risk of chronic pancreatitis.

METHODS

The study cohort included chronic pancreatitis patients (n = 499) and healthy controls (n = 631) from the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 study. Genotyping was performed using Sequenom assay of rs8176746 A/C and rs505922 C/T to classify participants into ABO blood groups.

RESULTS

O blood group was nonsignificantly more common among cases (44.7% vs 42.0%; P = 0.36), particularly among cases with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis (49.3% vs 42%; P = 0.060). Alcoholic patients without coexisting high-risk PRSS1, CFTR, or SPINK1 variants had a significant overrepresentation of O blood type when compared with controls (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.17; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

A, B, and AB blood groups were not associated with a greater likelihood of having chronic pancreatitis and may decrease the risk of chronic pancreatitis in individuals who are very heavy drinkers. These results suggest that the mechanism linking non-O blood type with pancreatic pathology is specific to carcinogenesis.

New developments in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma presents in an advanced stage and has a dismal prognosis. Extensive recent research efforts have provided us with greater insight into the etiology of pancreatic cancer and have also improved our means of prognostication. Molecular analysis demonstrated that specific pathways involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis are perhaps more valuable to study than single genetic aberrations. Previous risk factors, including family history, body mass index, and current cigarette smoking, were validated and novel risks, such as ABO blood group alleles, were identified. Similar to other illnesses, combinations of healthful habits, such as not smoking, adhering to a Mediterranean dietary pattern, and engaging in physical activity, may decrease pancreatic cancer risk. Finally, CA 19-9 levels, the presence of diabetes mellitus, and a six-gene signature provided critical information regarding survival that could help guide treatment of individuals diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of pancreatic carcinoma: 1990-2010

Several advances in genetics, diagnosis and palliation of pancreatic cancer (PC) have occurred in the last decades. A multidisciplinary approach to this disease is therefore recommended. PC is relatively common as it is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality. Most patients present with obstructive jaundice, epigastric or back pain, weight loss and anorexia. Despite improvements in diagnostic modalities, the majority of cases are still detected in advanced stages. The only curative treatment for PC remains surgical resection. No more than 20% of patients are candidates for surgery at the time of diagnosis and survival remains quite poor as adjuvant therapies are not very effective. A small percentage of patients with borderline non-resectable PC might benefit from neo-adjuvant chemoradiation therapy enabling them to undergo resection; however, randomized controlled studies are needed to prove the benefits of this strategy. Patients with unresectable PC benefit from palliative interventions such as biliary decompression and celiac plexus block. Further clinical trials to evaluate new chemo and radiation protocols as well as identification of genetic markers for PC are needed to improve the overall survival of patients affected by PC, as the current overall 5-year survival rate of patients affected by PC is still less than 5%. The aim of this article is to review the most recent high quality literature on this topic.

[Strategies for screening for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in high-risk patients: the place of endoscopic ultrasound]

Screening high-risk individuals with imaging tests, such endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography, can lead to the detection and treatment of predominantly asymptomatic premalignant lesions. These pancreatic lesions consist of resectable, mostly branch-type non invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Endoscopic ultrasound features of chronic pancreatitis are highly prevalent in high-risk individuals and these directly correlate with multifocal lobulocentric parenchymal atrophy due to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Long-term, multi-prospective studies are needed to determine if screening for early pancreatic adenocarcinoma and timely intervention results in decreased pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in high-risk individuals.

Early onset pancreatic cancer: a controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents the fourth cause of death in cancer with a 5-year survival rate of less than 1-2%. Early onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC), i.e. patients below 50 years of age, is infrequently described. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiology, demographic incidence and prognosis of EOPC and to identify the characteristics that might distinguish EOPC.

METHODS

576 consecutive patients with PDAC diagnosed from January 1993 to December 2008 at the University Hospital of Lund, Sweden. 65 different parameters were compared with a historic cohort of pancreatic cancer patients as well as with matched controls.

RESULTS

33 patients (5.7%) with PDAC were 50 years or younger. The overall survival was 170 days compared to 240 days for matched controls (p=n.s.). Patients with EOPC were diagnosed at a significantly more advanced stage, i.e. distant metastasis, (52%) as compared to matched controls (30%; p=0.04). EOPC-patients received more treatment than the compared PDAC-cohort.

CONCLUSION

EOPC constituted 5.7 % of all PDAC, presenting at an advanced stage with frequent metastases and poor survival. The role of genetic alterations and the potential influence of environmental factors for EOPC are to be further investigated.

Familial pancreatic cancer in Italy. Risk assessment, screening programs and clinical approach: a position paper from the Italian Registry

In Italy, pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of tumor related death with about 7000 new cases per year and a mortality rate of 95%. In a recent prospective epidemiological study on the Italian population, a family history was found in about 10% of patients suffering from a ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC). A position paper from the Italian Registry for Familial Pancreatic Cancer was made to manage these high-risk individuals. Even though in the majority of high-risk individuals a genetic test to identify familial predisposition is not available, a screening protocol seems to be reasonable for subjects who have a >10-fold greater risk for the development of PDAC. However this kind of screening should be included in clinical trials, performed in centers with high expertise in pancreatic disease, using the least aggressive diagnostic modalities.