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Zhang X, Cheng X, Lei B, Zhang G, Bi Y, Yu Y. A review of the transplacental transfer of persistent halogenated organic pollutants: Transfer characteristics, influential factors, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106224. [PMID: 33137703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) are a class of toxic chemicals, which may have adverse effects on fetuses via transplacental transfer from their mothers. Here, we review reported internal exposure levels of various HOPs (organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances) in placenta, and both maternal and umbilical cord sera. We also present analyses of the transplacental transfer and placental distribution characteristics of each class of compounds, and discuss effects of several factors on the transfer and accumulation efficiencies of HOPs, as well as the main mechanisms of HOPs' transfer across the placental barrier. Reported compound-specific transplacental transfer efficiencies and distribution efficiencies, expressed as umbilical cord:maternal serum and placental:maternal serum concentration ratios (RCM and RPM, respectively), are summarized. Average published RCM values of the HOPs range from 0.24 to 3.08 (lipid-adjusted) and from 0.04 to 3.1 (based on wet weights), and are highest for perfluoroalkylcarboxylates (PFCAs) and tetrabromobisphenol A. Average published RPM values range from 0.14 to 1.02 (lipid-adjusted) and from 0.30 to 1.4 (based on wet weights). The broad RCM and RPM ranges may reflect effects of various factors, inter alia physicochemical properties of HOPs, metabolic capacities of mothers and fetuses, placental maturity, and differential expression of influx/efflux transporters in the placenta. Generally, HOPs' RCM values decline linearly with molecular size, and are curvilinearly related to solubility. Plasma protein binding affinity and the difference between maternal and fetal metabolic capacities may also affect some HOPs' transfer efficiencies. HOPs' molecular size may be influential. Transplacental transport of HOPs likely occurs mostly through passive diffusion, although influx/efflux transporters expressed on maternal and/or fetal sides of the placenta may also facilitate or hinder their transport. Overall, the review highlights clear gaps in our understanding of mechanisms involved in HOPs' transplacental transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Bingli Lei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guoxia Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yuhao Bi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Lizarraga LE, Dean JL, Kaiser JP, Wesselkamper SC, Lambert JC, Zhao QJ. A case study on the application of an expert-driven read-across approach in support of quantitative risk assessment of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:301-313. [PMID: 30794837 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deriving human health risk estimates for environmental chemicals has traditionally relied on in vivo toxicity databases to characterize potential adverse health effects and associated dose-response relationships. In the absence of in vivo toxicity information, new approach methods (NAMs) such as read-across have the potential to fill the required data gaps. This case study applied an expert-driven read-across approach to identify and evaluate analogues to fill non-cancer oral toxicity data gaps for p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), an organochlorine contaminant known to occur at contaminated sites in the U.S. The source analogue p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its no-observed-adverse-effect level of 0.05 mg/kg-day were proposed for the derivation of screening-level health reference values for the target chemical, p,p'-DDD. Among the primary similarity contexts (structure, toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics), toxicokinetic considerations were instrumental in separating p,p'-DDT as the best source analogue from other potential candidates (p,p'-DDE and methoxychlor). In vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) assays from ToxCast were used to evaluate similarity in bioactivity profiles and make inferences toward plausible mechanisms of toxicity to build confidence in the read-across approach. This work demonstrated the value of NAMs such as read-across and in vitro HTS in human health risk assessment of environmental contaminants with the potential to inform regulatory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucina E Lizarraga
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
| | - Jeffry L Dean
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - J Phillip Kaiser
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Scott C Wesselkamper
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Jason C Lambert
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Q Jay Zhao
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
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Itoh S, Baba T, Yuasa M, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, Araki A, Sasaki S, Kajiwara J, Hori T, Todaka T, Fujikura K, Nakajima S, Kato S, Kishi R. Association of maternal serum concentration of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls with maternal and neonatal thyroid hormones: The Hokkaido birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:583-590. [PMID: 30173115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the toxicity of hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) for thyroid hormones (TH) is limited, and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of environmental prenatal exposure to OH-PCBs and maternal and neonatal TH levels, taking the maternal-fetal TH transfer into account. METHODS In this prospective birth cohort (the "Hokkaido study") we included 222 mother-neonate pairs. We measured five OH-PCB isomers in maternal serum samples either during pregnancy or within 5 days of delivery. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were obtained from maternal blood samples at an early gestational stage (median; 11.1 weeks) and from heel prick samples of neonates between 4 and 7 days after birth. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to investigate the associations between maternal OH-PCB and maternal and neonatal TH levels. RESULTS Median concentration of ∑OH-PCBs was 25.37 pg/g wet weight. The predominant isomer was 4-OH-CB187, followed by 4-OH-CB146+3-OH-CB153. In the fully adjusted linear regression analysis, maternal ∑OH-PCBs was positively associated with maternal FT4, and 4-OH-CB187 was positively associated with both maternal and neonatal FT4 levels. Maternal OH-PCBs showed no significant association with TSH among mothers and neonates. Path analysis indicated the indirect pathway from 4-OH-CB187 exposure to increased neonatal FT4, via maternal THs and neonatal TSH. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal exposure to OH-PCBs during pregnancy may increase both maternal and neonatal FT4 levels. Neonatal FT4 is presumed to be increased by prenatal 4-OH-CB187 indirectly, and this process may be mediated by maternal THs and neonatal TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Baba
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Yuasa
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuguhide Hori
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Todaka
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sonomi Nakajima
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shizue Kato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental Health and Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Rossi F, Bertuzzi T, Vitali A, Rubini A, Masoero F, Morlacchini M, Piva G. Monitoring of the declining trend of Polychlorobifenyls concentration in milk of contaminated dairy cows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Rubini
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinaria, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mauro Morlacchini
- Centro Ricerche per la Zootecnia e l’Ambiente, San Bonico (PC), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Piva
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Label-free based quantitative proteomics analysis of primary neonatal porcine Leydig cells exposed to the persistent contaminant 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE. J Proteomics 2016; 137:68-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wimmerová S, Watson A, Drobná B, Šovčíková E, Weber R, Lancz K, Patayová H, Richterová D, Koštiaková V, Jurečková D, Závacký P, Strémy M, Jusko TA, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Trnovec T. The spatial distribution of human exposure to PCBs around a former production site in Slovakia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14405-15. [PMID: 26250810 PMCID: PMC4677688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated concentrations of 15 PCB congeners in blood serum of 2047 adults, 431 8-9-year old children and 1134 mother-child pairs born in 2001-2003. These subjects were long-standing residents living up to 70 km (to the north) and up to 50 km (to the south) of the former Chemko Strážske PCB production facility in the Michalovce district of Slovakia. We plotted serum concentration against distance from the plant both with and without consideration of the direction of their homes from the site. The decrease in exposure with distance could be described by an exponential function which was dependent on direction and climatic parameters. By kriging we created maps depicting predicted isoconcentration contours for sex- and age-adjusted serum concentration of ∑PCBs for the same group of children, adults and mothers. The principle of our risk analysis was to relate serum concentration data, reflecting PCB body burden, using the critical concentrations established by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES 2010) as thresholds below which the probability of effects on health is regarded as negligible. We conclude that 10 years ago, around 200,000 residents were at risk in this densely populated area. Exposure has since decreased but the mechanism for this has not yet been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Wimmerová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alan Watson
- Public Interest Consultants, Uplands Court, 134, Eaton Crescent Uplands, Swansea, SA1 4QR, Wales, UK
| | - Beata Drobná
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Šovčíková
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststrasse 23, Schwaebisch Gmuend, 73527, Germany
| | - Kinga Lancz
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | - Dana Jurečková
- The Štefan Kukura Hospital and Policlinic, Michalovce, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Závacký
- Research Centre of Progressive Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hajdóczyho 1, 917 24, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Maximilián Strémy
- Research Centre of Progressive Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hajdóczyho 1, 917 24, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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7
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Lancz K, Murínová L, Patayová H, Drobná B, Wimmerová S, Sovčíková E, Kováč J, Farkašová D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Jusko TA, Trnovec T. Ratio of cord to maternal serum PCB concentrations in relation to their congener-specific physicochemical properties. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:91-8. [PMID: 25277764 PMCID: PMC4256144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to characterize placental transfer of some congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and to relate human in utero exposure to these pollutants to their physicochemical properties. We included into the study 1134 births during the period 2002-2003 from two highly PCB contaminated districts in eastern Slovakia. Concentrations of 15 PCB congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 52, 101, 123(+149), 118, 114, 153, 105, 138(+163), 167, 156(+171), 157, 180, 170, and 189) in umbilical cord (C) and maternal serum (M) were determined. The C/M ratios were significantly related, either positively or inversely depending on parameter, to the logarithm of partition coefficient octanol-water (KOW), to fusion enthalpy at the melting point, molecular weight, water solubility, total surface area of the molecule, solvent accessible surface area, melting point, molar volume, and molecular electronegativity distance vector. We found an inverse association between logKOW and lipid adjusted logC/M (const=1.078, b1=-0.179, p<0.001, R(2)=0.039). Parameters evaluated were interrelated except fusion enthalpy at the melting point and electron affinity vs. solubility. We discuss the possible role of cholesterol as a transplacental transporter of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lancz
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Murínová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Beata Drobná
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Sovčíková
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Kováč
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Farkašová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Med-Sci 1C, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd, CU 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Quinete N, Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. Occurrence and distribution of PCB metabolites in blood and their potential health effects in humans: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11951-11972. [PMID: 24943885 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, attention has been directed to chemicals with possible endocrine-disrupting properties. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their metabolites belong to one group of environmental contaminants that have been shown to interact with the endocrine system in mammals, including humans. Although recent developments have been made in terms of determination of PCB metabolites in blood samples, still limited number of studies have been able to elucidate their profiles and toxicological and health effects in humans. This review aims to evaluate and compare the levels of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and methyl sulfone PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs) in blood and their relationship to parent compounds and also address the potential risks and adverse health effects in humans. Levels of OH-PCBs varied between 0.0002 and 1.6 ng g(-1) w/w in human serum/plasma from the selected literature, correlating well with ∑PCBs. In contrast, ∑OH-PCB/∑PCB ratio in animals did not show a significant correlation, which might suggest that the bioaccumulation plays an even more important role in the concentration of OH-PCBs compared to PCB metabolism. Highest levels of MeSO2-PCBs were reported in marine mammals with high selectivity retention in the liver. Health effects of PCB metabolites included carcinogenicity, reproductive impairment, and developmental neurotoxicity, being more efficiently transferred to the brain and across the placenta from mother to fetus in comparison to the parent PCBs. Based on the lack of knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of lower chlorinated OH-PCBs in humans, further studies to identify and assess the risks associated to human exposure are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quinete
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Quinete N, Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. Analytical approaches for the determination of PCB metabolites in blood: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6151-64. [PMID: 24908411 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are among the most ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, and their metabolism leads to the formation of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) and methyl sulfone PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs). These metabolites are generally more hydrophilic than the parent compound, and therefore are more easily eliminated from the body. However, some congeners have been shown to be strongly retained in human blood, binding to transthyretin with an affinity that is, in general, greater than that of the natural ligand thyroxin itself, which could result in toxicological effects, particularly on the thyroid system. Currently available analytical methods require, in general, extensive sample preparation, which includes a series of time-consuming and low-throughput liquid-liquid and back extractions, evaporations, several cleanup steps, and in some cases, derivatization prior to analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Recent developments in the use of LC coupled with tandem MS (MS/MS) have brought some improvements in terms of sample preparation for the determination of PCB metabolites in blood, although there are still possibilities for continued development. The selected literature has evidenced few studies of LC-MS/MS-based methods, a lack of analytical standards, nonassessment of lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs, and scarce attention to MeSO2-PCBs in blood. This review aims to evaluate critically the currently available analytical methods for determination of OH-PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quinete
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Aylward LL, Hays SM, Kirman CR, Marchitti SA, Kenneke JF, English C, Mattison DR, Becker RA. Relationships of chemical concentrations in maternal and cord blood: a review of available data. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:175-203. [PMID: 24749481 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.884956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The developing fetus is likely to be exposed to the same environmental chemicals as the mother during critical periods of growth and development. The degree of maternal-fetal transfer of chemical compounds will be affected by chemical and physical properties such as lipophilicity, protein binding, and active transport mechanisms that influence absorption and distribution in maternal tissues. However, these transfer processes are not fully understood for most environmental chemicals. This review summarizes reported data from more than 100 studies on the ratios of cord:maternal blood concentrations for a range of chemicals including brominated flame-retardant compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, metals, and tobacco smoke components. The studies for the chemical classes represented suggest that chemicals frequently detected in maternal blood will also be detectable in cord blood. For most chemical classes, cord blood concentrations were found to be similar to or lower than those in maternal blood, with reported cord:maternal ratios generally between 0.1 and 1. Exceptions were observed for selected brominated flame-retardant compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and some metals, for which reported ratios were consistently greater than 1. Careful interpretation of the data in a risk assessment context is required because measured concentrations of environmental chemicals in cord blood (and thus the fetus) do not necessarily imply adverse effects or risk. Guidelines and recommendations for future cord:maternal blood biomonitoring studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Aylward
- a Summit Toxicology, LLP , Falls Church , Virginia , USA
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Lin YP, Pessah IN, Puschner B. Simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in human serum and plasma. Talanta 2013; 113:41-8. [PMID: 23708622 PMCID: PMC3698050 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable methods for simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in limited volumes of human serum or plasma need to be further documented especially when they accumulate at low levels that are still capable of disrupting endocrine and immune functions, and affecting neurodevelopment and reproduction. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and quantitative method that simultaneously quantifies PBDEs and PCBs in 0.5 ml of human serum or plasma. We optimized a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method and used silica particle purification for the extraction of PBDEs and PCBs. Two multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) transitions were optimized for each congener. The sum of the transitions was used for quantification, and their abundance ratios were used for identification. The combined method optimization techniques resulted in limits of detection from 3 to 145 pg/ml for 10 PBDEs and 1-12 pg/ml for 15 PCBs. Method was solidly validated by analyzing serum fortified with a certified PBDE and PCB standard mixture from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The accuracy was 88-118% and day-to-day precision was within 19%. The method was successfully applied to quantify native concentrations of PBDE and PCB in commercially available human serum. The sensitivity and selectivity of the GC/EI-MS/MS analysis enables it to be the method of choice for investigations of exposures to PBDE and PCB congeners, especially when sample volume is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-ping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Castro-Puyana M, Herrero L, González MJ, Gómara B. Rapid and simultaneous determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and their main metabolites (hydroxylated and methyl sulfonyl) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: comparison of different ionisation modes. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:148-54. [PMID: 23830433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Instrumental methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been developed and compared using two different MS ionisation modes, electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionisation (ECNI), for the fast, quantitative and simultaneous determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their main metabolites (hydroxylated PCBs, OH-PCBs, and methyl sulfone PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs). Parameters affecting chromatographic separation and MS detection were evaluated in order to achieve the highest selectivity and sensitivity for both operation modes. The analytical characteristics of the developed methods were studied and compared in terms of linear range, limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), and instrumental precision (repeatability and intermediate precision). Both ionisation methods showed similar precision, being relative standard deviations (RSD, %) lower than 9% and 14% for repeatability and intermediate precision, respectively. However, better LODs (from 0.01 to 0.14 pg injected for the three families of congeners studied) were achieved using ECNI-MS as ionisation mode. The suitability of the developed method was demonstrated through their application to fish liver oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castro-Puyana
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Fernández V, Castro-Puyana M, González MJ, Marina ML, García MÁ, Gómara B. Simultaneous enantioselective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls and their methyl sulfone metabolites by heart-cut MDGC: Determination of enantiomeric fractions in fish oils and cow liver samples. Chirality 2012; 24:577-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC; Madrid Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | - María José González
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; Institute of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC; Madrid Spain
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Gómara B, Athanasiadou M, Quintanilla-López JE, González MJ, Bergman A. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in placenta from Madrid mothers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:139-147. [PMID: 21698361 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concentrations and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in placenta samples from a Madrid population (Spain) are reported. Structure dependent retentions of OH-PCBs are known to occur in both humans and wildlife, making it of interest to assess placental transfer of both parent compounds and their metabolites to the developing foetus. RESULTS The ΣPCB concentrations found in placenta samples were in the range 943-4,331 pg/g fresh weight (f.w.), and their hydroxylated metabolites showed a 20-time lower concentration level (53-261 pg/g f.w.). The PCB profiles were surprisingly dominated by CB-52 and CB-101 accounting for more than 44% of the total PCB concentration. This is indicating a source of exposure that is not yet identified. The OH-PCB profiles were dominated by 4-OH-CB187 and 4-OH-CB146, representing >50% of the ΣOH-PCB concentration of the placenta samples. Statistical analysis of the data revealed strong correlations between the PCB congeners, among some OH-PCBs, and between OH-PCB metabolites with a meta- and para- substitution pattern. Both PCB and OH-PCB concentrations presented homogeneous distribution, what allowed the establishment of a partial least squares model that correlated the concentrations of OH-PCB with those of PCBs in placenta samples. In addition, causal correlations were observed between the concentrations of OH-PCBs and those of their corresponding PCB precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Gómara
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Trnovec T, Dedík L, Jusko TA, Lancz K, Palkovičová L, Kočan A, Šovčíková E, Wimmerová S, Tihányi J, Patayová H, Hertz-Picciotto I. Assessment of exposure to PCB 153 from breast feeding and normal food intake in individual children using a system approach model. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1687-93. [PMID: 22051344 PMCID: PMC3228605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigators have typically relied on a single or few discrete time points as measures of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burden, however health effects are more likely to be the result of integrative exposure in time, optionally expressed as an area under the time curve (AUC) of PCB serum concentration. Using data from a subgroup of 93 infants from a birth cohort in eastern Slovakia-a region highly polluted by PCBs-we fit a system type model, customized to our longitudinal measures of serum PCB concentrations in cord, 6, 16, and 45 month blood specimens. The most abundant congener, PCB 153, was chosen for modeling purposes. In addition to currently used methods of exposure assessment, our approach estimates a concentration time profile for each subject, taking into account mean residence time of PCB 153 molecules in the body, duration of breast feeding, hypothetical PCB 153 concentration in steady-state without breast feeding and alternately without normal food intake. Hypothetical PCB 153 concentration in steady-state without normal food intake correlates with AUC (r=0.84, p<0.001) as well as with duration of breast feeding (r=0.64, p<0.001). It makes possible to determine each subject's exposure profile expressed as AUC of PCBs serum concentration with a minimum model parameters. PCB body burden in most infants was strongly associated with duration of breast feeding in most, but not all children, was apparent from model output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Antunes-Fernandes EC, Bovee TF, Daamen FE, Helsdingen RJ, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. Some OH-PCBs are more potent inhibitors of aromatase activity and (anti-) glucocorticoids than non-dioxin like (NDL)-PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Langer P. The impacts of organochlorines and other persistent pollutants on thyroid and metabolic health. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:497-518. [PMID: 20797403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of thyroid and metabolic disorders has been repeatedly observed in the population living in the area of eastern Slovakia highly polluted by a mixture of PCBs, DDE and HCB since about 50 years ago. Among thyroid disorders, increase of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasound volumetry may be suggested as one of notable findings which appeared possibly related to increased OCs levels and to autoimmunity signs (e.g. positive thyroperoxidase antibodies in blood and/or hypoechogenicity image obtained by ultrasound), while some participation of individual susceptibility and also of immunogenic effect of OCs and iodine in this iodine replete country cannot be excluded. Another notable finding has been the increase of blood FT4 and TT3 positively related to high PCBs level. Such increased FT4 level has been found associated with TSH level in hyperthyroid range in about 2% of examined population from polluted area. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders strongly supported the assumption on impaired immune system and thus also on presumably increased prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in highly exposed population. In addition, markedly increased prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes significantly related to major OCs (PCBs, DDE and HCB) levels and accompanied by increasing level of cholesterol and triglycerides has been observed. The observations also suggested a role of prenatal exposure to OCs in the development of several adverse health signs (e.g. increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies, impaired fasting glucose level, increased thyroid volume, decreased thymus volume, decreased neurobehavioral performance, increased hearing and dental disorders) in young generation born to highly exposed mothers in polluted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Sapbamrer R, Prapamontol T, Hock B. Assessment of estrogenic activity and total lipids in maternal biological samples (serum and breast milk). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:679-684. [PMID: 19959230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated estrogenic activity and total lipid levels in maternal serum and breast milk. The study was performed with 50 mothers from Fang district of northern Thailand. Maternal serum was collected 5 times, including the second trimester, pre-delivery period, delivery period, and lactating period at day 30 and day 60. Breast milk was collected 7 times, including day 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45, and 60 of lactation. There were the same patterns of variation between estrogenicity and total lipid levels both in serum and breast milk. The correlation between serum estrogenicity and serum total lipids was found with a correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.403 to 0.661. However, no correlation was found between milk estrogenicity and milk total lipids. The results therefore suggest that lipid contents might be the major factors affecting the variation of estrogenicity levels, and xenoestrogens, which the mother subjects exposed, were lipophilic pollutants. The remarkable findings were that the mean levels of estrogenicity in breast milk were approximately 8-13.5 times higher than those in maternal serum compared at the same period. However, no correlation was found between estrogenicity levels in serum and breast milk, leading to decreased accuracy in predicted infant exposure by maternal serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapbamrer
- School of Medicine, Naresuan University Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
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Park JS, Petreas M, Cohn BA, Cirillo PM, Factor-Litvak P. Hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs) in archived serum from 1950-60s California mothers: a pilot study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:937-42. [PMID: 19439357 PMCID: PMC2699597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We are studying participants selected from the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS), a longitudinal birth cohort of over 20,000 California pregnancies between 1959 and 1967, for associations between maternal body burden of organochlorine contaminants and thyroid function. We designed a pilot study using 30 samples selected among samples with high and low PCB concentrations to evaluate the feasibility of measuring OH-PCBs in the larger study population. GC-ECD and GC-NCI/MS were used to determine PCBs and OH-PCBs as methyl derivatives, respectively. Maternal serum levels of Sigma11PCBs and Sigma8OH-PCB metabolites varied from 0.74 to 7.99 ng/mL wet wt. with a median of 3.05 ng/mL, and from 0.12 to 0.98 ng/mL wet wt. with a median of 0.39 ng/mL, respectively. Average concentrations of Sigma8OH-PCB metabolites in the high PCB group were significantly higher than those in the low PCB group (p < 0.05). The levels of OH-PCB metabolites were dependent on PCB levels (r = 0.58, p < 0.05) but approximately an order of magnitude lower (p < 0.05). The average ratio of Sigma8OH-PCBs to Sigma11PCBs was 0.14 +/- 0.08. The primary metabolite was 4-OH-CB187 followed by 4-OH-CB107. Both of these metabolites interfere with the thyroid system in in vitro, animal, and human studies. OH-PCBs were detectable in all archived sera analyzed, supporting the feasibility to measure OH-PCB metabolites in the entire cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Park
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California 94710, USA.
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Cantillana T, Sundström M, Bergman A. Synthesis of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro-3-thiophenol)-1,1-dichloroethene (3-SH-DDE) via Newman-Kwart rearrangement - a precursor for synthesis of radiolabeled and unlabeled alkylsulfonyl-DDEs. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:805-810. [PMID: 19447466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a pathway for synthesis of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro-3-thiophenol)-1,1-dichloroethene (3-SH-DDE), is presented. The compound is of particular interest as a precursor for synthesis of alkylsulfonyl-DDE containing different alkyl groups to discover structural activity relationships, and to promote synthesis of radiolabeled methylsulfonyl-DDE. 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol was first methylated and further oxidized to the corresponding benzoic acid. The acid was reduced to the corresponding aldehyde (4-chloro-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) via 4-chloro-3-methoxy-benzene methanol. A lead/aluminium bimetal system was used to carry out the reductive addition of tetrachloromethane to 4-chloro-3-methoxy benzaldehyde to obtain 2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, the desired starting material to synthesize the DDT-analogue (2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane). Elimination of hydrochloric acid and removal of the methyl group led to the 3-OH-DDE. The Newman-Kwart rearrangement was applied to convert 3-OH-DDE to 3-SH-DDE via the dimethylcarbamothioate derivative. 3-SH-DDE is then used as a precursor for the radiolabel synthesis. The overall yield to acquire 3-SH-DDE after 11 steps was 3%. The step with the lowest yield was the DDT-analog synthesis with a yield of 30%. All other step had a yield of >50%. 3-SH-DDE was methylated with (14)C-labeled iodomethane and oxidized by hydrogen peroxide to obtain 3-[(14)C]MeSO(2)-DDE in an overall yield of 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cantillana
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kania-Korwel I, Zhao H, Norstrom K, Li X, Hornbuckle KC, Lehmler HJ. Simultaneous extraction and clean-up of polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites from small tissue samples using pressurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:37-46. [PMID: 19019378 PMCID: PMC2648864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pressurized liquid extraction-based method for the simultaneous extraction and in situ clean-up of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated (OH)-PCBs and methylsulfonyl (MeSO(2))-PCBs from small (<0.5 g) tissue samples was developed and validated. Extraction of a laboratory reference material with hexane-dichloromethane-methanol (48:43:9, v/v) and Florisil as fat retainer allowed an efficient recovery of PCBs (78-112%; RSD: 13-37%), OH-PCBs (46+/-2%; RSD: 4%) and MeSO(2)-PCBs (89+/-21%; RSD: 24%). Comparable results were obtained with an established analysis method for PCBs, OH-PCBs and MeSO(2)-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Collage of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Collage of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, MOE, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Karin Norstrom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Collage of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Collage of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Langer P, Kocan A, Tajtáková M, Koska J, Rádiková Z, Ksinantová L, Imrich R, Hucková M, Drobná B, Gasperíková D, Seböková E, Klimes I. Increased thyroid volume, prevalence of thyroid antibodies and impaired fasting glucose in young adults from organochlorine cocktail polluted area: outcome of transgenerational transmission? CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1145-1150. [PMID: 18790515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In 137 females (F) and 94 males (M) aged 21-35 years from organochlorines (OCs) polluted area (POLL) increased thyroid volume (ThV), prevalence of antibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPOab), thyrotropin receptor (TRab) and of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was found compared to 116 F and 107 M from background pollution area (BCGR). In F and M from POLL also strikingly increased level of PCBs, DDE and HCB was found. Such findings were compared to the generation of their parents aged 41-55 years consisting of 320F/213M from POLL and 406F/231M from BCGR. However, in spite of strikingly lower level of those OCs in young adults from POLL, they showed about the same prevalence of adverse health signs as the old generation. From such reason 44 young F and 40 young M with lowest PCBs level from POLL were selected to obtain nearly the same PCB level as found in all young F and M from BCGR. In such PCB adjusted groups the prevalence of TPOab, TRab, IFG and increased ThV was still significantly higher than that in all young subjects from BCGR. At the same time, also the level of DDE and HCB in such PCBs adjusted groups was considerably lower. It was concluded that such adverse effects in young adults from POLL possibly did not result from their actual OCs levels, but very likely from their exposure to high OCs levels of their mothers during their prenatal and perinatal life. Thus, the data may be compatible with present views on transgenerational transmission of endocrine disruptors action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Sonneborn D, Park HY, Petrik J, Kocan A, Palkovicova L, Trnovec T, Nguyen D, Hertz-Picciotto I. Prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in eastern Slovakia modify effects of social factors on birthweight. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008; 22:202-13. [PMID: 18426515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were widely used for industrial purposes and consumer products, but because of their toxicity, production was banned by most industrialised countries in the late 1970s. In eastern Slovakia, they were produced until 1985. During 2002-04, a birth cohort of mothers (n = 1057) residing in two Slovak districts was enrolled at delivery, and their specimens and information were collected after birth. Congeners of PCBs were measured in maternal serum by high-resolution gas chromatography with electron capture detection. In this study, we used multiple linear regression to examine the effects of prenatal PCB exposure on birthweight adjusted for gestational age, controlling for inter-pregnancy interval, and maternal smoking, age, education, ethnicity, pre-pregnancy body mass index and height. The association between total maternal serum PCB levels and birthweight was not statistically significant. However, an interaction model indicated that maternal PCB concentrations were associated with lower birthweight in Romani boys. Based on the fitted regression model, the predicted birthweight of Romani boys at the 90th percentile of maternal PCBs (12.8 ng/mL) was 133 g lower than the predicted birthweight at the 10th percentile of maternal PCBs (1.6 ng/mL). This is a similar magnitude of effect to that observed for maternal smoking and birthweight. These results suggest that higher levels of PCBs in maternal blood sera may inhibit growth in boys, particularly in those already affected by social factors related to ethnicity. This study is consistent with previous findings that boys are more susceptible than girls to growth restriction induced by in utero organochlorine exposures, and further indicates that high PCBs may magnify the influence of social disadvantage in this vulnerable group of boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Sonneborn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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