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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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2
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Wang Z, Chen M, Su Q, Morais TDC, Wang Y, Nazginov E, Pillai AR, Qian F, Shi Y, Yu Y. Molecular and structural basis of the dual regulation of the polycystin-2 ion channel by small-molecule ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316230121. [PMID: 38483987 PMCID: PMC10962963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316230121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PKD2 gene, which encodes the polycystin-2 (PC2, also called TRPP2) protein, lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). As a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily, PC2 functions as a non-selective cation channel. The activation and regulation of the PC2 channel are largely unknown, and direct binding of small-molecule ligands to this channel has not been reported. In this work, we found that most known small-molecule agonists of the mucolipin TRP (TRPML) channels inhibit the activity of the PC2_F604P, a gain-of-function mutant of the PC2 channel. However, two of them, ML-SA1 and SF-51, have dual regulatory effects, with low concentration further activating PC2_F604P, and high concentration leading to inactivation of the channel. With two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures, a molecular docking model, and mutagenesis results, we identified two distinct binding sites of ML-SA1 in PC2_F604P that are responsible for activation and inactivation, respectively. These results provide structural and functional insights into how ligands regulate PC2 channel function through unusual mechanisms and may help design compounds that are more efficient and specific in regulating the PC2 channel and potentially also for ADPKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Mengying Chen
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
| | - Tiago D. C. Morais
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Elianna Nazginov
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Akhilraj R. Pillai
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Yigong Shi
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province310024, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY11375
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3
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Xu M, Zhong XZ, Huang P, Jaślan D, Wang P, Sun X, Weiden EM, EL Hiani Y, Grimm C, Dong XP. TRPML3/BK complex promotes autophagy and bacterial clearance by providing a positive feedback regulation of mTOR via PI3P. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215777120. [PMID: 37585464 PMCID: PMC10450854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215777120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPML3 is a Ca2+/Na+ release channel residing in both phagophores and endolysosomal membranes. It is activated by PI3P and PI3,5P2. Its activity can be enhanced by high luminal pH and by replacing luminal Na+ with K+. Here, we report that big-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channels form a positive feedback loop with TRPML3. Ca2+ release via TRPML3 activates BK, which in turn facilitates TRPML3-mediated Ca2+ release, potentially through removing luminal Na+ inhibition. We further show that TRPML3/BK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) form another positive feedback loop to facilitate autophagy induction in response to nutrient starvation, i.e., mTOR inhibition upon nutrient starvation activates TRPML3/BK, and this further reduces mTOR activity, thereby increasing autophagy induction. Mechanistically, the feedback regulation between TRPML3/BK and mTOR is mediated by PI3P, an endogenous TRPML3 activator that is enriched in phagophores and is up-regulated by mTOR reduction. Importantly, bacterial infection activates TRPML3 in a BK-dependent manner, and both TRPML3 and BK are required for mTOR suppression and autophagy induction responding to bacterial infection. Suppressing either TRPML3 or BK helps bacteria survival whereas increasing either TRPML3 or BK favors bacterial clearance. Considering that TRPML3/BK is inhibited by low luminal pH but activated by high luminal pH and PI3P in phagophores, we suggest that TRPML3/BK and mTOR form a positive feedback loop via PI3P to ensure efficient autophagy induction in response to nutrient deprivation and bacterial infection. Our study reveals a role of TRPML3-BK coupling in controlling cellular homeostasis and intracellular bacterial clearance via regulating mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xi Zoë Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
- Chongming Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai202150, China
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich80336, Germany
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenbei New District, Shenyang110122, China
| | - Eva-Maria Weiden
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich80336, Germany
| | - Yassine EL Hiani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich80336, Germany
- Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Munich80799, Germany
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4R2, Canada
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4
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Gene expression of TRPMLs and its regulation by pathogen stimulation. Gene 2023; 864:147291. [PMID: 36813061 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) subfamily in mammalian has three members, namely TRPML1, TRPML2, and TRPML3, who play key roles in regulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, endosomal pH, membrane trafficking and autophagy. Previous studies had shown that three TRPMLs are closely related to the occurrence of pathogen invasion and immune regulation in some immune tissues or cells, but the relationship between TRPMLs expression and pathogen invasion in lung tissue or cell remains elusive. Here, we investigated the expression distribution of three TRPML channels in mouse different tissues by qRT-PCR, and then found that all three TRPMLs were highly expressed in the mouse lung tissue, as well as mouse spleen and kidney tissues. The expression of TRPML1 or TRPML3 in all three mouse tissues had a significant down-regulation after the treatment of Salmonella or LPS, but TRPML2 expression showed a remarkable increase. Consistently, TRPML1 or TRPML3 but not TRPML2 in A549 cells also displayed a decreased expression induced by LPS stimulation, which shared a similar regulation pattern in the mouse lung tissue. Furthermore, the treatment of the TRPML1 or TRPML3 specific activator induced a dose-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, suggesting that TRPML1 and TRPML3 are likely to play an important role in immune and inflammatory regulation. Together, our study identified the gene expression of TRPMLs induced by pathogen stimulation in vivo and in vitro, which may provide novel targets for innate immunity or pathogen regulation.
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5
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Cunha MR, Catta-Preta CMC, Takarada JE, Moreira GA, Massirer KB, Couñago RM. A novel BRET-based assay to investigate binding and residence times of unmodified ligands to the human lysosomal ion channel TRPML1 in intact cells. J Biol Chem 2023:104807. [PMID: 37172730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report a Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) assay as a novel way to investigate the binding of unlabeled ligands to the human Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (hTRPML1), a lysosomal ion channel involved in several genetic diseases and cancer progression. This novel BRET assay can be used to determine equilibrium and kinetic binding parameters of unlabeled compounds to hTRPML1 using intact human-derived cells, thus complementing the information obtained using functional assays based on ion channel activation. We expect this new BRET assay to expedite the identification and optimization of cell-permeable ligands that interact with hTRPML1 within the physiologically-relevant environment of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael R Cunha
- Center of Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Carolina M C Catta-Preta
- Center of Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil; Current address: Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jéssica E Takarada
- Center of Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Moreira
- Center of Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Katlin B Massirer
- Center of Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Center of Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil; Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
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6
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Gibbs KD, Wang L, Yang Z, Anderson CE, Bourgeois JS, Cao Y, Gaggioli MR, Biel M, Puertollano R, Chen CC, Ko DC. Human variation impacting MCOLN2 restricts Salmonella Typhi replication by magnesium deprivation. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100290. [PMID: 37228749 PMCID: PMC10203047 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic diversity can reveal critical factors in host-pathogen interactions. This is especially useful for human-restricted pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever. One key defense during bacterial infection is nutritional immunity: host cells attempt to restrict bacterial replication by denying bacteria access to key nutrients or supplying toxic metabolites. Here, a cellular genome-wide association study of intracellular replication by S. Typhi in nearly a thousand cell lines from around the world-and extensive follow-up using intracellular S. Typhi transcriptomics and manipulation of magnesium availability-demonstrates that the divalent cation channel mucolipin-2 (MCOLN2 or TRPML2) restricts S. Typhi intracellular replication through magnesium deprivation. Mg2+ currents, conducted through MCOLN2 and out of endolysosomes, were measured directly using patch-clamping of the endolysosomal membrane. Our results reveal Mg2+ limitation as a key component of nutritional immunity against S. Typhi and as a source of variable host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline E. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yanlu Cao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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7
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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8
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Somogyi A, Kirkham ED, Lloyd-Evans E, Winston J, Allen ND, Mackrill JJ, Anderson KE, Hawkins PT, Gardiner SE, Waller-Evans H, Sims R, Boland B, O'Neill C. The synthetic TRPML1 agonist ML-SA1 rescues Alzheimer-related alterations of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259875. [PMID: 36825945 PMCID: PMC10112969 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) system are an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are unclear. The transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1(TRPML1, also known as MCOLN1), a vital endosomal-lysosomal Ca2+ channel whose loss of function leads to neurodegeneration, has not been investigated with respect to EAL pathogenesis in late-onset AD (LOAD). Here, we identify pathological hallmarks of TRPML1 dysregulation in LOAD neurons, including increased perinuclear clustering and vacuolation of endolysosomes. We reveal that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human cortical neurons expressing APOE ε4, the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, have significantly diminished TRPML1-induced endolysosomal Ca2+ release. Furthermore, we found that blocking TRPML1 function in primary neurons by depleting the TRPML1 agonist PI(3,5)P2 via PIKfyve inhibition, recreated multiple features of EAL neuropathology evident in LOAD. This included increased endolysosomal Ca2+ content, enlargement and perinuclear clustering of endolysosomes, autophagic vesicle accumulation and early endosomal enlargement. Strikingly, these AD-like neuronal EAL defects were rescued by TRPML1 reactivation using its synthetic agonist ML-SA1. These findings implicate defects in TRPML1 in LOAD EAL pathogenesis and present TRPML1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Somogyi
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily D Kirkham
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Jincy Winston
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen E Anderson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Sian E Gardiner
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, C14 4XN Cardiff, UK
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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9
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Rautenberg S, Keller M, Leser C, Chen CC, Bracher F, Grimm C. Expanding the Toolbox: Novel Modulators of Endolysosomal Cation Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:249-276. [PMID: 35902436 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterization of endolysosomal ion channels is challenging due to their intracellular location. With recent advances in endolysosomal patch clamp technology, it has become possible to directly measure ion channel currents across endolysosomal membranes. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel family, namely the endolysosomal TRPML channels (TRPML1-3), also called mucolipins, as well as the distantly related two-pore channels (TPCs) have recently been characterized in more detail with endolysosomal patch clamp techniques. However, answers to many physiological questions require work in intact cells or animal models. One major obstacle thereby is that the known endogenous ligands of TRPMLs and TPCs are anionic in nature and thus impermeable for cell membranes. Microinjection, on the other hand, is technically demanding. There is also a risk of losing essential co-factors for channel activation or inhibition in isolated preparations. Therefore, lipophilic, membrane-permeable small-molecule activators and inhibitors for TRPMLs and TPCs are urgently needed. Here, we describe and discuss the currently available small-molecule modulators of TRPMLs and TPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rautenberg
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotte Leser
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Li G, Huang D, Zou Y, Kidd J, Gehr TWB, Li N, Ritter JK, Li PL. Impaired autophagic flux and dedifferentiation in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene: Role of lysosomal TRPML1 channel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119386. [PMID: 36302466 PMCID: PMC9869931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome have been reported in a mouse strain (Asah1fl/fl/Podocre) with a podocyte-specific deletion of α subunit (the main catalytic subunit) of acid ceramidase (Ac). However, the pathogenesis of podocytopathy in these mice remains unclear. The present study tested whether Ac deficiency impairs autophagic flux in podocytes through blockade of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel as a potential pathogenic mechanism of podocytopathy in Asah1fl/fl/Podocre mice. We first demonstrated that impairment of autophagic flux occurred in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene, which was evidenced by autophagosome accumulation and reduced lysosome-autophagosome interaction. TRPML1 channel agonists recovered lysosome-autophagosome interaction and attenuated autophagosome accumulation in podocytes from Asah1fl/fl/Podocre mice, while TRPML1 channel inhibitors impaired autophagic flux in WT/WT podocytes and worsened autophagic deficiency in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene. The effects of TRPML1 channel agonist were blocked by dynein inhibitors, indicating a critical role of dynein activity in the control of lysosome movement due to TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release. It was also found that there is an enhanced phenotypic transition to dedifferentiation status in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene in vitro and in vivo. Such podocyte phenotypic transition was inhibited by TRPML1 channel agonists but enhanced by TRPML1 channel inhibitors. Moreover, we found that TRPML1 gene silencing induced autophagosome accumulation and dedifferentiation in podocytes. Based on these results, we conclude that Ac activity is essential for autophagic flux and maintenance of differentiated status of podocytes. Dysfunction or deficiency of Ac may impair autophagic flux and induce podocyte dedifferentiation, which may be an important pathogenic mechanism of podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kidd
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd W B Gehr
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal second messenger that plays a wide variety of fundamental roles in cellular physiology. Thus, to warrant selective responses and to allow rapid mobilization upon specific stimuli, Ca2+ is accumulated in organelles to keep it at very low levels in the cytoplasm during resting conditions. Major Ca2+ storage organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mitochondria, and as recently demonstrated, the lysosome (Xu and Ren, Annu Rev Physiol 77:57-80, 2015). The importance of Ca2+ signaling deregulation in human physiology is underscored by its involvement in several human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegenerative disease and cancer (Shen et al., Nat Commun 3:731, 2012; Bae et al., J Neurosci 34:11485-11503, 2014). Recent evidence strongly suggests that lysosomal Ca2+ plays a major role in the regulation of lysosomal adaptation to nutrient availability through a lysosomal signaling pathway involving the lysosomal Ca2+ channel TRPML1 and the transcription factor TFEB, a master regulator for lysosomal function and autophagy (Sardiello et al., Science 325:473-477, 2009; Settembre et al., Science 332:1429-1433, 2011; Medina et al., Nat Cell Biol 17:288-299, 2015; Di Paola et al., Cell Calcium 69:112-121, 2018). Due to the tight relationship of this lysosomal Ca2+ channel and TFEB, in this chapter, we will focus on the role of the TRPML1/TFEB pathway in the regulation of lysosomal function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Gunaratne GS, Marchant JS. The ins and outs of virus trafficking through acidic Ca 2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102528. [PMID: 35033909 PMCID: PMC8860173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses exploit host-cell Ca2+ signaling processes throughout their life cycle. This is especially relevant for viruses that translocate through the endolysosomal system, where cellular infection is keyed to the microenvironment of these acidic Ca2+ stores and Ca2+-dependent trafficking pathways. As regulators of the endolysosomal ionic milieu and trafficking dynamics, two families of endolysosomal Ca2+-permeable cation channels - two pore channels (TPCs) and transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs) - have emerged as important host-cell factors in viral entry. Here, we review: (i) current evidence implicating Ca2+ signaling in viral translocation through the endolysosomal system, (ii) the roles of these ion channels in supporting cellular infection by different viruses, and (iii) areas for future research that will help define the potential of TPC and TRPML ligands as progressible antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan S Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
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13
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Structural mechanism of allosteric activation of TRPML1 by PI(3,5)P 2 and rapamycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120404119. [PMID: 35131932 PMCID: PMC8851561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120404119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Rapamycin can also activate transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1), a phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2]–gated lysosomal cation channel whose loss-of-function mutations directly cause mucolipidosis type IV disease. We determined the high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy structures of TRPML1 in various ligand-bound states, including the open TRPML1 in complex with PI(3,5)P2 and a rapamycin analog at 2.1 Å. These structures reveal how rapamycin and PI(3,5)P2 bind at two distinct sites and allosterically activate the channel. Considering the high potency of TRPML1 activation by rapamycin and PI(3,5)P2, it is conceivable that some pharmacological effects from the therapeutic use of rapamycin may come from the TRPML1-dependent mechanism rather than mTOR inhibition. Transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) is a Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cation channel ubiquitously expressed in the endolysosomes of mammalian cells and its loss-of-function mutations are the direct cause of type IV mucolipidosis (MLIV), an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease. TRPML1 is a ligand-gated channel that can be activated by phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] as well as some synthetic small-molecule agonists. Recently, rapamycin has also been shown to directly bind and activate TRPML1. Interestingly, both PI(3,5)P2 and rapamycin have low efficacy in channel activation individually but together they work cooperatively and activate the channel with high potency. To reveal the structural basis underlying the synergistic activation of TRPML1 by PI(3,5)P2 and rapamycin, we determined the high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the mouse TRPML1 channel in various states, including apo closed, PI(3,5)P2-bound closed, and PI(3,5)P2/temsirolimus (a rapamycin analog)-bound open states. These structures, combined with electrophysiology, elucidate the molecular details of ligand binding and provide structural insight into how the TRPML1 channel integrates two distantly bound ligand stimuli and facilitates channel opening.
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14
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Distribution and Assembly of TRP Ion Channels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1349:111-138. [PMID: 35138613 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last several decades, a large family of ion channels have been identified and studied intensively as cellular sensors for diverse physical and/or chemical stimuli. Named transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, they play critical roles in various aspects of cellular physiology. A large number of human hereditary diseases are found to be linked to TRP channel mutations, and their dysregulations lead to acute or chronical health problems. As TRP channels are named and categorized mostly based on sequence homology rather than functional similarities, they exhibit substantial functional diversity. Rapid advances in TRP channel study have been made in recent years and reported in a vast body of literature; a summary of the latest advancements becomes necessary. This chapter offers an overview of current understandings of TRP channel distribution and subunit assembly.
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15
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Spix B, Butz ES, Chen CC, Rosato AS, Tang R, Jeridi A, Kudrina V, Plesch E, Wartenberg P, Arlt E, Briukhovetska D, Ansari M, Günsel GG, Conlon TM, Wyatt A, Wetzel S, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Ectors F, Boekhoff I, Boehm U, García-Añoveros J, Saftig P, Giera M, Kobold S, Schiller HB, Zierler S, Gudermann T, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Yildirim AÖ, Biel M, Grimm C. Lung emphysema and impaired macrophage elastase clearance in mucolipin 3 deficient mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:318. [PMID: 35031603 PMCID: PMC8760276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Excess macrophage elastase MMP-12, which is predominantly secreted from alveolar macrophages, is known to mediate the development of lung injury and emphysema. Here, we discovered the endolysosomal cation channel mucolipin 3 (TRPML3) as a regulator of MMP-12 reuptake from broncho-alveolar fluid, driving in two independently generated Trpml3-/- mouse models enlarged lung injury, which is further exacerbated after elastase or tobacco smoke treatment. Mechanistically, using a Trpml3IRES-Cre/eR26-τGFP reporter mouse model, transcriptomics, and endolysosomal patch-clamp experiments, we show that in the lung TRPML3 is almost exclusively expressed in alveolar macrophages, where its loss leads to defects in early endosomal trafficking and endocytosis of MMP-12. Our findings suggest that TRPML3 represents a key regulator of MMP-12 clearance by alveolar macrophages and may serve as therapeutic target for emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spix
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Kudrina
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Arlt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gizem Günes Günsel
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabien Ectors
- FARAH Mammalian Transgenics Platform, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jaime García-Añoveros
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Johannes-Keppler-University, Linz, Australia
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Gan N, Jiang Y. Structural biology of cation channels important for lysosomal calcium release. Cell Calcium 2022; 101:102519. [PMID: 34952412 PMCID: PMC8752501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most important second messengers in cells. The uptake and release of calcium ions are conducted by channels and transporters. Inside a eukaryotic cell, calcium is stored in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrion, and lysosome. Lysosomes are acid membrane-bounded organelles serving as the crucial degradation and recycling center of the cell. Lysosomes involve in multiple important signaling events, including nutrient sensing, lipid metabolism, and trafficking. Hitherto, two lysosomal cation channel families have been suggested to function as calcium release channels, namely the Two-pore Channel (TPC) family, and the Transient Receptor Potential Channel Mucolipin (TRPML) family. Additionally, a few plasma membrane calcium channels have also been found in the lysosomal membrane under certain circumstances. In this review, we will discuss the structural mechanism of the cation channels that may be important for lysosomal calcium release, primarily focusing on the TPCs and TRPMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghai Gan
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - Youxing Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
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17
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Ion Channels and Pumps in Autophagy: A Reciprocal Relationship. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123537. [PMID: 34944044 PMCID: PMC8700256 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of cellular self-degradation, is intrinsically tied to the degradative function of the lysosome. Several diseases have been linked to lysosomal degradative defects, including rare lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Ion channels and pumps play a major regulatory role in autophagy. Importantly, calcium signaling produced by TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily) has been shown to regulate autophagic progression through biogenesis of autophagic-lysosomal organelles, activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) and degradation of autophagic cargo. ER calcium channels such as IP3Rs supply calcium for the lysosome, and lysosomal function is severely disrupted in the absence of lysosomal calcium replenishment by the ER. TRPML1 function is also regulated by LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) and mTORC1, two critical components of the autophagic network. Here we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion channels and pumps-including lysosomal V-ATPase (vacuolar proton-ATPase), which is required for acidification and hence proper enzymatic activity of lysosomal hydrolases-in the regulation of autophagy, and discuss how functional impairment of some of these leads to diseases.
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18
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Wang H, Dong Y, Wan B, Ji Y, Xu Q. Identification and Characterization Analysis of Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin Protein of Laodelphax striatellus Fallén. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121107. [PMID: 34940195 PMCID: PMC8706664 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) protein in flies plays a pivotal role in Ca2+ ions release, resulting in membrane trafficking, autophagy and ion homeostasis. However, to date, the characterization of TRPML in agricultural pests remains unknown. Here, we firstly reported the TRPML of a destructive pest of gramineous crops, Laodelphax striatellus. The L. striatellus TRPML (Ls-TRPML) has a 1818 bp open reading frame, encoding 605 amino acid. TRPML in agricultural pests is evolutionarily conserved, and the expression of Ls-TRPML is predominately higher in the ovary than in other organs of L. striatellus at the transcript and protein level. The Bac-Bac system showed that Ls-TRPML localized in the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane and nucleus and co-localized with lysosome in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showed that Ls-TRPML localized in the cytoplasm and around the nuclei of the intestine cells or ovary follicular cells of L. striatellus. The results from the lipid-binding assay revealed that Ls-TRPML strongly bound to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, as compared with other phosphoinositides. Overall, our results helped is identify and characterize the TRPML protein of L. striatellus, shedding light on the function of TRPML in multiple cellular processes in agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-134-5181-6249 (H.W.); +86-133-2781-7381 (Q.X.)
| | - Yan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
| | - Baijie Wan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Coastal Area, Yancheng 224002, China;
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.D.); (Y.J.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-134-5181-6249 (H.W.); +86-133-2781-7381 (Q.X.)
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19
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Xia Z, Ren Y, Li S, Xu J, Wu Y, Cao Z. ML-SA1 and SN-2 inhibit endocytosed viruses through regulating TRPML channel expression and activity. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105193. [PMID: 34687820 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin 2 and 3 (TRPML2 and TRPML3), as key channels in the endosomal-lysosomal system, are associated with many different cellular processes, including ion release, membrane trafficking and autophagy. In particular, they can also facilitate viral entry into host cells and enhance viral infection. We previously identified that two selective TRPML agonists, ML-SA1 and SN-2, that showed antiviral activities against dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in vitro, but their antiviral mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we reported that ML-SA1 could inhibit DENV2 replication by downregulating the expression of both TRPML2 and TRPML3, while the other TRPML activator, SN-2, suppressed DENV2 infection by reducing only TRPML3 expression. Consistently, the channel activities of both TRPML2 and TRPML3 were also found to be associated with the antiviral activity of ML-SA1 on DENV2 and ZIKV, but SN-2 relied only on TRPML3 channel activity. Further mechanistic experiments revealed that ML-SA1 and SN-2 decreased the expression of the late endosomal marker Rab7, dependent on TRPML2 and TRPML3, indicating that these two compounds likely inhibit viral infection by promoting vesicular trafficking from late endosomes to lysosomes and then accelerating lysosomal degradation of the virus. As expected, neither ML-SA1 nor SN-2 inhibited herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), whose entry is independent of the endolysosomal network. Together, our work reveals the antiviral mechanisms of ML-SA1 and SN-2 in targeting TRPML channels, possibly leading to the discovery of new drug candidates to inhibit endocytosed viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Yingying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Songryong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, North Korea
| | - Jiyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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20
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Schwickert K, Andrzejewski M, Grabowsky S, Schirmeister T. Synthesis, X-ray Structure Determination, and Comprehensive Photochemical Characterization of (Trifluoromethyl)diazirine-Containing TRPML1 Ligands. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6169-6183. [PMID: 33835801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potential (trifluoromethyl)diazirine-based TRPML1 ion channel ligands were designed and synthesized, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Photoactivation studies via 19F NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS analysis revealed distinct kinetical characteristics in selected solvents and favorable photochemical properties in an aqueous buffer. These photoactivatable TRPML activators represent useful and valuable tools for TRPML photoaffinity labeling combined with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwickert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michał Andrzejewski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Santoni G, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Maggi F, Arcella A, Marinelli O, Eleuteri AM, Santoni M, Morelli MB. Knock-Down of Mucolipin 1 Channel Promotes Tumor Progression and Invasion in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:578928. [PMID: 33954107 PMCID: PMC8092188 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.578928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among cancers that affect the central nervous system, glioblastoma is the most common. Given the negative prognostic significance of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel reduction in patients with glioblastoma, as discussed in previous publications, the aim of the current study was to investigate the biological advantage of TRPML1 loss for glioma cells. Human glioblastoma primary cancer cells (FSL and FCL) and glioblastoma cell lines (T98 and U251) were used for that purpose. TRPML1 silencing in T98 cells induces defective autophagy, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cathepsin B-dependent apoptosis in the first 48 h and then apoptotic-resistant cells proliferate with a high growth rate with respect to control cells. In U251 cells, knock-down of TRPML1 stimulates NO generation and protein oxidation, arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces autophagy leading to cathepsin B-dependent senescence. Finally, in both cell lines, the long-term effects of TRPML1 silencing promote survival and invasion capacity with respect to control cells. Silencing of TRPML1 also affects the phenotype of glioblastoma primary cells. FSL cells show increased proliferation ability, while FCL cells enter into senescence associated with an increased invasion ability. In conclusion, although the molecular heterogeneity among different glioblastoma cell lines mirrors the intercellular heterogeneity in cancer cells, our data support TRPML1 downregulation as a negative prognostic factor in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Maggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Arcella
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
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22
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Estradiol analogs attenuate autophagy, cell migration and invasion by direct and selective inhibition of TRPML1, independent of estrogen receptors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8313. [PMID: 33859333 PMCID: PMC8050276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cation channel TRPML1 is an important regulator of lysosomal function and autophagy. Loss of TRPML1 is associated with neurodegeneration and lysosomal storage disease, while temporary inhibition of this ion channel has been proposed to be beneficial in cancer therapy. Currently available TRPML1 channel inhibitors are not TRPML isoform selective and block at least two of the three human isoforms. We have now identified the first highly potent and isoform-selective TRPML1 antagonist, the steroid 17β-estradiol methyl ether (EDME). Two analogs of EDME, PRU-10 and PRU-12, characterized by their reduced activity at the estrogen receptor, have been identified through systematic chemical modification of the lead structure. EDME and its analogs, besides being promising new small molecule tool compounds for the investigation of TRPML1, selectively affect key features of TRPML1 function: autophagy induction and transcription factor EB (TFEB) translocation. In addition, they act as inhibitors of triple-negative breast cancer cell migration and invasion.
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23
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Lysosomal Calcium Channels in Autophagy and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061299. [PMID: 33803964 PMCID: PMC8001254 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a cellular self-eating process that uses lysosome, the waste disposal system of the cell, to degrade and recycle intracellular materials to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy are linked to a variety of pathological states, including cancer. Calcium is an important cellular messenger that regulates the survival of all animal cells. Alterations to calcium homoeostasis are associated with cancer. While it has long been considered as cellular recycling center, the lysosome is now widely known as an intracellular calcium store that regulates autophagy and cancer progression by releasing calcium via some ion channels residing in the lysosomal membrane. In this review, we summarize existing mechanisms of autophagy regulation by lysosomal calcium channels and their implications in cancer development. We hope to guide readers toward a more in-depth understanding of the importance of lysosomal calcium channels in cancer, and potentially facilitate the development of new therapeutics for some cancers. Abstract Ca2+ is pivotal intracellular messenger that coordinates multiple cell functions such as fertilization, growth, differentiation, and viability. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is regulated by both extracellular Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Apart from working as the cellular recycling center, the lysosome has been increasingly recognized as a significant intracellular Ca2+ store that provides Ca2+ to regulate many cellular processes. The lysosome also talks to other organelles by releasing and taking up Ca2+. In lysosomal Ca2+-dependent processes, autophagy is particularly important, because it has been implicated in many human diseases including cancer. This review will discuss the major components of lysosomal Ca2+ stores and their roles in autophagy and human cancer progression.
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24
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Müller M, Gerndt S, Chao YK, Zisis T, Nguyen ONP, Gerwien A, Urban N, Müller C, Gegenfurtner FA, Geisslinger F, Ortler C, Chen CC, Zahler S, Biel M, Schaefer M, Grimm C, Bracher F, Vollmar AM, Bartel K. Gene editing and synthetically accessible inhibitors reveal role for TPC2 in HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1119-1131.e27. [PMID: 33626324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2), one of the few cation channels localized on endolysosomal membranes, in cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we report that TPC2 knockout reduces proliferation of cancer cells in vitro, affects their energy metabolism, and successfully abrogates tumor growth in vivo. Concurrently, we have developed simplified analogs of the alkaloid tetrandrine as potent TPC2 inhibitors by screening a library of synthesized benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Removal of dispensable substructures of the lead molecule tetrandrine increases antiproliferative properties against cancer cells and impairs proangiogenic signaling of endothelial cells to a greater extent than tetrandrine. Simultaneously, toxic effects on non-cancerous cells are reduced, allowing in vivo administration and revealing a TPC2 inhibitor with antitumor efficacy in mice. Hence, our study unveils TPC2 as valid target for cancer therapy and provides easily accessible tetrandrine analogs as a promising option for effective pharmacological interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ong Nam Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian A Gegenfurtner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Geisslinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Ortler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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25
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Two-pore and TRPML cation channels: Regulators of phagocytosis, autophagy and lysosomal exocytosis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107713. [PMID: 33141027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The old Greek saying "Panta Rhei" ("everything flows") is true for all life and all living things in general. It also becomes nicely evident when looking closely into cells. There, material from the extracellular space is taken up by endocytic processes and transported to endosomes where it is sorted either for recycling or degradation. Cargo is also packaged for export through exocytosis involving the Golgi network, lysosomes and other organelles. Everything in this system is in constant motion and many proteins are necessary to coordinate transport along the different intracellular pathways to avoid chaos. Among these proteins are ion channels., in particular TRPML channels (mucolipins) and two-pore channels (TPCs) which reside on endosomal and lysosomal membranes to speed up movement between organelles, e.g. by regulating fusion and fission; they help readjust pH and osmolarity changes due to such processes, or they promote exocytosis of export material. Pathophysiologically, these channels are involved in neurodegenerative, metabolic, retinal and infectious diseases, cancer, pigmentation defects, and immune cell function, and thus have been proposed as novel pharmacological targets, e.g. for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, or different types of cancer. Here, we discuss the similarities but also differences of TPCs and TRPMLs in regulating phagocytosis, autophagy and lysosomal exocytosis, and we address the contradictions and open questions in the field relating to the roles TPCs and TRPMLs play in these different processes.
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26
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Leser C, Keller M, Gerndt S, Urban N, Chen CC, Schaefer M, Grimm C, Bracher F. Chemical and pharmacological characterization of the TRPML calcium channel blockers ML-SI1 and ML-SI3. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112966. [PMID: 33187805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The members of the TRPML subfamily of non-selective cation channels (TRPML1-3) are involved in the regulation of important lysosomal and endosomal functions, and mutations in TRPML1 are associated with the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis type IV. For in-depth investigation of functions and (patho)physiological roles of TRPMLs, membrane-permeable chemical tools are urgently needed. But hitherto only two TRPML inhibitors, ML-SI1 and ML-SI3, have been published, albeit without clear information about stereochemical details. In this investigation we developed total syntheses of both inhibitors. ML-SI1 was only obtained as a racemic mixture of inseparable diastereomers and showed activator-dependent inhibitory activity. The more promising tool is ML-SI3, hence ML-SI1 was not further investigated. For ML-SI3 we confirmed by stereoselective synthesis that the trans-isomer is significantly more active than the cis-isomer. Separation of the enantiomers of trans-ML-SI3 further revealed that the (-)-isomer is a potent inhibitor of TRPML1 and TRPML2 (IC50 values 1.6 and 2.3 μM) and a weak inhibitor (IC50 12.5 μM) of TRPML3, whereas the (+)-enantiomer is an inhibitor on TRPML1 (IC50 5.9 μM), but an activator on TRPML 2 and 3. This renders the pure (-)-trans-ML-SI3 more suitable as a chemical tool for the investigation of TRPML1 and 2 than the racemate. The analysis of 12 analogues of ML-SI3 gave first insights into structure-activity relationships in this chemotype, and showed that a broad variety of modifications in both the N-arylpiperazine and the sulfonamide moiety is tolerated. An aromatic analogue of ML-SI3 showed an interesting alternative selectivity profile (strong inhibitor of TRPML1 and strong activator of TRPML2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Leser
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Xia Z, Wang L, Li S, Tang W, Sun F, Wu Y, Miao L, Cao Z. ML-SA1, a selective TRPML agonist, inhibits DENV2 and ZIKV by promoting lysosomal acidification and protease activity. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Lloyd-Evans E, Waller-Evans H. Lysosomal Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Signaling in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035311. [PMID: 31653642 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is an essential process in all cells that is maintained by a plethora of channels, pumps, transporters, receptors, and intracellular Ca2+ sequestering stores. Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration govern processes as far reaching as fertilization, cell growth, and motility through to cell death. In recent years, lysosomes have emerged as a major intracellular Ca2+ storage organelle with an increasing involvement in triggering or regulating cellular functions such as endocytosis, autophagy, and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. This review will summarize recent work in the area of lysosomal Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis, including newly identified functions, and the involvement of lysosome-derived Ca2+ signals in human disease. In addition, we explore recent controversies in the techniques used for measurement of lysosomal Ca2+ content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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29
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Santoni G, Morelli MB, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Santoni M, Santoni A. Involvement of the TRPML Mucolipin Channels in Viral Infections and Anti-viral Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32425938 PMCID: PMC7212413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRPML channels (TRPML1, TRPML2, and TRPML3), belonging to the mucolipin TRP subfamily, primary localize to a population of membrane-bonded vesicles along the endocytosis, and exocytosis pathways. Human viruses enter host cells by plasma membrane penetration or by receptor-mediated endocytosis. TRPML2 enhances the infectivity of a number of enveloped viruses by promoting virus vesicular trafficking and escape from endosomal compartment. TRPML2 expression is stimulated by interferon and by several toll like receptor (TLR) activators, suggesting a possible role in the activation of the innate immune response. Noteworthy, TRPML1 plays a major role in single strand RNA/DNA trafficking into lysosomes and the lack of TRPML1 impairs the TLR-7 and TLR-9 ligand transportation to lysosomes resulting in decreased dendritic cell maturation/activation and migration to the lymph nodes. TRPML channels are also expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of innate lymphocytes with an essential role during viral infections; recent findings have indicated a role of TRPML1-mediated modulation of secretory lysosomes in NK cells education. Moreover, as also NK cells express TLR recognizing viral pattern, an increased TLR-mediated activation of cytokine production can be envisaged, suggesting a dual role in the NK cell-mediated antiviral responses. Overall, TRPML channels might play a double-edged sword in resistance to viral infections: on one side they can promote virus cellular entry and infectivity; on the other side, by regulating TLR responses in the various immune cells, they contribute to enhance antiviral innate and possibly adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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30
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Santoni G, Santoni M, Maggi F, Marinelli O, Morelli MB. Emerging Role of Mucolipins TRPML Channels in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:659. [PMID: 32411610 PMCID: PMC7198773 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Section of Immunopathology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Federica Maggi
- Section of Immunopathology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- Section of Immunopathology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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31
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Clement D, Goodridge JP, Grimm C, Patel S, Malmberg KJ. TRP Channels as Interior Designers: Remodeling the Endolysosomal Compartment in Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:753. [PMID: 32411146 PMCID: PMC7198808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are distinguished by their ability to eliminate target cells through release of secretory lysosomes. Conventional lysosomes and secretory lysosomes are part of the pleomorphic endolysosomal system and characterized by its highly dynamic nature. Several calcium-permeable TRP calcium channels play an essential role in endolysosomal calcium signaling to ensure proper function of these organelles. In NK cells, the expression of self MHC-specific inhibitory receptors dynamically tunes their secretory potential in a non-transcriptional, calcium-dependent manner. New insights suggest that TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium fluxes are tightly interconnected to NK cell functionality through modulation of granzyme B and perforin content of the secretory lysosome. Lysosomal TRP channels show a subset-specific expression pattern during NK differentiation, which is paralleled with gradually increased loading of effector molecules in secretory lysosomes. Methodological advances, including organellar patch-clamping, specific pharmacological modulators, and genetically-encoded calcium indicators open up new possibilities to investigate how TRP channels influence communication between intracellular organelles in immune cells. This review discusses our current understanding of lysosome biogenesis in NK cells with an emphasis on the TRP mucolipin family and the implications for NK cell functionality and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Clement
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Christian Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Santoni G, Maggi F, Amantini C, Marinelli O, Nabissi M, Morelli MB. Pathophysiological Role of Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin Channel 1 in Calcium-Mediated Stress-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:251. [PMID: 32265740 PMCID: PMC7105868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipins (TRPML) are endosome/lysosome Ca2+ permeable channels belonging to the family of transient receptor potential channels. In mammals, there are three TRPML proteins, TRPML1, 2, and 3, encoded by MCOLN1-3 genes. Among these channels, TRPML1 is a reactive oxygen species sensor localized on the lysosomal membrane that is able to control intracellular oxidative stress due to the activation of the autophagic process. Moreover, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the TRPML1 channel stimulates oxidative stress signaling pathways. Experimental data suggest that elevated levels of reactive species play a role in several neurological disorders. There is a need to gain better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind these neurodegenerative diseases, considering that the main sources of free radicals are mitochondria, that mitochondria/endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes are coupled, and that growing evidence links neurodegenerative diseases to the gain or loss of function of proteins related to lysosome homeostasis. This review examines the significant roles played by the TRPML1 channel in the alterations of calcium signaling responsible for stress-mediated neurodegenerative disorders and its potential as a new therapeutic target for ameliorating neurodegeneration in our ever-aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Maggi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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33
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Gerndt S, Chen CC, Chao YK, Yuan Y, Burgstaller S, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter E, Urban N, Jacob K, Nguyen ONP, Miller MT, Keller M, Vollmar AM, Gudermann T, Zierler S, Schredelseker J, Schaefer M, Biel M, Malli R, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Patel S, Grimm C. Agonist-mediated switching of ion selectivity in TPC2 differentially promotes lysosomal function. eLife 2020; 9:54712. [PMID: 32167471 PMCID: PMC7108868 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion selectivity is a defining feature of a given ion channel and is considered immutable. Here we show that ion selectivity of the lysosomal ion channel TPC2, which is hotly debated (Calcraft et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2017; Jha et al., 2014; Ruas et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2012), depends on the activating ligand. A high-throughput screen identified two structurally distinct TPC2 agonists. One of these evoked robust Ca2+-signals and non-selective cation currents, the other weaker Ca2+-signals and Na+-selective currents. These properties were mirrored by the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger, NAADP and the phosphoinositide, PI(3,5)P2, respectively. Agonist action was differentially inhibited by mutation of a single TPC2 residue and coupled to opposing changes in lysosomal pH and exocytosis. Our findings resolve conflicting reports on the permeability and gating properties of TPC2 and they establish a new paradigm whereby a single ion channel mediates distinct, functionally-relevant ionic signatures on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Burgstaller
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar Krogsaeter
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Jacob
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ong Nam Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Meghan T Miller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Johann Schredelseker
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Chao YK, Chang SY, Grimm C. Endo-Lysosomal Cation Channels and Infectious Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 185:259-276. [PMID: 32748124 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, the most prevalent ones today are malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, dengue fever, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, and most recently Covid-19 (SARS-CoV2). Others with a rather devastating history and high fatality rates such as plague, cholera, or typhus seem less threatening today but have not been eradicated, and with a declining efficacy of current antibiotics they ought to be watched carefully. Another emerging issue in this context is health-care associated infection. About 100,000 hospitalized patients in the USA ( www.cdc.gov ) and 33,000 in Europe ( https://www.ecdc.europa.eu ) die each year as a direct consequence of an infection caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Among viral infections, influenza is responsible for about 3-5 million cases of severe illness, and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths annually ( www.who.int ). About 37 million people are currently living with HIV infection and about one million die from it each year. Coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, but in particular the recent outbreak of Covid-19 (caused by SARS-CoV2) have resulted in large numbers of infections worldwide with an estimated several hundred thousand deaths (anticipated fatality rate: <5%). With a comparatively low mortality rate dengue virus causes between 50 and 100 million infections every year, leading to 50,000 deaths. In contrast, Ebola virus is the causative agent for one of the deadliest viral diseases. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 is considered the largest outbreak in history with more than 11,000 deaths. Many of the deadliest pathogens such as Ebola virus, influenza virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, dengue virus, and cholera exploit the endo-lysosomal trafficking system of host cells for penetration into the cytosol and replication. Defects in endo-lysosomal maturation, trafficking, fusion, or pH homeostasis can efficiently reduce the cytotoxicity caused by these pathogens. Most of these functions critically depend on endo-lysosomal membrane proteins such as transporters and ion channels. In particular, cation channels such as the mucolipins (TRPMLs) or the two-pore channels (TPCs) are involved in all of these aspects of endo-lysosomal integrity. In this review we will discuss the correlations between pathogen toxicity and endo-lysosomal cation channel function, and their potential as drug targets for infectious disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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Scotto Rosato A, Montefusco S, Soldati C, Di Paola S, Capuozzo A, Monfregola J, Polishchuk E, Amabile A, Grimm C, Lombardo A, De Matteis MA, Ballabio A, Medina DL. TRPML1 links lysosomal calcium to autophagosome biogenesis through the activation of the CaMKKβ/VPS34 pathway. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5630. [PMID: 31822666 PMCID: PMC6904751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1, whose mutations cause the lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), contributes to upregulate autophagic genes by inducing the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB). Here we show that TRPML1 activation also induces autophagic vesicle (AV) biogenesis through the generation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and the recruitment of essential PI3P-binding proteins to the nascent phagophore in a TFEB-independent manner. Thus, TRPML1 activation of phagophore formation requires the calcium-dependent kinase CaMKKβ and AMPK, which increase the activation of ULK1 and VPS34 autophagic protein complexes. Consistently, cells from MLIV patients show a reduced recruitment of PI3P-binding proteins to the phagophore during autophagy induction, suggesting that altered AV biogenesis is part of the pathological features of this disease. Together, we show that TRPML1 is a multistep regulator of autophagy that may be targeted for therapeutic purposes to treat LSDs and other autophagic disorders. It was known that prolonged TRMPL1 activation induces TFEB translocation and upregulates autophagic gene regulation. Here, the authors show that acute TRMPL1 activation also induces autophagy through VPS34 and by lysosomal calcium release independent of TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scotto Rosato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - S Montefusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - C Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - S Di Paola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - A Capuozzo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - J Monfregola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - E Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - A Amabile
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - C Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - A Lombardo
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - M A De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy. .,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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36
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Alharbi AF, Parrington J. Endolysosomal Ca 2+ Signaling in Cancer: The Role of TPC2, From Tumorigenesis to Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:302. [PMID: 31867325 PMCID: PMC6904370 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis is dysregulated in cancer cells and affects processes such as tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, autophagy, progression, and metastasis. Emerging evidence has suggested that endolysosomal cation channels sustain several cancer hallmarks involving proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Here, we investigate the role of TPC1-2, TRPML1-3, and P2×4 in cancer, with a particular focus on the role of TPC2 in cancer development, melanoma, and other cancer types as well as its endogenous and exogenous modulators. It has become evident that TPC2 plays a role in cancer; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its exact role remain elusive. TPC2 is a potential candidate for cancer biomarkers and a druggable target for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases - including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease - this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France.
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
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38
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Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Channels in Glioblastoma: Role in Patient's Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040525. [PMID: 31013784 PMCID: PMC6521337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A link between mucolipin channels and tumors has been recently suggested. Herein, we aim to investigate the transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML)-1 relevance in glioblastoma. The expression of this channel was evaluated via qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in biopsies from 66 glioblastoma patients and two human glioblastoma cell lines and compared to normal human brain, astrocytes, and epileptic tissues. The subcellular distribution of TRPML-1 was examined via confocal microscopy in the glioma cell lines. Then, to assess the role of TRPML-1, cell viability assays have been conducted in T98 and U251 cell lines treated with the specific TRPML-1 agonist, MK6-83. We found that MK6-83 reduced cell viability and induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Indeed, the TRPML-1 silencing or the blockage of TRPML-1 dependent [Ca2+]i release abrogated these effects. In addition, exposure of glioma cells to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), stimulated a TRPML-1-dependent autophagic cell death, as demonstrated by the ability of the autophagic inhibitor bafilomycin A, the TRPML-1 inhibitor sphingomyelin, and the TRPML-1 silencing to completely inhibit the CCCP-mediated effects. To test a possible correlation with patient’s survival, Kaplan–Meier, univariate, and multivariate analysis have been performed. Data showed that the loss/reduction of TRPML-1 mRNA expression strongly correlates with short survival in glioblastoma (GBM) patients, suggesting that the reduction of TRPML-1 expression represents a negative prognostic factor in GBM patients.
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Plesch E, Chen CC, Butz E, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Yinan H, Bartel K, Keller M, Robaa D, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Vollmar AM, Sippl W, Puertollano R, Medina D, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Grimm C. Selective agonist of TRPML2 reveals direct role in chemokine release from innate immune cells. eLife 2018; 7:39720. [PMID: 30479274 PMCID: PMC6257821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are produced and secreted by a broad range of immune cells including macrophages. Remarkably, little is known about how these inflammatory mediators are released from the various immune cells. Here, the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 is shown to play a direct role in chemokine trafficking and secretion from murine macrophages. To demonstrate acute and direct involvement of TRPML2 in these processes, the first isoform-selective TRPML2 channel agonist was generated, ML2-SA1. ML2-SA1 was not only found to directly stimulate release of the chemokine CCL2 from macrophages but also to stimulate macrophage migration, thus mimicking CCL2 function. Endogenous TRPML2 is expressed in early/recycling endosomes as demonstrated by endolysosomal patch-clamp experimentation and ML2-SA1 promotes trafficking through early/recycling endosomes, suggesting CCL2 being transported and secreted via this pathway. These data provide a direct link between TRPML2 activation, CCL2 release and stimulation of macrophage migration in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hua Yinan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Diego Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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40
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Zhang X, Hu M, Yang Y, Xu H. Organellar TRP channels. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:1009-1018. [PMID: 30374082 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channels mediate Ca2+ flux and voltage changes across membranes in response to environmental and cellular signals. At the plasma membrane, sensory TRPs act as neuronal detectors of physical and chemical environmental signals, and receptor-operated (metabotropic) TRPs decode extracellular neuroendocrine cues to control body homeostasis. In intracellular membranes, such as those in lysosomes, organellar TRPs respond to compartment-derived signals to control membrane trafficking, signal transduction, and organelle function. Complementing mouse and human genetics and high-resolution structural approaches, physiological studies employing natural agonists and synthetic inhibitors have become critical in resolving the in vivo functions of metabotropic, sensory, and organellar TRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meiqin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yexin Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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41
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Kim SW, Kim DH, Park KS, Kim MK, Park YM, Muallem S, So I, Kim HJ. Palmitoylation controls trafficking of the intracellular Ca 2+ channel MCOLN3/TRPML3 to regulate autophagy. Autophagy 2018; 15:327-340. [PMID: 30215288 PMCID: PMC6333453 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1518671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MCOLN3/TRPML3 is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel that is expressed in multiple subcellular compartments with dynamic localization. Our previous studies suggest that upon macroautophagy/autophagy induction MCOLN3/TRPML3 is recruited and provides Ca2+ for the fusion process in autophagosome biogenesis. However, how intracellular trafficking and the Ca2+ channel function of MCOLN3/TRPML3 are related to autophagy are not known. Here we report that MCOLN3/TRPML3 undergoes palmitoylation at its C-terminal region, which is required for dynamic trafficking and cellular function of MCOLN3/TRPML3 in autophagy. Palmitoylation regulated MCOLN3/TRPML3 surface expression and trafficking, but not channel properties or localization and function of intracellular MCOLN3/TRPML3. Activation of intracellular MCOLN3/TRPML3 induced robust Ca2+ release, which solely increased autophagy in Ca2+- and palmitoylation-dependent manners. Palmitoylation regulated not only intracellular MCOLN3/TRPML3 trafficking to autophagic structures but also autophagic flux in induced autophagy. Importantly, nutrient starvation activated MCOLN3/TRPML3 to release Ca2+ and increased the level of MCOLN3/TRPML3 palmitoylation. Disruption of MCOLN3/TRPML3 palmitoylation, however, abolished the starvation-induced MCOLN3/TRPML3 activation without affecting channel activity. These results suggest that trafficking and channel function of MCOLN3/TRPML3 are regulated in the context of autophagy, and palmitoylation is a prerequisite for the function of MCOLN3/TRPML3 as a Ca2+ channel in autophagosome formation by controlling its trafficking between subcellular compartments. Abbreviations: 17-ODYA, 17-octadecynoic acid; 2-BP, 2-bromopalmitate; BFA, brefeldin A; DN, dominant-negative; GPN, glycyl-L-phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide; HN, hydroxylamine; KD, knockdown; MCOLN3/TRPML3, mucolipin 3; MS, mass spectrometry; PAT, palmitoyl acyltransferase; PM, plasma membrane; WT, wild type; ZDHHC, a zinc-finger motif and an Asp-His-His-Cys sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yun Min Park
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,CONTACT Hyun Jin Kim Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Insuk So Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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42
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Sterea AM, Almasi S, El Hiani Y. The hidden potential of lysosomal ion channels: A new era of oncogenes. Cell Calcium 2018; 72:91-103. [PMID: 29748137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes serve as the control centre for cellular clearance. These membrane-bound organelles receive biomolecules destined for degradation from intracellular and extracellular pathways; thus, facilitating the production of energy and shaping the fate of the cell. At the base of their functionality are the lysosomal ion channels which mediate the function of the lysosome through the modulation of ion influx and efflux. Ion channels form pores in the membrane of lysosomes and allow the passage of ions, a seemingly simple task which harbours the potential of overthrowing the cell's stability. Considered the master regulators of ion homeostasis, these integral membrane proteins enable the proper operation of the lysosome. Defects in the structure or function of these ion channels lead to the development of lysosomal storage diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Although more than 50 years have passed since their discovery, lysosomes are not yet fully understood, with their ion channels being even less well characterized. However, significant improvements have been made in the development of drugs targeted against these ion channels as a means of combating diseases. In this review, we will examine how Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- ion channels affect the function of the lysosome, their involvement in hereditary and spontaneous diseases, and current ion channel-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra M Sterea
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shekoufeh Almasi
- Departments of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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43
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Sun X, Yang Y, Zhong XZ, Cao Q, Zhu XH, Zhu X, Dong XP. A negative feedback regulation of MTORC1 activity by the lysosomal Ca 2+ channel MCOLN1 (mucolipin 1) using a CALM (calmodulin)-dependent mechanism. Autophagy 2018; 14:38-52. [PMID: 29460684 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1389822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that is required for cellular homeostasis, growth and survival. The lysosome plays an essential role in autophagy regulation. For example, the activity of MTORC1, a master regulator of autophagy, is regulated by nutrients within the lysosome. Starvation inhibits MTORC1 causing autophagy induction. Given that MTORC1 is critical for protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis, a feedback regulatory mechanism must exist to restore MTORC1 during starvation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this feedback regulation is unclear. In this study, we report that starvation activates the lysosomal Ca2+ release channel MCOLN1 (mucolipin 1) by relieving MTORC1's inhibition of the channel. Activated MCOLN1 in turn facilitates MTORC1 activity that requires CALM (calmodulin). Moreover, both MCOLN1 and CALM are necessary for MTORC1 reactivation during prolonged starvation. Our data suggest that lysosomal Ca2+ signaling is an essential component of the canonical MTORC1-dependent autophagy pathway and MCOLN1 provides a negative feedback regulation of MTORC1 to prevent excessive loss of MTORC1 function during starvation. The feedback regulation may be important for maintaining cellular homeostasis during starvation, as well as many other stressful or disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building , Halifax , Nova Scotia, Canada.,d Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education , Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yiming Yang
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building , Halifax , Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Xi Zoë Zhong
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building , Halifax , Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building , Halifax , Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Xin-Hong Zhu
- b Institute of Mental Health, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,c Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- d Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education , Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building , Halifax , Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhou X, Li M, Su D, Jia Q, Li H, Li X, Yang J. Cryo-EM structures of the human endolysosomal TRPML3 channel in three distinct states. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:1146-1154. [PMID: 29106414 PMCID: PMC5747366 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TRPML3 channels are mainly localized to endolysosomes and play a critical role in the endocytic pathway. Their dysfunction causes deafness and pigmentation defects in mice. TRPML3 activity is inhibited by low endolysosomal pH. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human TRPML3 in the closed, agonist-activated, and low-pH-inhibited states, with resolutions of 4.06, 3.62, and 4.65 Å, respectively. The agonist ML-SA1 lodges between S5 and S6 and opens an S6 gate. A polycystin-mucolipin domain (PMD) forms a luminal cap. S1 extends into this cap, forming a 'gating rod' that connects directly to a luminal pore loop, which undergoes dramatic conformational changes in response to low pH. S2 extends intracellularly and interacts with several intracellular regions to form a 'gating knob'. These unique structural features, combined with the results of electrophysiological studies, indicate a new mechanism by which luminal pH and other physiological modulators such as PIP2 regulate TRPML3 by changing S1 and S2 conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deyuan Su
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, and Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, and Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xueming Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, and Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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45
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Götz V, Qiao S, Beck A, Boehm U. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel function in the reproductive axis. Cell Calcium 2017; 67:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Hirschi M, Herzik MA, Wie J, Suo Y, Borschel WF, Ren D, Lander GC, Lee SY. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the lysosomal calcium-permeable channel TRPML3. Nature 2017; 550:411-414. [PMID: 29019979 PMCID: PMC5762132 DOI: 10.1038/nature24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of ion channel activity by lipids is increasingly recognized as a fundamental component of cellular signalling. The transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) channel family belongs to the TRP superfamily and is composed of three members: TRPML1-TRPML3. TRPMLs are the major Ca2+-permeable channels on late endosomes and lysosomes (LEL). They regulate the release of Ca2+ from organelles, which is important for various physiological processes, including organelle trafficking and fusion. Loss-of-function mutations in the MCOLN1 gene, which encodes TRPML1, cause the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis type IV, and a gain-of-function mutation (Ala419Pro) in TRPML3 gives rise to the varitint-waddler (Va) mouse phenotype. Notably, TRPML channels are activated by the low-abundance and LEL-enriched signalling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), whereas other phosphoinositides such as PtdIns(4,5)P2, which is enriched in plasma membranes, inhibit TRPMLs. Conserved basic residues at the N terminus of the channel are important for activation by PtdIns(3,5)P2 and inhibition by PtdIns(4,5)P2. However, owing to a lack of structural information, the mechanism by which TRPML channels recognize PtdIns(3,5)P2 and increase their Ca2+ conductance remains unclear. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a full-length TRPML3 channel from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) at an overall resolution of 2.9 Å. Our structure reveals not only the molecular basis of ion conduction but also the unique architecture of TRPMLs, wherein the voltage sensor-like domain is linked to the pore via a cytosolic domain that we term the mucolipin domain. Combined with functional studies, these data suggest that the mucolipin domain is responsible for PtdIns(3,5)P2 binding and subsequent channel activation, and that it acts as a 'gating pulley' for lipid-dependent TRPML gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marscha Hirschi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Mark A Herzik
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jinhong Wie
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - William F Borschel
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gabriel C Lander
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Chen Q, She J, Zeng W, Guo J, Xu H, Bai XC, Jiang Y. Structure of mammalian endolysosomal TRPML1 channel in nanodiscs. Nature 2017; 550:415-418. [PMID: 29019981 PMCID: PMC5901962 DOI: 10.1038/nature24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) is an endo/lysosomal cation channel ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells1,2 and its loss-of-function mutations are the direct cause of Type IV mucolipidosis (MLIV), an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease3-6. Here we present the single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the mouse TRPML1 channel embedded in nanodiscs. Combined with mutagenesis, the TRPML1 structure reveals that phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) binds to the N-terminus of the channel – distal from the pore – and the helix-turn-helix extension between S2 and S3 likely couples ligand binding to pore opening. The tightly packed selectivity filter contains multiple ion binding sites and the conserved acidic residues form the luminal Ca2+ blocking site that confers luminal pH and Ca2+ modulation on channel conductance. A luminal linker domain forms a fenestrated canopy atop the channel, providing multiple luminal ion passages to the pore and also creating a negative electrostatic trap – preferably for divalent cations at the luminal entrance. The structure also reveals two equally distributed S4-S5 linker conformations in the closed channel, providing structural implication for the S4-S5 linker-mediated PIP2 gating mechanism among TRPML channels7,8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA
| | - Ji She
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA
| | - Weizhong Zeng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA
| | - Youxing Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA
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48
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Chen CC, Butz ES, Chao YK, Grishchuk Y, Becker L, Heller S, Slaugenhaupt SA, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Grimm C. Small Molecules for Early Endosome-Specific Patch Clamping. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:907-916.e4. [PMID: 28732201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To resolve the subcellular distribution of endolysosomal ion channels, we have established a novel experimental approach to selectively patch clamp Rab5 positive early endosomes (EE) versus Rab7/LAMP1-positive late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/LY). To functionally characterize ion channels in endolysosomal membranes with the patch-clamp technique, it is important to develop techniques to selectively enlarge the respective organelles. We found here that two small molecules, wortmannin and latrunculin B, enlarge Rab5-positive EE when combined but not Rab7-, LAMP1-, or Rab11 (RE)-positive vesicles. The two compounds act rapidly, specifically, and are readily applicable in contrast to genetic approaches or previously used compounds such as vacuolin, which enlarges EE, RE, and LE/LY. We apply this approach here to measure currents mediated by TRPML channels, in particular TRPML3, which we found to be functionally active in both EE and LE/LY in overexpressing cells as well as in endogenously expressing CD11b+ lung-tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lars Becker
- Departments of Otolaryngology - HNS and Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Departments of Otolaryngology - HNS and Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Susan A Slaugenhaupt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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49
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Di Paola S, Scotto-Rosato A, Medina DL. TRPML1: The Ca (2+)retaker of the lysosome. Cell Calcium 2017; 69:112-121. [PMID: 28689729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficient functioning of lysosome is necessary to ensure the correct performance of a variety of intracellular processes such as degradation of cargoes coming from the endocytic and autophagic pathways, recycling of organelles, and signaling mechanisms involved in cellular adaptation to nutrient availability. Mutations in lysosomal genes lead to more than 50 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Among them, mutations in the gene encoding TRPML1 (MCOLN1) cause Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), a recessive LSD characterized by neurodegeneration, psychomotor retardation, ophthalmologic defects and achlorhydria. At the cellular level, MLIV patient fibroblasts show enlargement and engulfment of the late endo-lysosomal compartment, autophagy impairment, and accumulation of lipids and glycosaminoglycans. TRPML1 is the most extensively studied member of a small family of genes that also includes TRPML2 and TRPML3, and it has been found to participate in vesicular trafficking, lipid and ion homeostasis, and autophagy. In this review we will provide an update on the latest and more novel findings related to the functions of TRPMLs, with particular focus on the emerging role of TRPML1 and lysosomal calcium signaling in autophagy. Moreover, we will also discuss new potential therapeutic approaches for MLIV and LSDs based on the modulation of TRPML1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Paola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli ,NA, Italy
| | - Anna Scotto-Rosato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli ,NA, Italy
| | - Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli ,NA, Italy.
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50
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Cao Q, Yang Y, Zhong XZ, Dong XP. The lysosomal Ca 2+ release channel TRPML1 regulates lysosome size by activating calmodulin. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8424-8435. [PMID: 28360104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lysosomal membrane trafficking, including fusion and fission, is crucial for cellular homeostasis and normal cell function. Both fusion and fission of lysosomal membrane are accompanied by lysosomal Ca2+ release. We recently have demonstrated that the lysosomal Ca2+ release channel P2X4 regulates lysosome fusion through a calmodulin (CaM)-dependent mechanism. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lysosome fission remains uncertain. In this study, we report that enlarged lysosomes/vacuoles induced by either vacuolin-1 or P2X4 activation are suppressed by up-regulating the lysosomal Ca2+ release channel transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) but not the lysosomal Na+ release channel two-pore channel 2 (TPC2). Activation of TRPML1 facilitated the recovery of enlarged lysosomes/vacuoles. Moreover, the effects of TRPML1 on lysosome/vacuole size regulation were eliminated by Ca2+ chelation, suggesting a requirement for TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release. We further demonstrate that the prototypical Ca2+ sensor CaM is required for the regulation of lysosome/vacuole size by TRPML1, suggesting that TRPML1 may promote lysosome fission by activating CaM. Given that lysosome fission is implicated in both lysosome biogenesis and reformation, our findings suggest that TRPML1 may function as a key lysosomal Ca2+ channel controlling both lysosome biogenesis and reformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yiming Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xi Zoë Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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