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Marques E, Kramer R, Ryan DG. Multifaceted mitochondria in innate immunity. NPJ METABOLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 2:6. [PMID: 38812744 PMCID: PMC11129950 DOI: 10.1038/s44324-024-00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The ability of mitochondria to transform the energy we obtain from food into cell phosphorylation potential has long been appreciated. However, recent decades have seen an evolution in our understanding of mitochondria, highlighting their significance as key signal-transducing organelles with essential roles in immunity that extend beyond their bioenergetic function. Importantly, mitochondria retain bacterial motifs as a remnant of their endosymbiotic origin that are recognised by innate immune cells to trigger inflammation and participate in anti-microbial defence. This review aims to explore how mitochondrial physiology, spanning from oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to signalling of mitochondrial nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids, influences the effector functions of phagocytes. These myriad effector functions include macrophage polarisation, efferocytosis, anti-bactericidal activity, antigen presentation, immune signalling, and cytokine regulation. Strict regulation of these processes is critical for organismal homeostasis that when disrupted may cause injury or contribute to disease. Thus, the expanding body of literature, which continues to highlight the central role of mitochondria in the innate immune system, may provide insights for the development of the next generation of therapies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Marques
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robbin Kramer
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dylan G. Ryan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Adolph C, Cheung CY, McNeil MB, Jowsey WJ, Williams ZC, Hards K, Harold LK, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Buckley BJ, Tyndall JDA, Li Z, Langer JD, Preiss L, Meier T, Steyn AJC, Rhee KY, Berney M, Kelso MJ, Cook GM. A dual-targeting succinate dehydrogenase and F 1F o-ATP synthase inhibitor rapidly sterilizes replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:683-698.e7. [PMID: 38151019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial bioenergetics is a validated target space for antitubercular drug development. Here, we identify BB2-50F, a 6-substituted 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride derivative as a potent, multi-targeting bioenergetic inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that BB2-50F rapidly sterilizes both replicating and non-replicating cultures of M. tuberculosis and synergizes with several tuberculosis drugs. Target identification experiments, supported by docking studies, showed that BB2-50F targets the membrane-embedded c-ring of the F1Fo-ATP synthase and the catalytic subunit (substrate-binding site) of succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical assays and metabolomic profiling showed that BB2-50F inhibits succinate oxidation, decreases the activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and results in succinate secretion from M. tuberculosis. Moreover, we show that the lethality of BB2-50F under aerobic conditions involves the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, this study identifies BB2-50F as an effective inhibitor of M. tuberculosis and highlights that targeting multiple components of the mycobacterial respiratory chain can produce fast-acting antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - William J Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Zoe C Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liam K Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian D Langer
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Preiss
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Meier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu, Natal, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDs Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand.
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3
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Das M, Sreedharan S, Shee S, Malhotra N, Nandy M, Banerjee U, Kohli S, Rajmani RS, Chandra N, Seshasayee ASN, Laxman S, Singh A. Cysteine desulfurase (IscS)-mediated fine-tuning of bioenergetics and SUF expression prevents Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypervirulence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2858. [PMID: 38091389 PMCID: PMC10848736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) biogenesis requires multiprotein assembly systems, SUF and ISC, in most prokaryotes. M. tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes a complete SUF system, the depletion of which was bactericidal. The ISC operon is truncated to a single gene iscS (cysteine desulfurase), whose function remains uncertain. Here, we show that MtbΔiscS is bioenergetically deficient and hypersensitive to oxidative stress, antibiotics, and hypoxia. MtbΔiscS resisted killing by nitric oxide (NO). RNA sequencing indicates that IscS is important for expressing regulons of DosR and Fe-S-containing transcription factors, WhiB3 and SufR. Unlike wild-type Mtb, MtbΔiscS could not enter a stable persistent state, continued replicating in mice, and showed hypervirulence. The suf operon was overexpressed in MtbΔiscS during infection in a NO-dependent manner. Suppressing suf expression in MtbΔiscS either by CRISPR interference or upon infection in inducible NO-deficient mice arrests hypervirulence. Together, Mtb redesigned the ISC system to "fine-tune" the expression of SUF machinery for establishing persistence without causing detrimental disease in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayashree Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sreesa Sreedharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, (SASTRA)-Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Somnath Shee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitish Malhotra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Meghna Nandy
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Ushashi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sakshi Kohli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aswin Sai Narain Seshasayee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Sunil Laxman
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Yan W, Zheng Y, Dou C, Zhang G, Arnaout T, Cheng W. The pathogenic mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: implication for new drug development. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:48. [PMID: 36547804 PMCID: PMC9780415 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a tenacious pathogen that has latently infected one third of the world's population. However, conventional TB treatment regimens are no longer sufficient to tackle the growing threat of drug resistance, stimulating the development of innovative anti-tuberculosis agents, with special emphasis on new protein targets. The Mtb genome encodes ~4000 predicted proteins, among which many enzymes participate in various cellular metabolisms. For example, more than 200 proteins are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, which assists in the construction of the cell envelope, and is closely related to the pathogenesis and resistance of mycobacteria. Here we review several essential enzymes responsible for fatty acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, cellular metabolism of lipids or amino acids, energy utilization, and metal uptake. These include InhA, MmpL3, MmaA4, PcaA, CmaA1, CmaA2, isocitrate lyases (ICLs), pantothenate synthase (PS), Lysine-ε amino transferase (LAT), LeuD, IdeR, KatG, Rv1098c, and PyrG. In addition, we summarize the role of the transcriptional regulator PhoP which may regulate the expression of more than 110 genes, and the essential biosynthesis enzyme glutamine synthetase (GlnA1). All these enzymes are either validated drug targets or promising target candidates, with drugs targeting ICLs and LAT expected to solve the problem of persistent TB infection. To better understand how anti-tuberculosis drugs act on these proteins, their structures and the structure-based drug/inhibitor designs are discussed. Overall, this investigation should provide guidance and support for current and future pharmaceutical development efforts against mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Yan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yanhui Zheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chao Dou
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Gastric Cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37. Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Toufic Arnaout
- Kappa Crystals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland ,MSD Dunboyne BioNX, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Wei Cheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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Structural Basis of Cysteine Ligase MshC Inhibition by Cysteinyl-Sulfonamides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315095. [PMID: 36499418 PMCID: PMC9736012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycothiol (MSH), the major cellular thiol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), plays an essential role in the resistance of Mtb to various antibiotics and oxidative stresses. MshC catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-d-myo-inositol (GlcN-Ins) with l-cysteine (l-Cys) to form l-Cys-GlcN-Ins, the penultimate step in MSH biosynthesis. The inhibition of MshC is lethal to Mtb. In the present study, five new cysteinyl-sulfonamides were synthesized, and their binding affinity with MshC was evaluated using a thermal shift assay. Two of them bind the target with EC50 values of 219 and 231 µM. Crystal structures of full-length MshC in complex with these two compounds showed that they were bound in the catalytic site of MshC, inducing dramatic conformational changes of the catalytic site compared to the apo form. In particular, the observed closure of the KMSKS loop was not detected in the published cysteinyl-sulfamoyl adenosine-bound structure, the latter likely due to trypsin treatment. Despite the confirmed binding to MshC, the compounds did not suppress Mtb culture growth, which might be explained by the lack of adequate cellular uptake. Taken together, these novel cysteinyl-sulfonamide MshC inhibitors and newly reported full-length apo and ligand-bound MshC structures provide a promising starting point for the further development of novel anti-tubercular drugs targeting MshC.
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Park D, Lim G, Yoon SJ, Yi HS, Choi DW. The role of immunomodulatory metabolites in shaping the inflammatory response of macrophages. BMB Rep 2022; 55:519-527. [PMID: 36195564 PMCID: PMC9712705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation has long been implicated in a myriad of human pathophysiology, particularly in the context of the dysregulated capacities of an unleashing intracellular or/and extracellular inflammatory response. A growing number of studies have functionally coupled the macrophages' inflammatory capacities with dynamic metabolic reprogramming which occurs during activation, albeit the results have been mostly interpreted through classic metabolism point of view; macrophages take advantage of the rewired metabolism as a source of energy and for biosynthetic precursors. However, a specific subset of metabolic products, namely immune-modulatory metabolites, has recently emerged as significant regulatory signals which control inflammatory responses in macrophages and the relevant extracellular milieu. In this review, we introduce recently highlighted immuno-modulatory metabolites, with the aim of understanding their physiological and pathological relevance in the macrophage inflammatory response. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(11): 519-527].
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Gyumin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Yoon
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-42-821-7524; Fax: +82-42-822-7548; E-mail:
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Park D, Lim G, Yoon SJ, Yi HS, Choi DW. The role of immunomodulatory metabolites in shaping the inflammatory response of macrophages. BMB Rep 2022; 55:519-527. [PMID: 36195564 PMCID: PMC9712705 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation has long been implicated in a myriad of human pathophysiology, particularly in the context of the dysregulated capacities of an unleashing intracellular or/and extracellular inflammatory response. A growing number of studies have functionally coupled the macrophages' inflammatory capacities with dynamic metabolic reprogramming which occurs during activation, albeit the results have been mostly interpreted through classic metabolism point of view; macrophages take advantage of the rewired metabolism as a source of energy and for biosynthetic precursors. However, a specific subset of metabolic products, namely immune-modulatory metabolites, has recently emerged as significant regulatory signals which control inflammatory responses in macrophages and the relevant extracellular milieu. In this review, we introduce recently highlighted immuno-modulatory metabolites, with the aim of understanding their physiological and pathological relevance in the macrophage inflammatory response. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(11): 519-527].
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Gyumin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Yoon
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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Hillmann KB, Goethel ME, Erickson NA, Niehaus TD. Identification of a S-(2-succino)cysteine breakdown pathway that uses a novel S-(2-succino) lyase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102639. [PMID: 36309089 PMCID: PMC9706529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Succination is the spontaneous reaction between the respiratory intermediate fumarate and cellular thiols that forms stable S-(2-succino)-adducts such as S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC). 2SC is a biomarker for conditions associated with elevated fumarate levels, including diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers, and succination likely contributes to disease progression. Bacillus subtilis has a yxe operon-encoded breakdown pathway for 2SC that involves three distinct enzymatic conversions. The first step is N-acetylation of 2SC by YxeL to form N-acetyl-2SC (2SNAC). YxeK catalyzes the oxygenation of 2SNAC, resulting in its breakdown to oxaloacetate and N-acetylcysteine, which is deacetylated by YxeP to give cysteine. The monooxygenase YxeK is key to the pathway but is rare, with close homologs occurring infrequently in prokaryote and fungal genomes. The existence of additional 2SC breakdown pathways was not known prior to this study. Here, we used comparative genomics to identify a S-(2-succino) lyase (2SL) that replaces yxeK in some yxe gene clusters. 2SL genes from Enterococcus italicus and Dickeya dadantii complement B. subtilis yxeK mutants. We also determined that recombinant 2SL enzymes efficiently break down 2SNAC into fumarate and N-acetylcysteine, can perform the reverse reaction, and have minor activity against 2SC and other small molecule thiols. The strong preferences both YxeK and 2SL enzymes have for 2SNAC indicate that 2SC acetylation is a conserved breakdown step. The identification of a second naturally occurring 2SC breakdown pathway underscores the importance of 2SC catabolism and defines a general strategy for 2SC breakdown involving acetylation, breakdown, and deacetylation.
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Impaired Succinate Oxidation Prevents Growth and Influences Drug Susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2022; 13:e0167222. [PMID: 35856639 PMCID: PMC9426501 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01672-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate is a major focal point in mycobacterial metabolism and respiration, serving as both an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and a direct electron donor for the respiratory chain. Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes multiple enzymes predicted to be capable of catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, including two different succinate dehydrogenases (Sdh1 and Sdh2) and a separate fumarate reductase (Frd) with possible bidirectional behavior. Previous attempts to investigate the essentiality of succinate oxidation in M. tuberculosis have relied on the use of single-gene deletion mutants, raising the possibility that the remaining enzymes could catalyze succinate oxidation in the absence of the other. To address this, we report on the use of mycobacterial CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to construct single, double, and triple transcriptional knockdowns of sdhA1, sdhA2, and frdA in M. tuberculosis. We show that the simultaneous knockdown of sdhA1 and sdhA2 is required to prevent succinate oxidation and overcome the functional redundancy within these enzymes. Succinate oxidation was demonstrated to be essential for the optimal growth of M. tuberculosis, with the combined knockdown of sdhA1 and sdhA2 significantly impairing the activity of the respiratory chain and preventing growth on a range of carbon sources. Moreover, impaired succinate oxidation was shown to influence the activity of cell wall-targeting antibiotics and bioenergetic inhibitors against M. tuberculosis. Together, these data provide fundamental insights into mycobacterial physiology, energy metabolism, and antimicrobial susceptibility. IMPORTANCE New drugs are urgently required to combat the tuberculosis epidemic that claims 1.5 million lives annually. Inhibitors of mycobacterial energy metabolism have shown significant promise clinically; however, further advancing this nascent target space requires a more fundamental understanding of the respiratory enzymes and pathways used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Succinate is a major focal point in mycobacterial metabolism and respiration; yet, the essentiality of succinate oxidation and the consequences of inhibiting this process are poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that impaired succinate oxidation prevents the optimal growth of M. tuberculosis on a range of carbon sources and significantly reduces the activity of the electron transport chain. Moreover, we show that impaired succinate oxidation both positively and negatively influences the activity of a variety of antituberculosis drugs. Combined, these findings provide fundamental insights into mycobacterial physiology and drug susceptibility that will be useful in the continued development of bioenergetic inhibitors.
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Røst LM, Louet C, Bruheim P, Flo TH, Gidon A. Pyruvate Supports RET-Dependent Mitochondrial ROS Production to Control Mycobacterium avium Infection in Human Primary Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891475. [PMID: 35874747 PMCID: PMC9298545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages deploy a variety of antimicrobial programs to contain mycobacterial infection. Upon activation, they undergo extensive metabolic reprogramming to meet an increase in energy demand, but also to support immune effector functions such as secretion of cytokines and antimicrobial activities. Here, we report that mitochondrial import of pyruvate is linked to production of mitochondrial ROS and control of Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) infection in human primary macrophages. Using chemical inhibition, targeted mass spectrometry and single cell image analysis, we showed that macrophages infected with M. avium switch to aerobic glycolysis without any major imbalances in the tricarboxylic acid cycle volume or changes in the energy charge. Instead, we found that pyruvate import contributes to hyperpolarization of mitochondria in infected cells and increases production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by the complex I via reverse electron transport, which reduces the macrophage burden of M. avium. While mycobacterial infections are extremely difficult to treat and notoriously resistant to antibiotics, this work stresses out that compounds specifically inducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species could present themself as valuable adjunct treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Røst
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire Louet
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Gidon, ; Trude Helen Flo,
| | - Alexandre Gidon
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Gidon, ; Trude Helen Flo,
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11
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Rajaram K, Tewari SG, Wallqvist A, Prigge ST. Metabolic changes accompanying the loss of fumarate hydratase and malate-quinone oxidoreductase in the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101897. [PMID: 35398098 PMCID: PMC9118666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the glucose-rich milieu of red blood cells, asexually replicating malarial parasites mainly rely on glycolysis for ATP production, with limited carbon flux through the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. By contrast, gametocytes and mosquito-stage parasites exhibit an increased dependence on the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation for more economical energy generation. Prior genetic studies supported these stage-specific metabolic preferences by revealing that six of eight TCA cycle enzymes are completely dispensable during the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum, with only fumarate hydratase (FH) and malate-quinone oxidoreductase (MQO) being refractory to deletion. Several hypotheses have been put forth to explain the possible essentiality of FH and MQO, including their participation in a malate shuttle between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol. However, using newer genetic techniques like CRISPR and dimerizable Cre, we were able to generate deletion strains of FH and MQO in P. falciparum. We employed metabolomic analyses to characterize a double knockout mutant of FH and MQO (ΔFM) and identified changes in purine salvage and urea cycle metabolism that may help to limit fumarate accumulation. Correspondingly, we found that the ΔFM mutant was more sensitive to exogenous fumarate, which is known to cause toxicity by modifying and inactivating proteins and metabolites. Overall, our data indicate that P. falciparum is able to adequately compensate for the loss of FH and MQO, rendering them unsuitable targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Rajaram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shivendra G Tewari
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean T Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Harold LK, Jinich A, Hards K, Cordeiro A, Keighley LM, Cross A, McNeil MB, Rhee K, Cook GM. Deciphering functional redundancy and energetics of malate oxidation in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101859. [PMID: 35337802 PMCID: PMC9062433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, catalyzed by either malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) or malate quinone oxidoreductase (Mqo), is a critical step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Both Mqo and Mdh are found in most bacterial genomes, but the level of functional redundancy between these enzymes remains unclear. A bioinformatic survey revealed that Mqo was not as widespread as Mdh in bacteria but that it was highly conserved in mycobacteria. We therefore used mycobacteria as a model genera to study the functional role(s) of Mqo and its redundancy with Mdh. We deleted mqo from the environmental saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis, which lacks Mdh, and found that Mqo was essential for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources. On fermentable carbon sources, the Δmqo mutant exhibited delayed growth and lowered oxygen consumption and secreted malate and fumarate as terminal end products. Furthermore, heterologous expression of Mdh from the pathogenic species Mycobacterium tuberculosis shortened the delayed growth on fermentable carbon sources and restored growth on nonfermentable carbon sources at a reduced growth rate. In M. tuberculosis, CRISPR interference of either mdh or mqo expression resulted in a slower growth rate compared to controls, which was further inhibited when both genes were knocked down simultaneously. These data reveal that exergonic Mqo activity powers mycobacterial growth under nonenergy limiting conditions and that endergonic Mdh activity complements Mqo activity, but at an energetic cost for mycobacterial growth. We propose Mdh is maintained in slow-growing mycobacterial pathogens for use under conditions such as hypoxia that require reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam K Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Adrian Jinich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexandra Cordeiro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura M Keighley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alec Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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13
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Wu M, Shan W, Zhao GP, Lyu LD. The H2O2 Concentration-Dependent Kinetics of Gene Expression: Linking the Intensity of Oxidative Stress and Mycobacterial Physiological Adaptation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:573-584. [PMID: 35076334 PMCID: PMC8856045 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2034484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Defence against oxidative stress is crucial for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive and replicate within macrophages. Mycobacteria have evolved multilayer antioxidant systems, including scavenging enzymes, iron homeostasis, repair pathways, and metabolic adaptation, for coping with oxidative stress. How these systems are coordinated to enable the physiological adaptation to different intensities of oxidative stress, however, remains unclear. To address this, we investigated the expression kinetics of the well-characterized antioxidant genes at bacteriostatic H2O2 concentrations ranging from 1 mM to 10 mM employing Mycolicibacterium smegmatis as a model. Our results showed that most of the selected genes were expressed in a H2O2 concentration-dependent manner, whereas a subset exhibited sustained induction or repression without dose–effect, reflecting H2O2 concentration-dependent physiological adaptations. Through analyzing the dynamics of the coordinated gene expression, we demonstrated that the expressions of the H2O2 scavenging enzymes, DNA damage response, and Fe–S cluster repair function were strikingly correlated to the intensity of oxidative stress. The sustained induction of mbtB, irtA, and dnaE2 indicated that mycobacteria might deploy increased iron acquisition and error-prone lesion bypass function as fundamental strategies to counteract oxidative damages, which are distinct from the defence tactics of Escherichia coli characterized by shrinking the iron pool and delaying the DNA repair. Moreover, the distinct gene expression kinetics among the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate shunt, and methylcitrate cycle suggested that mycobacteria could dynamically redirect its metabolic fluxes according to the intensity of oxidative stress. This work defines the H2O2 concentration-dependent gene expression kinetics and provides unique insights into mycobacterial antioxidant defence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health (MOE/NHC), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health (MOE/NHC), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Dong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health (MOE/NHC), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, 200433 Shanghai, China
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14
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Glenn SM, Turapov O, Makarov V, Kell DB, Mukamolova GV. Dimethyl fumarate eliminates differentially culturable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an intranasal murine model of tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:957287. [PMID: 36093181 PMCID: PMC9449328 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.957287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) claims nearly 1.5 million lives annually. Current TB treatment requires a combination of several drugs administered for at least 6 months. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, can persist in infected humans and animals for decades. Moreover, during infection, Mtb produces differentially culturable bacteria (DCB) that do not grow in standard media but can be resuscitated in liquid media supplemented with sterile Mtb culture filtrates or recombinant resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs). Here, we demonstrate that, in an intranasal murine model of TB, Mtb DCB are detectable in the lungs after 4 weeks of infection, and their loads remain largely unchanged during a further 8 weeks. Treatment of the infected mice with dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a known drug with immunomodulatory properties, for 8 weeks eliminates Mtb DCB from the lungs and spleens. Standard TB treatment consisting of rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for 8 weeks reduces Mtb loads by nearly four orders of magnitude but does not eradicate DCB. Nevertheless, no DCB can be detected in the lungs and spleens after 8 weeks of treatment with DMF, rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. Our data suggest that addition of approved anti-inflammatory drugs to standard treatment regimens may improve TB treatment and reduce treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Glenn
- Division of Biomedical Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Obolbek Turapov
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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15
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Yang L, Hu X, Chai X, Ye Q, Pang J, Li D, Hou T. Opportunities for overcoming tuberculosis: Emerging targets and their inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:326-336. [PMID: 34537334 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given the alarming rise of resistance to anti-TB drugs and latent TB infection (LTBI), new targets and novel bioactive compounds are urgently needed for the treatment of this disease. We provide an overview of the recent advances in anti-TB drug discovery, emphasizing several newly validated targets for which an inhibitor has been reported in the past five years. Our review presents several attractive directions that have potential for the development of next-generation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dan Li
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Lab of Computer-aided Design and Computer Graphics (CAD&CG), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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16
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McNeil MB, Keighley LM, Cook JR, Cheung CY, Cook GM. CRISPR interference identifies vulnerable cellular pathways with bactericidal phenotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1033-1043. [PMID: 34346123 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death for which new drugs are needed. The identification of drug targets has been advanced by high-throughput and targeted genetic deletion strategies. Each though has limitations including the inability to distinguish between levels of vulnerability, lethality and scalability as a molecular tool. Using mycobacterial CRISPR interference in combination with phenotypic screening we have overcome these individual issues to investigate essentiality, vulnerability and lethality for 94 target genes from a diverse array of cellular pathways, many of which are potential antibiotic targets. Essential genes involved in cell wall synthesis and central cellular functions were equally vulnerable and often had bactericidal consequences. Conversely, essential genes involved in metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation or amino acid synthesis were less vulnerable to inhibition and frequently bacteriostatic. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into mycobacterial genetics and biology that will help to prioritise potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.,Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura M Keighley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Josephine R Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.,Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Dong W, Nie X, Zhu H, Liu Q, Shi K, You L, Zhang Y, Fan H, Yan B, Niu C, Lyu LD, Zhao GP, Yang C. Mycobacterial fatty acid catabolism is repressed by FdmR to sustain lipogenesis and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019305118. [PMID: 33853942 PMCID: PMC8072231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019305118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-derived fatty acids are an important carbon source for pathogenic mycobacteria during infection. How mycobacterial cells regulate the catabolism of fatty acids to serve the pathogenicity, however, remains unknown. Here, we identified a TetR-family transcriptional factor, FdmR, as the key regulator of fatty acid catabolism in the pathogen Mycobacterium marinum by combining use of transcriptomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, dynamic 13C-based flux analysis, metabolomics, and lipidomics. An M. marinum mutant deficient in FdmR was severely attenuated in zebrafish larvae and adult zebrafish. The mutant showed defective growth but high substrate consumption on fatty acids. FdmR was identified as a long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA)-responsive repressor of genes involved in fatty acid degradation and modification. We demonstrated that FdmR functions as a valve to direct the flux of exogenously derived fatty acids away from β-oxidation toward lipid biosynthesis, thereby avoiding the overactive catabolism and accumulation of biologically toxic intermediates. Moreover, we found that FdmR suppresses degradation of long-chain acyl-CoAs endogenously synthesized through the type I fatty acid synthase. By modulating the supply of long-chain acyl-CoAs for lipogenesis, FdmR controls the abundance and chain length of virulence-associated lipids and mycolates and plays an important role in the impermeability of the cell envelope. These results reveal that despite the fact that host-derived fatty acids are used as an important carbon source, overactive catabolism of fatty acids is detrimental to mycobacterial cell growth and pathogenicity. This study thus presents FdmR as a potentially attractive target for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kunxiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Linlin You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China;
| | - Liang-Dong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China;
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
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18
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Cardoso IA, de Souza AKL, Burgess AMG, Chalmers IW, Hoffmann KF, Nonato MC. Characterization of class II fumarase from Schistosoma mansoni provides the molecular basis for selective inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:406-421. [PMID: 33549669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. The only drug available for its treatment undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism and is not capable of preventing reinfection, which makes the search of new therapies urgently needed. Due to the essential role of fumarases in metabolism, these enzymes represent potential targets for developing novel schistosomiasis treatments. Here, we evaluate the expression profiles for class I and class II fumarases from Schistosoma mansoni (SmFHI and SmFHII, respectively), and report the complete characterization of SmFHII. The first SmFHII structure in complex with L-malate was determined at 1.85 Å resolution. The significant thermoshift observed for SmFHII in the presence of identified ligands makes the differential scanning fluorimetry an adequate technique for ligand screening. A complete kinetic characterization of SmFHII was performed, and comparison with the human fumarase (HsFH) revealed differences regarding the turnover number (kcat). Structural characterization allowed us to identify differences between SmFHII and HsFH that could be explored to design new selective inhibitors. This work represents the very first step towards validate the fumarases as drug targets to treat schistosomiasis. Our results provide the structural basis to rational search for selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Kusumota Luiz de Souza
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adam Muslem George Burgess
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Wyllie Chalmers
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Francis Hoffmann
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:282-295. [PMID: 33184475 PMCID: PMC7658438 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Airway macrophages (AMs) play key roles in the maintenance of lung immune tolerance. Tissue tailored, highly specialised and strategically positioned, AMs are critical sentinels of lung homoeostasis. In the last decade, there has been a revolution in our understanding of how metabolism underlies key macrophage functions. While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations underlie AM phenotype and function during CLDs. Particular emphasis is given to how our new understanding of AM metabolic plasticity may be exploited to develop AM-focused therapies.
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20
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Abstract
Enzymes fuel the biochemical activities of all cells. Their substrates and products thus represent a potential window into the physiologic state of a cell. Metabolomics focuses on the global, or systems-level, study of small molecules in a given biological system and has thus provided an experimental tool with which to study cellular physiology, including the biochemistry within pathogenic microorganisms. While metabolomic studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are still in their infancy, recent studies have begun to deliver unique insights into the composition, organization, activity, and regulation of the bacterium's physiologic network not accessible by other approaches. Here, we outline practical methods for the culture, collection, and analysis of metabolomic samples from M. tuberculosis that emphasize minimally perturbing sample handling, broad and native metabolite recovery, and sensitive, biologically agnostic metabolite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Planck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Tissue Distribution of Doxycycline in Animal Models of Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02479-19. [PMID: 32041718 PMCID: PMC7179585 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02479-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline, an FDA-approved tetracycline, is used in tuberculosis in vivo models for the temporal control of mycobacterial gene expression. In these models, animals are infected with recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis carrying genes of interest under transcriptional control of the doxycycline-responsive TetR-tetO unit. To minimize fluctuations of plasma levels, doxycycline is usually administered in the diet. However, tissue penetration studies to identify the minimum doxycycline content in food achieving complete repression of TetR-controlled genes in tuberculosis (TB)-infected organs and lesions have not been conducted. Doxycycline, an FDA-approved tetracycline, is used in tuberculosis in vivo models for the temporal control of mycobacterial gene expression. In these models, animals are infected with recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis carrying genes of interest under transcriptional control of the doxycycline-responsive TetR-tetO unit. To minimize fluctuations of plasma levels, doxycycline is usually administered in the diet. However, tissue penetration studies to identify the minimum doxycycline content in food achieving complete repression of TetR-controlled genes in tuberculosis (TB)-infected organs and lesions have not been conducted. Here, we first determined the tetracycline concentrations required to achieve silencing of M. tuberculosis target genes in vitro. Next, we measured doxycycline concentrations in plasma, major organs, and lung lesions in TB-infected mice and rabbits and compared these values to silencing concentrations measured in vitro. We found that 2,000 ppm doxycycline supplemented in mouse and rabbit feed is sufficient to reach target concentrations in TB lesions. In rabbit chow, the calcium content had to be reduced 5-fold to minimize chelation of doxycycline and deliver adequate oral bioavailability. Clearance kinetics from major organs and lung lesions revealed that doxycycline levels fall below concentrations that repress tet promoters within 7 to 14 days after doxycycline is removed from the diet. In summary, we have shown that 2,000 ppm doxycycline supplemented in standard mouse diet and in low-calcium rabbit diet delivers concentrations adequate to achieve full repression of tet promoters in infected tissues of mice and rabbits.
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22
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Niehaus TD, Hillmann KB. Enzyme promiscuity, metabolite damage, and metabolite damage control systems of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FEBS J 2020; 287:1343-1358. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Niehaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Katie B. Hillmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
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23
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Whitehouse AJ, Libardo MDJ, Kasbekar M, Brear PD, Fischer G, Thomas CJ, Barry CE, Boshoff HIM, Coyne AG, Abell C. Targeting of Fumarate Hydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Allosteric Inhibitors with a Dimeric-Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10586-10604. [PMID: 31517489 PMCID: PMC10478077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the growing worldwide prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB), new targets are urgently required for the development of treatments with novel modes of action. Fumarate hydratase (fumarase), a vulnerable component of the citric acid cycle in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a metabolic target that could satisfy this unmet demand. A key challenge in the targeting of Mtb fumarase is its similarity to the human homolog, which shares an identical active site. A potential solution to this selectivity problem was previously found in a high-throughput screening hit that binds in a nonconserved allosteric site. In this work, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out with the determination of further structural biology on the lead series, affording derivatives with sub-micromolar inhibition. Further, the screening of this series against Mtb in vitro identified compounds with potent minimum inhibitory concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Whitehouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - M. Daben J. Libardo
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Monica Kasbekar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Paul D. Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Blocks in Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle of Salmonella enterica Cause Global Perturbation of Carbon Storage, Motility, and Host-Pathogen Interaction. mSphere 2019; 4:4/6/e00796-19. [PMID: 31826974 PMCID: PMC6908425 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00796-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed perturbation analyses of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The defect of fumarase activity led to accumulation of fumarate but also resulted in a global alteration of carbon fluxes, leading to increased storage of glycogen. Gross alterations were observed in proteome and metabolome compositions of fumarase-deficient Salmonella. In turn, these changes were linked to aberrant motility patterns of the mutant strain and resulted in highly increased phagocytic uptake by macrophages. Our findings indicate that basic cellular functions and specific virulence functions in Salmonella critically depend on the proper function of the primary metabolism. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central metabolic hub in most cells. Virulence functions of bacterial pathogens such as facultative intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are closely connected to cellular metabolism. During systematic analyses of mutant strains with defects in the TCA cycle, a strain deficient in all fumarase isoforms (ΔfumABC) elicited a unique metabolic profile. Alongside fumarate, S. Typhimurium ΔfumABC accumulates intermediates of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. Analyses by metabolomics and proteomics revealed that fumarate accumulation redirects carbon fluxes toward glycogen synthesis due to high (p)ppGpp levels. In addition, we observed reduced abundance of CheY, leading to altered motility and increased phagocytosis of S. Typhimurium by macrophages. Deletion of glycogen synthase restored normal carbon fluxes and phagocytosis and partially restored levels of CheY. We propose that utilization of accumulated fumarate as carbon source induces a status similar to exponential- to stationary-growth-phase transition by switching from preferred carbon sources to fumarate, which increases (p)ppGpp levels and thereby glycogen synthesis. Thus, we observed a new form of interplay between metabolism of S. Typhimurium and cellular functions and virulence. IMPORTANCE We performed perturbation analyses of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The defect of fumarase activity led to accumulation of fumarate but also resulted in a global alteration of carbon fluxes, leading to increased storage of glycogen. Gross alterations were observed in proteome and metabolome compositions of fumarase-deficient Salmonella. In turn, these changes were linked to aberrant motility patterns of the mutant strain and resulted in highly increased phagocytic uptake by macrophages. Our findings indicate that basic cellular functions and specific virulence functions in Salmonella critically depend on the proper function of the primary metabolism.
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Derailing the aspartate pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to eradicate persistent infection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4215. [PMID: 31527595 PMCID: PMC6746716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major constraint for developing new anti-tuberculosis drugs is the limited number of validated targets that allow eradication of persistent infections. Here, we uncover a vulnerable component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persistence metabolism, the aspartate pathway. Rapid death of threonine and homoserine auxotrophs points to a distinct susceptibility of Mtb to inhibition of this pathway. Combinatorial metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals that inability to produce threonine leads to deregulation of aspartate kinase, causing flux imbalance and lysine and DAP accumulation. Mtb’s adaptive response to this metabolic stress involves a relief valve-like mechanism combining lysine export and catabolism via aminoadipate. We present evidence that inhibition of the aspartate pathway at different branch-point enzymes leads to clearance of chronic infections. Together these findings demonstrate that the aspartate pathway in Mtb relies on a combination of metabolic control mechanisms, is required for persistence, and represents a target space for anti-tuberculosis drug development. Amino acid biosynthetic pathways are an attractive alternative to treat chronic infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here, the authors investigate the metabolic response to disruption of the aspartate pathway in persistent Mtb and identify essential enzymes as potential new targets for drug development.
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26
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Metabolic principles of persistence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:496-507. [PMID: 29691481 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism was once relegated to the supply of energy and biosynthetic precursors, but it has now become clear that it is a specific mediator of nearly all physiological processes. In the context of microbial pathogenesis, metabolism has expanded outside its canonical role in bacterial replication. Among human pathogens, this expansion has emerged perhaps nowhere more visibly than for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Unlike most pathogens, M. tuberculosis has evolved within humans, which are both host and reservoir. This makes unrestrained replication and perpetual quiescence equally incompatible strategies for survival as a species. In this Review, we summarize recent work that illustrates the diversity of metabolic functions that not only enable M. tuberculosis to establish and maintain a state of chronic infection within the host but also facilitate its survival in the face of drug pressure and, ultimately, completion of its life cycle.
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Ahn YM, Boshoff HI. Elevation of Fumarate Levels Compromise Redox Control and Viability in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 24:243-245. [PMID: 28306498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Ruecker et al. (2017) show that fumarase depletion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to fumarate, a TCA cycle intermediate, accumulation, causing succination of a range of thiol-containing metabolites and proteins. Fumarate is bactericidal to the pathogen, and its accumulation may enhance the bactericidal effector mechanisms of other TCA cycle intermediates that accumulate due to activation of infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mo Ahn
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Chen X, Chen J, Zhang W, Wang H, Liu X, Zhou W, Yang H, Rao Z. Crystal structure and biochemical study on argininosuccinate lyase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:116-121. [PMID: 30665717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) participates in arginine synthesis through catalysing a reversible reaction in which argininosuccinate (AS) converts into arginine and fumarate. ASL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is essential for its growth. In this work, the crystal structure of the apo form of MtbASL was determined and reveals a tetrameric structure that is essential for its activity since the active sites are formed by residues from three different monomers. Subsequently, we determined the crystal structure of MtbASL-sulfate complex, and the ligand mimics the negatively charged intermediate. The complex structure and mutagenesis studies indicate that residues S282 and H161 might act as a catalytic dyad. A major conformational change in the MtbASL-SO4 complex structure could be observed upon sulfate binding, and this movement facilitates the interaction between substrate and the residues involved in catalysis. A different conformational change in the C-terminal domain could be observed in the MtbASL-SO4 complex compared with that in other homologues. This difference may be responsible for the lower activity of MtbASL, which is related to the slow growth rate of M. tuberculosis. The C-terminal domain is a potential allosteric site upon inhibitor binding. The various conformational changes and the diversity of the sequence of the potential allosteric site across the homologues might provide clues for designing selective inhibitors against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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29
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Saidu NEB, Kavian N, Leroy K, Jacob C, Nicco C, Batteux F, Alexandre J. Dimethyl fumarate, a two-edged drug: Current status and future directions. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1923-1952. [PMID: 30756407 DOI: 10.1002/med.21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a fumaric acid ester registered for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). It induces protein succination leading to inactivation of cysteine-rich proteins. It was first shown to possess cytoprotective and antioxidant effects in noncancer models, which appeared related to the induction of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway. DMF also displays antitumor activity in several cellular and mice models. Recently, we showed that the anticancer mechanism of DMF is dose-dependent and is paradoxically related to the decrease in the nuclear translocation of NRF2. Some other studies performed indicate also the potential role of DMF in cancers, which are dependent on the NRF2 antioxidant and cellular detoxification program, such as KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinoma. It, however, seems that DMF has multiple biological effects as it has been shown to also inhibit the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), thus blocking downstream targets that may be involved in the development and progression of inflammatory cascades leading to various disease processes, including tumors, lymphomas, diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, and psoriasis. Herein, we present the current status and future directions of the use of DMF in various diseases models with particular emphases on its targeting of specific intracellular signal transduction cascades in cancer; to shed some light on its possible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Edward Bennett Saidu
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, CARPEM, Paris, France.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, CARPEM, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, HKU Pasteur Research Pole, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Karen Leroy
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, CARPEM, Paris, France.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Carole Nicco
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, CARPEM, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Batteux
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, CARPEM, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Alexandre
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, CARPEM, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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30
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Arora G, Chaudhary D, Kidwai S, Sharma D, Singh R. CitE Enzymes Are Essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Establish Infection in Macrophages and Guinea Pigs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:385. [PMID: 30460206 PMCID: PMC6232273 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial citrate lyase activity has been demonstrated in various eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea, underscoring their importance in energy metabolism of the cell. While the bacterial citrate lyase comprises of three different subunits, M. tuberculosis genome lacks CitD and CitF subunits of citrate lyase complex but encodes for 2 homologs of CitE subunits, Rv2498c and Rv3075c. Using temperature sensitive mycobacteriophages, we were able to generate both single and double citE mutant strains of M. tuberculosis. The survival experiments revealed increased susceptibility of the double mutant strain to oxidative stress in comparison to the parental strain. Also, simultaneous deletion of both citE1 and citE2 in M. tuberculosis genome resulted in impairment of intracellular replication in macrophages. The double mutant strain displayed reduced growth in lungs and spleens of guinea pigs. This is the first study demonstrating that M. tuberculosis critically requires CitE subunits of citrate lyase for pathogenesis. Taken together, these findings position these enzymes as potential targets for development of anti-tubercular small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Saqib Kidwai
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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31
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Sun Y, Shi Z, Wang Y, Tang C, Liao Y, Yang C, Cai P. Coupling of oxidative stress responses to tricarboxylic acid cycle and prostaglandin E2 alterations in Caenorhabditis elegans under extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:1159-1166. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1524943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Sun
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Environmental Bioelectrochemistry Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Wang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chao Tang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Yang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cai
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
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32
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Niehaus TD, Folz J, McCarty DR, Cooper AJL, Moraga Amador D, Fiehn O, Hanson AD. Identification of a metabolic disposal route for the oncometabolite S-(2-succino)cysteine in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8255-8263. [PMID: 29626092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular thiols such as cysteine spontaneously and readily react with the respiratory intermediate fumarate, resulting in the formation of stable S-(2-succino)-adducts. Fumarate-mediated succination of thiols increases in certain tumors and in response to glucotoxicity associated with diabetes. Therefore, S-(2-succino)-adducts such as S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC) are considered oncometabolites and biomarkers for human disease. No disposal routes for S-(2-succino)-compounds have been reported prior to this study. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis metabolizes 2SC to cysteine using a pathway encoded by the yxe operon. The first step is N-acetylation of 2SC followed by an oxygenation that we propose results in the release of oxaloacetate and N-acetylcysteine, which is deacetylated to give cysteine. Knockouts of the genes predicted to mediate each step in the pathway lose the ability to grow on 2SC as the sulfur source and accumulate the expected upstream metabolite(s). We further show that N-acetylation of 2SC relieves toxicity. This is the first demonstration of a metabolic disposal route for any S-(2-succino)-compound, paving the way toward the identification of corresponding pathways in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
| | - Jacob Folz
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Donald R McCarty
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - David Moraga Amador
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
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33
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Wang X, Dowd CS. The Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway: Promising Drug Targets in the Fight against Tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:278-290. [PMID: 29390176 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a severe infectious disease in need of new chemotherapies especially for drug-resistant cases. To meet the urgent requirement of new TB drugs with novel modes of action, the TB research community has been validating numerous targets from several biosynthetic pathways. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is utilized by Mtb for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), the universal five-carbon building blocks of isoprenoids. While being a common biosynthetic pathway in pathogens, the MEP pathway is completely absent in humans. Due to its unique presence in pathogens as well as the essentiality of the MEP pathway in Mtb, the enzymes in this pathway are promising targets for the development of new drugs against tuberculosis. In this Review, we discuss three enzymes in the MEP pathway: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (IspC/DXR), and 2 C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF), which appear to be the most promising antitubercular drug targets. Structural and mechanistic features of these enzymes are reviewed, as well as selected inhibitors that show promise as antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
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34
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Evans JC, Mizrahi V. Priming the tuberculosis drug pipeline: new antimycobacterial targets and agents. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 45:39-46. [PMID: 29482115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Claiming close to two million lives each year, tuberculosis is now the leading cause of death from an infectious disease. The rise in number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains resistant to existing TB drugs has underscored the urgent need to develop new antimycobacterials with novel mechanisms of action. To meet this need, a drug pipeline has been established that is populated with new and repurposed drugs. Recent advances in identifying molecules with inhibitory activity against Mtb under conditions modelled on those encountered during infection, and in elucidating their mechanisms of action, have primed the pipeline with promising drug/target couples, hit compounds and new targets. In this review, we highlight recent advances and emerging areas of opportunity in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Evans
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research & Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research & Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
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35
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Jayaraman V, Suryavanshi A, Kalale P, Kunala J, Balaram H. Biochemical characterization and essentiality of Plasmodium fumarate hydratase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5878-5894. [PMID: 29449371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), the causative agent of malaria, has an iron-sulfur cluster-containing class I fumarate hydratase (FH) that catalyzes the interconversion of fumarate to malate, a well-known reaction in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In humans, the same reaction is catalyzed by class II FH that has no sequence or structural homology with the class I enzyme from Plasmodium Fumarate is generated in large quantities in the parasite as a by-product of AMP synthesis and is converted to malate by FH and then used in the generation of the key metabolites oxaloacetate, aspartate, and pyruvate. Previous studies have identified the FH reaction as being essential to P. falciparum, but biochemical characterization of PfFH that may provide leads for the development of specific inhibitors is lacking. Here, we report on the kinetic characterization of purified recombinant PfFH, functional complementation of fh deficiency in Escherichia coli, and mitochondrial localization in the parasite. We found that the substrate analog mercaptosuccinic acid is a potent PfFH inhibitor, with a Ki value in the nanomolar range. The fh gene could not be knocked out in Plasmodium berghei when transfectants were introduced into BALB/c mice; however, fh knockout was successful when C57BL/6 mice were used as host, suggesting that the essentiality of the fh gene to the parasite was mouse strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Jayaraman
- From the Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Arpitha Suryavanshi
- From the Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Pavithra Kalale
- From the Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Jyothirmai Kunala
- From the Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Hemalatha Balaram
- From the Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
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López-Agudelo VA, Baena A, Ramirez-Malule H, Ochoa S, Barrera LF, Ríos-Estepa R. Metabolic adaptation of two in silico mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:107. [PMID: 29157227 PMCID: PMC5697012 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to date, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as the worst intracellular killer pathogen. To establish infection, inside the granuloma, Mtb reprograms its metabolism to support both growth and survival, keeping a balance between catabolism, anabolism and energy supply. Mtb knockouts with the faculty of being essential on a wide range of nutritional conditions are deemed as target candidates for tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Constraint-based genome-scale modeling is considered as a promising tool for evaluating genetic and nutritional perturbations on Mtb metabolic reprogramming. Nonetheless, few in silico assessments of the effect of nutritional conditions on Mtb's vulnerability and metabolic adaptation have been carried out. RESULTS A genome-scale model (GEM) of Mtb, modified from the H37Rv iOSDD890, was used to explore the metabolic reprogramming of two Mtb knockout mutants (pfkA- and icl-mutants), lacking key enzymes of central carbon metabolism, while exposed to changing nutritional conditions (oxygen, and carbon and nitrogen sources). A combination of shadow pricing, sensitivity analysis, and flux distributions patterns allowed us to identify metabolic behaviors that are in agreement with phenotypes reported in the literature. During hypoxia, at high glucose consumption, the Mtb pfkA-mutant showed a detrimental growth effect derived from the accumulation of toxic sugar phosphate intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate) along with an increment of carbon fluxes towards the reductive direction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Furthermore, metabolic reprogramming of the icl-mutant (icl1&icl2) showed the importance of the methylmalonyl pathway for the detoxification of propionyl-CoA, during growth at high fatty acid consumption rates and aerobic conditions. At elevated levels of fatty acid uptake and hypoxia, we found a drop in TCA cycle intermediate accumulation that might create redox imbalance. Finally, findings regarding Mtb-mutant metabolic adaptation associated with asparagine consumption and acetate, succinate and alanine production, were in agreement with literature reports. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential application of genome-scale modeling, flux balance analysis (FBA), phenotypic phase plane (PhPP) analysis and shadow pricing to generate valuable insights about Mtb metabolic reprogramming in the context of human granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A. López-Agudelo
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Silvia Ochoa
- Grupo de investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Patel K, Song F, Andreana PR. Synthesis of substrate analogues as potential inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme MshC. Carbohydr Res 2017; 453-454:10-18. [PMID: 29107814 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycothiol cysteine ligase (MshC) is a key enzyme in the mycothiol (MSH) biosynthesis and a promising target for developing new anti-mycobacterial compounds. Herein, we report on the synthesis of substrate analogues, as potential inhibitors, for the MshC enzyme. The target molecules were synthesized employing a Schmidt glycosylation strategy using an enantiomerically pure inositol acceptor and 2-deoxy trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donors with glycosylation yields greater than 70% and overall yields >5%. The inositol acceptor was obtained via chiral resolution of (±)-myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakant Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Fengling Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Peter R Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States.
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Mishra A, Surolia A. Biochemical characterization of argininosuccinate lyase fromM. tuberculosis: significance of a c-terminal cysteine in catalysis and thermal stability. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:896-907. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archita Mishra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
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