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Xie R, Zhou L, Smith AE, Almquist CB, Berberich JA, Danielson ND. A dual grafted fluorinated hydrocarbon amine weak anion exchange resin polymer for adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128521. [PMID: 35231815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent and recalcitrant organic contaminant of exceptional environmental concern, and its removal from water has increasingly attracted global attention due to its wide distribution and strong bioaccumulation. Adsorption is considered an effective technique for PFOA removal and more efficient PFOA sorbents are still of interest. This study developed a dual grafted fluorinated hydrocarbon amine weak anion exchange (WAX) polymeric resin (Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI) for PFOA removal from water. This polymer was synthesized by a two-step amine grafting reaction procedure involving first the reaction of the Sepra-WAX hydrocarbon polymer with poly(vinylidinefluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (Kel-F 800) and then a second reaction with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Characterization of the synthesized polymers was performed using scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis (F and Cl) by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The PFOA adsorption performance evaluations were conducted by packed column flow analyses with on-line detection. The results show the breakthrough of the Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI synthesized with optimum stoichiometry was two times better than the starting anion exchange polymer Sepra-WAX, and six times better than powdered activated carbon, when using the same column size. The adsorption mechanisms of this novel adsorbent including hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction were also clarified in this study. The adsorption kinetic parameters of the two optimum synthesized sorbents were determined using the Thomas model, the Yoon-Nelson model, and batch isotherm studies, and compared with those found with activated carbon and the starting WAX resin. Good agreement of the batch isotherm and column studies with respect to adsorption capacities trends between all three polymers (Sepra-WAX, Sepra-WAX-KelF, and Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI) were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Abigail E Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | | | - Jason A Berberich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Fisch K, Brockmeyer B, Gerwinski W, Schulz-Bull DE, Theobald N. Seasonal variability, long-term distribution (2001-2014), and risk assessment of polar organic micropollutants in the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39296-39309. [PMID: 33755886 PMCID: PMC8310502 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
From 2001 to 2014, 13 surveys were conducted in the Baltic Sea, to determine its pollution of 50 micropollutants. The investigations focused mostly on the German western Baltic Sea; in 2008, one survey covered the entire Baltic Sea. Various groups of herbicides (such as triazines, phenoxyacetic acid, phenylurea), perfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products were analyzed during these surveys. The highest concentrations (median 1 to 4 ng/L) were observed for atrazine, simazine, chloridazone, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzotriazole, primidone, and carbamazepine. Most micropollutants exhibited a relatively homogenous spatial distribution, though some herbicides show elevated concentrations in certain regions (e.g., Odra estuary), indicating a riverine input. The data set was analyzed, both for seasonal influences and long-time trends. Some herbicides exhibited higher concentrations during summertime. Both upward- and downward-directed time trends could be identified for some herbicides and perfluorinated compounds. For most of the detected compounds, a low-risk quotient was calculated. Only the occurrence of carbendazim could potentially pose a higher risk to the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fisch
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Berit Brockmeyer
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gerwinski
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Detlef E Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119, Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang X, Zhuang Y, Zhang J, Song L, Shi B. Pollutant degradation behaviors in a heterogeneous Fenton system through Fe/S-doped aerogel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136436. [PMID: 32018944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To prepare a heterogeneous Fenton catalytic material with high pollutant degradation efficiency, Fe/alginate acid hydrogel was used as a template to obtain a Fe/S-doped aerogel (GFe2) and a Fe/O aerogel (GFe3). GFe2 and GFe3 exhibit different iron component crystal patterns; from our results, we deduced that S-doping improves the electron transportation in the Fenton reaction. GFe2 also exhibits a better spherical structure and a higher specific area than GFe3 due to the support of the FeS nanospheres. To further increase structural advantage, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was added to alginate hydrogel during in-situ pyrolysis, which further converts GFe2 into a more porous structure (PGFe). Experiments show that the organic removal efficiency of the samples are ordered as GFe3 < GFe2 < PGFe, which acts as additional evidence for the importance of S doping and the structural support that PVA offers which produces more active sites and faster electron transportation. PGFe shows a high reusability after 5 runs of repetitive use in tetracycline (TC) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) degradation. The removal rate of PFOA increased from 15.4% to 21.6% using PGFe; though not as significant as its effects on TC. The C7, C8, F23, and O24 atoms of PFOA are found easier to be attacked by hydroxyl radicals. Having used drinking and black odorous water to further evaluate the practical properties and industrial potentials of the aerogel, PGFe also shows a significant effect in degrading a variety of pollutants, both organic and heavy metal. This clearly demonstrates the promising potentials of Fe/S-doped carbon aerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Laizhou Song
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Schmidt N, Fauvelle V, Castro-Jiménez J, Lajaunie-Salla K, Pinazo C, Yohia C, Sempéré R. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Bay of Marseille (NW Mediterranean Sea) and the Rhône River. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110491. [PMID: 31421569 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in 62 duplicate surface water samples from the Rhône River and Marseille Bay (France; NW Mediterranean Sea). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in all samples and exceeded the European Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values in over 80% of the cases. The most contaminated samples were from the Rhône River (up to 200 ng L-1 ∑4 PFAS), as well as those collected near a wastewater treatment plant outlet in Marseille Bay (up to 9 ng L-1 ∑4 PFAS). While PFOS was the predominant PFAS in Marseille Bay, remarkably high concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were measured in the Rhône River (8-193 ng L-1). The relative abundances of individual compounds differed thus significantly between the Rhône River and Marseille Bay, indicating different sources. A simulation made with the MARS3D model showed that PFOS inputs from the Rhône River can enter Marseille Bay at levels > EQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Schmidt
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Fauvelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France.
| | - Katixa Lajaunie-Salla
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Christel Pinazo
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Yohia
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, OSU-Intitut Pytheas, Marseille, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Toulon Univ., CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France.
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Janousek RM, Mayer J, Knepper TP. Is the phase-out of long-chain PFASs measurable as fingerprint in a defined area? Comparison of global PFAS concentrations and a monitoring study performed in Hesse, Germany from 2014 to 2018. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Joerss H, Apel C, Ebinghaus R. Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and sediment of the North and Baltic Seas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:360-369. [PMID: 31181522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Along with the phase-out of legacy long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors, attention has been drawn to emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study is aimed at investigating the importance of selected emerging PFASs as pollutants in European coastal environments and a possible transition from legacy long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs to replacement compounds. Therefore, the spatial distribution of 29 PFASs was analysed in surface water and sediment of the North and Baltic Seas sampled in 2017. Levels of the replacement compound HFPO-DA were approximately three times higher than those of its predecessor PFOA in surface water from the North Sea, which is characterised by the influence of point sources and constant exchange with open water. Reanalysis of sample extracts from the last decade showed that HFPO-DA had already been present in 2011, when it had not yet been in focus. In the Baltic Sea with a limited water exchange and dominance of diffuse sources, the proportion of HFPO-DA was negligible, whereas long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs still contributed to ∑PFASs with about 30%. The emerging cyclic compound perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS), which has not yet been reported in European coastal environments, was detected in 86% of the Baltic Sea samples. Influenced by sediment characteristics in addition to source-specific contributions, the spatial distribution of PFASs in surface sediments was more variable than for water samples. The linear isomer of the long-chain legacy substance PFOS was the predominant compound found over the entire study area. Of the emerging PFASs, 6:6 and 6:8 perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs) were identified close to potential industrial inputs and in sedimentation areas. The results show that particular emerging PFASs play a relevant role in the investigated coastal environments and that a shift to replacements is dependent on sources and geographical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Joerss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Apel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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Wang Q, Tsui MMP, Ruan Y, Lin H, Zhao Z, Ku JPH, Sun H, Lam PKS. Occurrence and distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the seawater and sediment of the South China sea coastal region. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:468-477. [PMID: 31151006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are anthropogenic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products. PFASs can be readily transported by water due to their relatively high solubility and polarity, and oceans are believed to be their final global sink. The heavily industrialized and urbanized Pearl River Delta in South China represents a major source of PFASs. In the present study, samples of surface waters, bottom waters, and sediments of the South China Sea (SCS) were collected during summer 2017 and 2018 to determine the level, distribution, and potential regional risk of PFASs. The PFAS concentrations in surface seawater, bottom seawater, and sediment were 125-1015 pg/L, 38-779 pg/L, and 7.5-84.2 pg/g dry weight, respectively. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the dominant PFASs in seawater, while perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was dominant in sediment. The PFAS alternatives 6:2 and -8:2 Cl-polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFESA) as well as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer (HFPO-DA) were detected in the SCS for the first time. The spatial distribution of PFASs in seawater and sediment were impacted by river outflows and sea currents, and concentrations decreased from the estuaries to the offshore regions due to the dilution effect. PFAS concentrations were relatively low compared to other coastal regions worldwide, and a preliminary environmental hazard assessment showed that PFASs posed minimal risk to marine organisms in the coastal region of the SCS, with the exception of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jonas P H Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Pan CG, Yu KF, Wang YH, Zhang W, Zhang J, Guo J. Perfluoroalkyl substances in the riverine and coastal water of the Beibu Gulf, South China: Spatiotemporal distribution and source identification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:297-305. [PMID: 30640098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination in less-developed coastal regions. In the present study, we collected 19 riverine and 21 coastal surface water samples in the summer and winter of 2017 to investigate PFASs contamination in the Beibu Gulf, South China. The results show that eleven and twelve target PFASs were detected in the summer and winter, respectively. The total PFASs (ΣPFASs) concentrations in the water of the Beibu Gulf were in the range of 1609-4727 pg/L and 610-4920 pg/L in summer and winter, respectively. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were the predominantly detected PFASs in both seasons with maximum concentrations of 2968 pg/L, 1771 pg/L, and 1764 pg/L, respectively. Strong positive correlations between some PFASs were observed (e.g., PFBA and PFBS, PFOS and PFBS, p < 0.05), suggesting these correlated pollutants may share similar sources. PFASs contamination in the Beibu Gulf was strongly affected by ocean currents, and their concentrations were lower than most coastal waters around the world. Risk assessment indicates a low risk associated with target PFASs to aquatic organisms in the Beibu Gulf. The results of the present research provided a baseline and good overview of the spatial distribution of PFASs along the Beibu Gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ke-Fu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ying-Hui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Vorkamp K, Falk K, Møller S, Bossi R, Rigét FF, Sørensen PB. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) add to the chemical cocktail in peregrine falcon eggs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:894-901. [PMID: 30144757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A suite of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were determined in 41 peregrine falcon eggs collected in South Greenland between 1986 and 2014. Median concentrations of perfluorinated sulfonic acids (ΣPFSA) and perfluorinated carboxylic acids (ΣPFCA) were 303 ng/g dry weight (dw) (58 ng/g wet weight, ww) and 100 ng/g dw (19 ng/g ww), respectively, which was comparable to other studies. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accounted for 94% on average of all PFSAs, but did not show a significant time trend. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) showed non-linear decreases over the study period, while some long-chain PFCAs increased significantly. The PCN profile was dominated by the penta-, hexa- and tetrachlorinated congeners CN-52/60, CN-66/67 and CN-42. CN-54, an indicator of combustion, accounted for 2.4% of ΣPCN on average. All PCN congeners showed a decreasing tendency, which was significant for lipid-normalized concentrations of CN-53, CN-54 and CN-63. The ΣPCN median concentration was 21 ng/g lipid weight, which is in the high end of concentrations reported for bird eggs. The PCN and PFAS concentrations add to an already high contaminant burden and a complex chemical cocktail in the peregrine falcon population in Greenland, mainly reflecting contaminant exposure during migration and winter stays in Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Knud Falk
- Ljusstöparbacken 11a, 11765 Stockholm, Sweden. https://www.vandrefalk.dk
| | - Søren Møller
- Roskilde University Library, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland.
| | - Peter B Sørensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Magi E, Di Carro M. Marine environment pollution: The contribution of mass spectrometry to the study of seawater. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:492-512. [PMID: 27611504 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of marine pollution has been traditionally addressed to persistent chemicals, generally known as priority pollutants; a current trend in environmental analysis is a shift toward "emerging pollutants," defined as newly identified or previously unrecognized contaminants. The present review is focused on the peculiar contribution of mass spectrometry (MS) to the study of pollutants in the seawater compartment. The work is organized in five paragraphs where the most relevant groups of pollutants, both "classical" and "emerging," are presented and discussed, highlighting the relative data obtained by the means of different MS techniques. The hyphenation of MS and separative techniques, together with the development of different ion sources, makes MS and tandem MS the analytical tool of choice for the determination of trace organic contaminants in seawater. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:492-512, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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Lange CC. Anaerobic biotransformation of N-methyl perfluorobutanesulfonamido ethanol and N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:768-779. [PMID: 29068473 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some fluorochemical products are manufactured using N-methyl perfluorobutanesulfonamido ethanol (MeFBSE), a short-chain replacement for perfluorooctyl-based chemistries N-methyl and N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanols (EtFOSE). The present study shows for the first time the anaerobic biodegradation of MeFBSE and EtFOSE in municipal digester sludge under methanogenic conditions. Both MeFBSE and EtFOSE were incubated for 108 d with anaerobic digester sludge. Although sterile controls did not remove MeFBSE, it was degraded in live sludge. The loss of MeFBSE coincided with production of N-methyl perfluorobutanesulfonamido acetate (MeFBSAA) and perfluorobutane sulfinate (PFBSI). The biodegradation appeared biphasic, with pseudo first-order loss between days 0 and 70, resulting in approximately 75% removal but no further depletion of MeFBSE between days 70 and 108. By day 108 MeFBSAA and PFBSI accounted for 57 and 40 mol% of initial dose, respectively. Mass balance values in live cultures on days 0, 10, 21, 29, 70, and 108 were 103, 92, 94, 100, 93, and 122%, respectively. The apparent first-order biodegradation rate constant for MeFBSE over the first 70 d was 0.0194 d-1 , and the apparent half-life was 35.8 d. Incubation of EtFOSE with live digester sludge resulted in low-level formation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane-sulfonamido acetate and perfluorooctane sulfinate, which did not form in sterile controls. Although it was not measurably lost, 2 to 3% loss of EtFOSE was calculated based on product concentrations. The total product formation rate constant was determined by first-order kinetic evaluation over the first 72 d to estimate a first-order biodegradation rate constant for EtFOSE at 0.000374 d-1 , and the apparent half-life time was 1860 d. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:768-779. © 2017 SETAC.
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Pignotti E, Farré M, Barceló D, Dinelli E. Occurrence and distribution of six selected endocrine disrupting compounds in surface- and groundwaters of the Romagna area (North Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21153-21167. [PMID: 28733818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a wide group of contaminants of emerging concern known to be harmful for organisms. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of six EDCs (estrone-E1, ß-estradiol-E2, 17α-ethinylestradiol-EE2, bisphenol A-BPA, perfluooctanoic acid-PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate-PFOS) in the Apenninic rivers and groundwaters of the Romagna area (North of Italy). Groundwaters were unaffected by EDC contamination, while all classes of compounds were detected at concentrations above the method quantification limit (MQL) in the majority of the river bodies. In detail, PFOA and PFOS concentrations varied between <MQL and 17.7 ng/l (PFOA) and between <MQL and 5.5 ng/l (PFOS), and their occurrence in the aquatic compartment was related to the discharge of wastewater treatment plant effluents. Concerning estrogens, EE2 was below the MQL in all samples, whereas E1 and E2 reached concentrations up to 39.7 ng/l (E2) and 28 ng/l (E1) in surface waters. The highest estrogen values were registered in those areas where livestock and farming are the main activities, indicating a close relation between these activities and estrogen release into the aquatic compartment. BPA (<MQL-171.3 ng/l) distribution in river waters did not show any correlation with a specific anthropic activity; a mixture of sources of contamination (e.g., industries of food packaging and plastic production) is rather responsible for its detection in river bodies. Overall, the northern part of the Romagna area showed a higher contamination by EDCs, in contrast with the southern part, which was almost unaffected by this kind of microcontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pignotti
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna University-Branch Office Ravenna, Sant'Alberto, 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Enrico Dinelli
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna University-Branch Office Ravenna, Sant'Alberto, 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
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13
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) From Wastewaters by TiO2, In2O3 and Ga2O3 Catalysts. Top Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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14
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Dassuncao C, Hu XC, Zhang X, Bossi R, Dam M, Mikkelsen B, Sunderland EM. Temporal Shifts in Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in North Atlantic Pilot Whales Indicate Large Contribution of Atmospheric Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4512-4521. [PMID: 28350446 PMCID: PMC7784705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent, bioaccumulative anthropogenic compounds associated with adverse health impacts on humans and wildlife. PFAS production changed in North America and Europe around the year 2000, but impacts on wildlife appear to vary across species and location. Unlike other mammal species, cetaceans lack the enzyme for transforming an important intermediate precursor (perfluorooctane sulfonamide: FOSA), into a prevalent compound in most wildlife (perfluorooctanesulfonate: PFOS). Thus, their tissue burden differentiates these two compounds while other mammals contain PFOS from both direct exposure and precursor degradation. Here we report temporal trends in 15 PFASs measured in muscle from juvenile male North Atlantic pilot whales (Globicephala melas) harvested between 1986 and 2013. FOSA accounted for a peak of 84% of the 15 PFASs around 2000 but declined to 34% in recent years. PFOS and long-chained PFCAs (C9-C13) increased significantly over the whole period (2.8% yr-1 to 8.3% yr-1), but FOSA declined by 13% yr-1 after 2006. Results from FOSA partitioning and bioaccumulation modeling forced by changes in atmospheric inputs reasonably capture magnitudes and temporal patterns in FOSA concentrations measured in pilot whales. Rapid changes in atmospheric FOSA in polar and subpolar regions around 2000 helps to explain large declines in PFOS exposure for species that metabolize FOSA, including seafood consuming human populations. This work reinforces the importance of accounting for biological exposures to PFAS precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton Dassuncao
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
- Corresponding author: 29 Oxford Street Rm. 125, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Phone: (617) 496-5745, Fax: 617-495-4551,
| | - Xindi C. Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, PO Box 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA USA 02115
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge MA USA 02138
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15
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Liu Y, Ruan T, Lin Y, Liu A, Yu M, Liu R, Meng M, Wang Y, Liu J, Jiang G. Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acids in Marine Organisms from Bohai Sea, China: Occurrence, Temporal Variations, and Trophic Transfer Behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4407-4414. [PMID: 28316237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
F-53B, the commercial product of chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs), has been used in Chinese chrome plating industry for 30 years, and was recently identified in the environment, which caused great concerns. So far, limited investigations have been performed on their environmental occurrence, fate and impact. In this study, we demonstrated the wide occurrence of Cl-PFESAs and their trophic transfer behavior in marine organisms from Chinese Bohai Sea. 6:2 Cl-PFESA (<0.016-0.575 ng/g wet weight) was the dominant congener, and 8:2 Cl-PFESA (<0.022-0.040 ng/g) was occasionally detected. Compared to other perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) of concern, the levels of Cl-PFESAs were relatively lower in marine organisms. Based on the comparative analysis of Cl-PFESA contamination in mollusk samples collected in 2010-2014, both the concentrations and detection frequencies of Cl-PFESAs tended to increase in this region. And this kind of chemicals were more vulnerable to be accumulated in marine organisms at relatively higher trophic levels. Similar to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and the long chain perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), 6:2 Cl-PFESA could be magnified along the food chain. Accordingly, the potential threat might be posed to the wildlife and human beings due to unintended exposure to Cl-PFESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Wan Y, Wang S, Cao X, Cao Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Liu J. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in water and sediment from the coastal regions of Shandong peninsula, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:100. [PMID: 28185155 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been observed in various environmental matrices globally in recent years. In this study, the levels, spatial distribution tendencies, and partitioning characteristics of the target 12 PFAAs were investigated in water and sediment from the coastal regions of Shandong peninsula in China, and two sediment core samples were also collected to study the vertical and historical variation of PFAAs. The ranges (means) of total PFAA concentrations were 23.69-148.48 ng/L (76.11 ng/L) in the water and 1.30-11.17 ng/g (5.93 ng/g) in the surface sediment, respectively. Among the target 12 PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant component in water, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and PFOA were the dominant components in sediment. For their spatial distribution, higher levels of PFAAs were found at the locations close to much developed cities. The PFAA concentrations showed an overall decreasing tendency with depth increase in the two sediment cores, which indicates that the extent of PFAAs pollution is aggravating trend in recent years. Results of the partition coefficient (K d ) show that the compounds with longer carbon chains (C ≥ 7) generally had higher K d values, which suggest that long-chain PFAAs are prone to be adsorbed by sediment. In addition, the Log K d of PFHxA, PFOA, and PFOS were significantly and positively correlated to the salinity of the water. The results of risk assessment suggest appreciable risk of PFAAs to the local ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China.
| | - Xuezhi Cao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Yuanxin Cao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory on Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
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17
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Beškoski VP, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto A, Okamura H, Hayashi M, Nakano T, Matsumura C, Fukushi K, Wada S, Inui H. Distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds in Osaka Bay and coastal waters of Western Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 170:260-265. [PMID: 28006759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) were analyzed in sediment samples taken from Ajifu Waterway in Osaka city, from Osaka Bay, and from Kagoshima Bay, as well as in fifteen seawater samples collected from Osaka Bay and coastal waters of Western Japan. In all sediment samples, only PFCAs were detected, and the highest concentration was determined in Ajifu Waterway, where ΣPFAA was 58990 ng kg-1 dry weight. The total concentrations of PFAAs in sea water samples ranged between the limit of quantification and 53.4 ng L-1, and perfluorohexanoic acid was the most prevalent and had the highest concentration of 37 ng L-1. The changes in the patterns and concentrations of PFAAs in Osaka Bay and coastal waters of Western Japan indicate that the PFAAs in surface waters are influenced by sources from Keihanshin Metropolitan Area, mainly the Yodo River basin, and the dilution effect which naturally occurs during their transport to the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Beškoski
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, Serbia; Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Yamamoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojocho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Hideo Okamura
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0022, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hayashi
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0022, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-4, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chisato Matsumura
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukushi
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0022, Japan
| | - Shinpei Wada
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0022, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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18
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Zhou Y, Wang T, Jiang Z, Kong X, Li Q, Sun Y, Wang P, Liu Z. Ecological effect and risk towards aquatic plants induced by perfluoroalkyl substances: Bridging natural to culturing flora. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:98-106. [PMID: 27710848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the concentrations and proportions of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and sediments (in different seasons) from the Qing River were investigated. The highest concentration of PFASs in water (207.59 ng L-1) was found in summer. The composition of PFASs in water changed with time, perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) was the predominant compound in spring and summer, while long-chain PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), started to increase in autumn and winter. The PFASs concentration in sediments ranged from 0.96 to 4.05 ng g-1 dw. The proportion of long-chain PFASs was higher than that of short-chain PFASs in sediments, the dominant component in sediments was PFOA with a contribution of 24.6-75.4% to total PFASs in sediments, followed by PFOS. The concentrations of PFASs in roots of emergent plants were relatively higher than those in submerged plants. However, the translocation effect of PFASs was not remarkable. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of the aquatic plants indicated the absorption of PFASs were effective. BAFs in submerged plants basically increased with increasing chain length accordingly. In general, aquatic plants had the absorption preference for long-chain PFASs, especially PFOS, which was the predominant compounds in both submerged and emergent plants. Based on the results above, hornworts were selected to be cultivated indoor in the nutrient solution spiked gradient concentrations of PFOS to assess the general ecological risk. The results revealed that hornworts were resistant to PFOS and might be used as remediation flora to eliminate PFOS contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhaoze Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forest University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Liu WX, He W, Qin N, Kong XZ, He QS, Yang B, Yang C, Jorgensen SE, Xu FL. Temporal-spatial distributions and ecological risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the surface water from the fifth-largest freshwater lake in China (Lake Chaohu). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:24-34. [PMID: 25686885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the residues, compositions, distributions and potential ecological risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), water samples were collected seasonally between August 2011 and November 2012 from 20 sites in Lake Chaohu and its tributary rivers. The mean concentration of total PFAAs (TPFAAs) was 14.46 ± 6.84 ng/L. PFOA was the predominant contaminant (8.62 ± 4.40 ng/L), followed by PFBA (2.04 ± 1.16 ng/L) and PFHxA (1.23 ± 1.50 ng/L). The TPFAAs concentrations peaked in August 2012 in each area, except for the western river. The opposite spatial trends were found for PFOA and PFOS in both the lake and river areas. Except for PFOS and PFUdA, the levels of TPFAAs and PFAAs were significantly related to the composition of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) but not related to total DOM expressed by dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The risk of PFOS determined by a species sensitivity distribution model was notably above that of PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Qin
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Shuang He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sven Erik Jorgensen
- Section of Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, Institute A, University of Copenhagen, University Park 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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20
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Zhao Z, Xie Z, Tang J, Zhang G, Ebinghaus R. Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface sediments of the German Bight, North Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:145-152. [PMID: 25544333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been determined in the environment globally. However, studies on the occurrence of PFAAs in marine sediment remain limited. In this study, 16 PFAAs are investigated in surface sediments from the German Bight, which provided a good overview of the spatial distribution. The concentrations of ΣPFAAs ranged from 0.056 to 7.4 ng/g dry weight. The highest concentration was found at the estuary of the River Ems, which might be the result of local discharge source. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound, and the enrichment of PFOS in sediment might be strongly related to the compound structure itself. The geographical condition of the German Bight influenced the movement of water and sediment, resulting in complex distribution. Following normalization according to total organic carbon (TOC) content, PFAA distributions showed a different picture. Significant linear relationships were found between total PFAA concentrations and TOC (R2=0.50, p<0.01). Compared with a previous study conducted in the same area, a declining trend was presented for the concentrations of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Compound structure, geographical condition, and organic carbon in the sediment influence the distribution of PFAAs in the German Bight. Environmental risk assessment indicated that the risk from PFOA is negligible, whereas PFOS in marine sediment may present a risk for benthic organisms in the German Bight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Plank Street 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Kehua Road 511, Guangzhou 510631, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Chunhui Road 17, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Plank Street 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Chunhui Road 17, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Kehua Road 511, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Plank Street 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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21
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Kwok KY, Wang XH, Ya M, Li Y, Zhang XH, Yamashita N, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Occurrence and distribution of conventional and new classes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:389-97. [PMID: 25528239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 23 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including new classes of PFASs, in seawater samples were investigated for their occurrence and the interaction of the ocean currents with the distribution of PFASs in the South China Sea. This study revealed that socio-economic development was associated with the PFAS contamination in coastal regions of South China. Significant correlations between concentration of total PFASs with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and population density were found in the areas, suggesting that the influence of intense human activities in these areas may have resulted in higher PFAS contamination to the adjacent environment. Di-substituted polyfluoroalkyl phosphate (diPAP), one of the potential replacements for PFASs, was only detected in the heavily developed region, namely Pearl River Delta (PRD). Total PFAS concentrations, ranging from 195 to 4925 pg/L, were detected at 51 sampling stations of the South China Sea. The results also confirmed that PFAS contamination in the South China Sea is strongly affected by the ocean currents. In comparison to perfluoroactane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations measured nine years ago at the same locations, the concentrations in this study were found to be two times higher. This indicated that the use and production of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) has been continuing in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Kwok
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - James C W Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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González-Gaya B, Dachs J, Roscales JL, Caballero G, Jiménez B. Perfluoroalkylated substances in the global tropical and subtropical surface oceans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13076-84. [PMID: 25325411 DOI: 10.1021/es503490z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were analyzed in 92 surface seawater samples taken during the Malaspina 2010 expedition which covered all the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Nine ionic PFASs including C6-C10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), C4 and C6-C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and two neutral precursors perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (PFASAs), were identified and quantified. The Atlantic Ocean presented the broader range in concentrations of total PFASs (131-10900 pg/L, median 645 pg/L, n = 45) compared to the other oceanic basins, probably due to a better spatial coverage. Total concentrations in the Pacific ranged from 344 to 2500 pg/L (median = 527 pg/L, n = 27) and in the Indian Ocean from 176 to 1976 pg/L (median = 329, n = 18). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundant compound, accounting for 33% of the total PFASs globally, followed by perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA, 22%) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, 12%), being the rest of the individual congeners under 10% of total PFASs, even for perfluorooctane carboxylic acid (PFOA, 6%). PFASAs accounted for less than 1% of the total PFASs concentration. This study reports the ubiquitous occurrence of PFCAs, PFSAs, and PFASAs in the global ocean, being the first attempt, to our knowledge, to show a comprehensive assessment in surface water samples collected in a single oceanic expedition covering tropical and subtropical oceans. The potential factors affecting their distribution patterns were assessed including the distance to coastal regions, oceanic subtropical gyres, currents and biogeochemical processes. Field evidence of biogeochemical controls on the occurrence of PFASs was tentatively assessed considering environmental variables (solar radiation, temperature, chlorophyll a concentrations among others), and these showed significant correlations with some PFASs, but explaining small to moderate percentages of variability. This suggests that a number of physical and biogeochemical processes collectively drive the oceanic occurrence and fate of PFASs in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Earnshaw MR, Paul AG, Loos R, Tavazzi S, Paracchini B, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Comparing measured and modelled PFOS concentrations in a UK freshwater catchment and estimating emission rates. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:25-31. [PMID: 24879369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The lifecycle, sources and fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) continue to generate scientific and political interest, particularly since PFOS was listed by the Stockholm Convention and largely restricted in Europe. It continues to be detected in aquatic environments, with only limited studies into the on-going sources. This paper explores PFOS emissions discharged by the general population into a small catchment comprising two rivers in the UK. A sampling campaign was undertaken to improve our understanding of population-derived PFOS sources from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and in rivers. A corresponding modelling exercise allowed an emission estimate of 13μg/day/per capita to be derived for the Aire and Calder rivers. PFOS emission was linked to STP discharges bylinear regression of measured and modelled concntrations (R(2)=0.49-0.85). The model was able to accurately estimate the spatial trends of PFOS in the rivers, while predicted concentrations were within a factor of three based on per capita emission values taken from the literature. Measured PFOS concentrations in rivers suggested that emissions from STPs are partially dependent on treatment type, where plants with secondary or tertiary treatment such as activated sludge processes emit less PFOS, possibly due to increased partitioning and retention. With refinements based on the type of treatment at each STP, predictions were further improved. The total PFOS mass discharged annually via rivers from the UK has been estimated to be between 215 and 310kg, based on the per capita emission range derived in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Earnshaw
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Alexander G Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Robert Loos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Simona Tavazzi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Bruno Paracchini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, LA1 4AP, UK.
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24
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Gallen C, Baduel C, Lai FY, Thompson K, Thompson J, Warne M, Mueller JF. Spatio-temporal assessment of perfluorinated compounds in the Brisbane River system, Australia: impact of a major flood event. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:597-605. [PMID: 24613231 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated chemicals including PFOA and PFOS have been widely used in consumer products and have become ubiquitous pollutants widely distributed in the aqueous environment. Following a major flood event in 2011, water samples were collected along a spatial gradient of the Brisbane River system to provide an initial estimate of the release of PFASs from flooded urban areas. PFOA (mean concentrations 0.13-6.1 ng L(-1)) and PFOS (mean concentrations 0.18-15 ng L(-1)) were the most frequently detected and abundant PFASs. Mean total PFASs concentrations increased from 0.83 ng L(-1) at the upstream Wivenhoe Dam to 40 ng L(-1) at Oxley Creek, representing an urban catchment. Total masses of PFOA and PFOS delivered into Moreton Bay from January to March were estimated to be 5.6 kg and 12 kg respectively. From this study, urban floodwaters appear to be a previously overlooked source of PFASs into the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Gallen
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Warne
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Science, Science Delivery, Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Zhuo Q, Li X, Yan F, Yang B, Deng S, Huang J, Yu G. Electrochemical oxidation of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS) on DSA electrode: operating parameters and mechanism. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1733-1739. [PMID: 25108730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 6:2 FTS was the substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the chrome plating industry in Japan. Electrochemical oxidation of 6:2 FTS was investigated in this study. The degradabilities of PFOS and 6:2 FTS were tested on the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅-Bi₂O₃ anode. The effects of current density, potential, and supporting electrolyte on the degradation of 6:2 FTS were evaluated. Experimental results showed that 6:2 FTS was more easily degraded than PFOS on the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅-Bi₂O₃ anode. At a low current density of 1.42 mA/cm², 6:2 FTS was not degraded on Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅-Bi₂O₃, while the degradation ratio increased when the current density ranged from 4.25 to 6.80 mA/cm². The degradation of 6:2 FTS at current density of 6.80 mA/cm² followed pseudo first-order kinetics with the rate constant of 0.074 hr⁻¹. The anodic potential played an important role in the degradation of 6:2 FTS, and the pseudo first-order rate constants increased with the potential. The surface of Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅-Bi₂O₃ was contaminated after electrolysis at constant potential of 3V, while the fouling phenomenon was not observed at 5V. The fouled anode could be regenerated by incinerating at 600°C. The intermediates detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) were shorter chain perfluorocarboxylic acids. The 6:2 FTS was first attacked by hydroxyl radical, and then formed perfluorinated carboxylates, which decarboxylated and removed CF2 units to yield shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongfang Zhuo
- POPs Research Center, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- POPs Research Center, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Yan
- POPs Research Center, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- POPs Research Center, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- POPs Research Center, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- POPs Research Center, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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26
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Takemine S, Matsumura C, Yamamoto K, Suzuki M, Tsurukawa M, Imaishi H, Nakano T, Kondo A. Discharge of perfluorinated compounds from rivers and their influence on the coastal seas of Hyogo prefecture, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:397-404. [PMID: 24113473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate 12 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorinated carboxylates (C4-C12) and perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates (C4, C6, and C8) in river and seawater samples to determine contamination levels in the aquatic environment of Hyogo prefecture, Japan. High levels of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA; 2300-16,000 ng/L) were detected in the Samondogawa River at Tatsumi Bridge downstream of a PFC production facility; this location also had the highest mass flow rate of PFCs (3900-29,000 kg/y). Widespread contamination of coastal waters was confirmed with PFHxA as the dominant compound. Perfluorooctanoic acid was also prevalent in coastal waters. The concentration of PFHxA in coastal seawater and the distance from the mouth of the Samondogawa River were inversely related. This discharge of high concentrations of PFHxA from the Samondogawa River may have affected concentrations of PFCs in Osaka Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Takemine
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, 3-1-27, Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-5, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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27
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Xie Z, Zhao Z, Möller A, Wolschke H, Ahrens L, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R. Neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in air and seawater of the North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:7988-8000. [PMID: 23636599 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sufonamidoethanols (FASEs), and fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), have been simultaneously determined in surface seawater and the atmosphere of the North Sea. Seawater and air samples were taken aboard the German research vessel Heincke on the cruise 303 from 15 to 24 May 2009. The concentrations of FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs in the dissolved phase were 2.6-74, <0.1-19, <0.1-63, and <1.0-9.0 pg L(-1), respectively. The highest concentrations were determined in the estuary of the Weser and Elbe rivers and a decreasing concentration profile appeared with increasing distance from the coast toward the central part of the North Sea. Gaseous FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs were in the range of 36-126, 3.1-26, 3.7-19, and 0.8-5.6 pg m(-3), which were consistent with the concentrations determined in 2007 in the North Sea, and approximately five times lower than those reported for an urban area of Northern Germany. These results suggested continuous continental emissions of neutral PFASs followed by transport toward the marine environment. Air-seawater gas exchanges of neutral PFASs were estimated using fugacity ratios and the two-film resistance model based upon paired air-seawater concentrations and estimated Henry's law constant values. Volatilization dominated for all neutral PFASs in the North Sea. The air-seawater gas exchange fluxes were in the range of 2.5×10(3)-3.6×10(5) pg m(-2) for FTOHs, 1.8×10(2)-1.0×10(5) pg m(-2) for FASAs, 1.1×10(2)-3.0×10(5) pg m(-2) for FASEs and 6.3×10(2)-2.0×10(4) pg m(-2) for FTACs, respectively. These results suggest that the air-seawater gas exchange is an important process that intervenes in the transport and fate for neutral PFASs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xie
- Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany,
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28
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Beškoski VP, Takemine S, Nakano T, Slavković Beškoski L, Gojgić-Cvijović G, Ilić M, Miletić S, Vrvić MM. Perfluorinated compounds in sediment samples from the wastewater canal of Pančevo (Serbia) industrial area. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1408-1415. [PMID: 23415492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) were analyzed in sediment samples from the wastewater canal draining the industrial complex of Pančevo, Serbia (oil refinery, petrochemical plant, and fertilizer factory). The canal is directly connected to Europe's second largest river, the Danube, which drains its water into the Black Sea. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) up to 5.7ngg(-1) dry weight (dw) and total Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) up to 6.3ngg(-1) dw were detected. Compared to other reports, high levels of PFOS were found, even though PFCs are not used in the industrial production associated with this canal. The PFOS concentration in water was recalculated using the adsorption coefficient, KOC from literature. Using the average output of wastewater from the canal, a mass load of 1.38kg PFOS per year discharged in the Danube River has been calculated, which undoubtedly points to the contribution to global persistent organic pollution of surface waters originating from this industrial place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Beškoski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Loos R, Tavazzi S, Paracchini B, Canuti E, Weissteiner C. Analysis of polar organic contaminants in surface water of the northern Adriatic Sea by solid-phase extraction followed by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography–QTRAP® MS using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap instrument. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5875-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Moon HB, Kwok KY, Lam PKS, Horii Y, Petrick G, Kannan K. Does wet precipitation represent local and regional atmospheric transportation by perfluorinated alkyl substances? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 55:25-32. [PMID: 23506970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) have been found widely in the environment including remote marine locations. The mode of transport of PFASs to remote marine locations is a subject of considerable scientific interest. Assessment of distribution of PFASs in wet precipitation samples (i.e., rainfall and snow) collected over an area covering continental, coastal, and open ocean will enable an understanding of not only the global transport but also the regional transport of PFASs. Nevertheless, it is imperative to examine the representativeness and suitability of wet precipitation matrixes to allow for drawing conclusions on the transport PFASs. In this study, we collected wet precipitation samples including rainfall, surface snow, and snow core from several locations in Japan to elucidate the suitability of these matrixes for describing local and regional transport of PFASs. Rain water collected at various time intervals within a single rainfall event showed high fluxes of PFASs in the first 1-mm deposition. The scavenging rate of PFASs by wet deposition varied depending on the fluorocarbon chain length of PFAS. The depositional fluxes of PFASs measured for continental (Tsukuba, Japan) and open ocean (Pacific Ocean, 1000km off Japanese coast) locations were similar, on the order of a few nanograms per square meter. The PFAS profiles in "freshly" deposited and "aged" (deposited on the ground for a few days) snow samples taken from the same location varied considerably. The freshly deposited snow represents current atmospheric profiles of PFASs, whereas the aged snow sample reflects sequestration of local sources of PFASs from the atmosphere. Post-depositional modifications in PFAS profiles were evident, suggesting reactions of PFASs on snow/ice surface. Transformation of precursor chemicals such as fluorotelomer alcohols into perfluoroalkylcarboxylates is evident on snow surface. Snow cores have been used to evaluate time trends of PFAS contamination in remote environments. Snow collected at various depths from a core of up to 7.7m deep, at Mt. Tateyama (2450m), Japan, showed the highest concentrations of PFASs in the surface layer and the concentrations decreased with increasing depth for most PFASs, except for perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS). Downward movement of highly water soluble PFASs such as PFBS, following melting and freezing cycles of snow, was evident from the analysis of snow core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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31
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Zareitalabad P, Siemens J, Hamer M, Amelung W. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater - A review on concentrations and distribution coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:725-32. [PMID: 23498059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) to soils and sediments determines their fate and distribution in the environment, but there is little consensus regarding distribution coefficients that should be used for assessing the environmental fate of these compounds. Here we reviewed sorption coefficients for PFCs derived from laboratory experiments and compared these values with the gross distribution between the concentrations of PFCs in surface waters and sediments or between wastewater and sewage sludge. Sorption experiments with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) suggest that their sorption can be described reasonably well as a partitioning-like process with an average log K(oc) of approximately 2.8 for PFOA and 3.0 for PFOS. However, median concentrations in sediments (PFOA, 0.27 ng g(-1); PFOS, 0.54 ng g(-1)) or sewage sludge (PFOA, 37 ng g(-1); PFOS, 69 ng g(-1)) in relation to median concentrations in surface water (PFOA, 3ngl(-1); PFOS, 3ngl(-1)) or wastewater treatment effluent (PFOA, 24 ng l(-1); PFOS, 11 ng l(-1)), suggest that effective log K(oc) distribution coefficients for the field situation may be close to 3.7 for PFOA and 4.2 for PFOS. Applying lab-based log K(oc) distribution coefficients can therefore result in a serious overestimation of PFC concentrations in water and in turn to an underestimation of the residence time of PFOA and PFOS in contaminated soils. Irrespective of the dissipation kinetics, the majority of PFOA and PFOS from contaminated soils will be transported to groundwater and surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zareitalabad
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, Bonn, Germany
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Baršienė J, Rybakovas A, Lang T, Andreikėnaitė L, Michailovas A. Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity levels in fish from the North Sea offshore region and Atlantic coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 68:106-116. [PMID: 23313042 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of the ICON project, environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity levels were assessed in blood erythrocytes of dab (Limanda limanda) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) collected at 25 stations in the North Sea and near the coast of Iceland in August-October 2008. Micronuclei, nuclear buds and bi-nucleated cells with nucleoplasmic bridges were assessed as environmental genotoxicity biomarkers, and the frequency of fragmented-apoptotic and bi-nucleated erythrocytes were assessed as environmental cytotoxicity biomarkers. The lowest frequencies of genotoxic and cytotoxic abnormalities were detected in fish from the Icelandic study stations. The highest frequencies of abnormalities were recorded in dab from the Dogger Bank and the German Bight, in haddock from the Egersund Bank and from an area off the Firth of Forth (North Sea). In fish from the Icelandic reference area, frequencies of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses were significantly lower than in fish from most areas of the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Baršienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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33
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Felizeter S, McLachlan MS, de Voogt P. Uptake of perfluorinated alkyl acids by hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11735-43. [PMID: 23043263 DOI: 10.1021/es302398u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An uptake study was carried out to assess the potential human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) through the ingestion of vegetables. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was grown in PFAA-spiked nutrient solutions at four different concentrations, ranging from 10 ng/L to 10 μg/L. Eleven perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and three perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. At the end of the experiment, the major part of the total mass of each of the PFAAs (except the short-chain, C4-C7, PFCAs) taken up by plants appeared to be retained in the nonedible part, viz. the roots. Root concentration factors (RCF), foliage/root concentration factors (FRCF), and transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCF) were calculated. For the long chained PFAAs, RCF values were highest, whereas FRCF were lowest. This indicates that uptake by roots is likely governed by sorption of PFAAs to lipid-rich root solids. Translocation from roots to shoots is restricted and highly depending on the hydrophobicity of the compounds. Although the TSCF show that longer-chain PFCAs (e.g., perfluorododecanoic acid) get better transferred from the nutrient solution to the foliage than shorter-chain PFCAs (e.g., perfluoroheptanoic acid), the major fraction of longer-chain PFCAs is found in roots due to additional adsorption from the spiked solution. Due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the fluorine atoms the role of the negative charge of the dissociated PFAAs is likely insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Felizeter
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhao Z, Xie Z, Möller A, Sturm R, Tang J, Zhang G, Ebinghaus R. Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 170:71-7. [PMID: 22771353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The global distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated using seawater samples collected from the Greenland Sea, East Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean in 2009-2010. Elevated levels of ΣPFASs were detected in the North Atlantic Ocean with the concentrations ranging from 130 to 650 pg/L. In the Greenland Sea, the ΣPFASs concentrations ranged from 45 to 280 pg/L, and five most frequently detected compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). PFOA (15 pg/L) and PFOS (25-45 pg/L) were occasionally found in the Southern Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, the ΣPFASs concentration decreased from 2007 to 2010. The elevated PFOA level that resulted from melting snow and ice in Greenland Sea implies that the Arctic may have been driven by climate change and turned to be a source of PFASs for the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
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Benskin JP, Ikonomou MG, Gobas FAPC, Woudneh MB, Cosgrove JR. Observation of a novel PFOS-precursor, the perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol-based phosphate (SAmPAP) diester, in marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6505-14. [PMID: 22591467 DOI: 10.1021/es300823m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) can arise from its direct use as well as from transformation of precursors ((N-alkyl substituted) perfluorooctane sulfonamides; FOSAMs). Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol-based phosphate (SAmPAP) esters are among numerous potential PFOS-precursors which have not been previously detected in the environment and for which little is known about their stability. Based on their high production volume during the 1970s-2002 and widespread use in food contact paper and packaging, SAmPAP esters may be potentially significant sources of PFOS. Here we report for the first time on the environmental occurrence of SAmPAP diester in marine sediments from an urbanized marine harbor in Vancouver, Canada. SAmPAP diester concentrations in sediment (40-200 pg/g dry weight) were similar to those of PFOS (71-180 pg/g). A significant (p < 0.05) correlation was observed between SAmPAP diester and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetate (an anticipated degradation product of SAmPAP diester). ∑PFOS-precursor (FOSAM) concentrations in sediment (120-1100 pg/g) were 1.6-24 times greater than those of PFOS in sediment. Although SAmPAP diester was not detected in water, PFOS was observed at concentrations up to 710 pg/L. Among the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances monitored in the present work, mean log-transformed sediment/water distribution coefficients ranged from 2.3 to 4.3 and increased with number of CF(2) units and N-alkyl substitution (in the case of FOSAMs). Overall, these results highlight the importance of FOSAMs as potentially significant sources of PFOS, in particular for urban marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Benskin
- AXYS Analytical Services Ltd, 2045 Mills Road West, Sidney BC, Canada V8L 5X2.
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Wang T, Lu Y, Chen C, Naile JE, Khim JS, Giesy JP. Perfluorinated compounds in a coastal industrial area of Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2012; 34:301-311. [PMID: 21881860 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-011-9422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFC) in water, sediment, soil, and biota from the coastal industrial area of Tianjin, China, were measured to provide baseline information and to determine possible sources and potential risk to wildlife. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFC with maximum concentrations of 10 ng/L in water, and 4.3, 9.4, and 240 ng/g dw in sediment, soil, and fish, respectively. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentration in water ranged from 3.0 to 12 ng/L. Perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA) and Perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA) were detected in solid matrices, respectively, at concentrations of <LOQ to 1.2 ng/g dw and 0.27-0.81 ng/g dw in sediments, and <LOQ to 1.0 ng/g dw and 0.26-0.61 ng/g dw in soils. Concentrations of PFOS, PFUnA, and PFDoA in sediment and soil from this industrialized and urbanized area were greater than those previously reported, while PFOS and PFOA in water and biota were both less than reported threshold concentrations for adverse effects in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Pico Y, Blasco C, Farré M, Barceló D. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment of L'Albufera Natural Park (València, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:946-957. [PMID: 21735156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are widely distributed from industrialized to remote locations throughout the world. This study demonstrates the spatial distributions of PFCs in water and sediments from the L'Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain). METHODS Grab water and sediment samples were collected. PFCs were extracted from sediments with acidified acetonitrile by ultrasonication and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and from water by SPE. Determination was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In 100% of the samples (both water and sediments), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant PFCs. Among the 12 sampling sites, PFOS concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.10 to 4.80 ng/g dry weight and in water from 0.94 to 58.1 ng/L. PFOA concentrations in sediment were from 0.004 to 1.24 ng/g and in water from 0.99 to 120 ng/L. Other perfluorocarboxylic acids (C5, C6, C7, C9, and C10) and perfluorosulfonates (C4 and C10) were also identified in several locations. The sum of all 10 compounds (ΣPFCs) concentration range from 0.99 to 120 ng/L in water and from 0.25 to 17.4 ng/g in sediments. Sediment-water distribution coefficients (log K (D)) were in the range 2.31-4.51 and positively correlated with perfluoroalkyl chain length. CONCLUSIONS PFC concentrations in water and sediment were both less than those able to cause acute toxicity; low but detectable PFCs pollution in the L'Albufera Natural Park in Valencia was demonstrated. These compounds are bioaccumulative; thus, the risk associated with these exposures requires a deeper evaluation of long-term chronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pico
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Cai M, Yang H, Xie Z, Zhao Z, Wang F, Lu Z, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in snow, lake, surface runoff water and coastal seawater in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 209-210:335-42. [PMID: 22305203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The multi-matrices samples from snow (n=4), lake water (n=4), surface runoff water (SRW) (n=1) and coastal seawater (n=10) were collected to investigate the spatial distribution and the composition profiles of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica in 2011. All samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI-MS/MS). 14 PFASs in snow, 12 PFASs in lake water, 9 PFASs in SRW and 13 PFASs in coastal seawater were quantified, including C(4), C(7), C(8), C(10) PFSAs, C(4)-C(9), C(11)-C(14), C(16) PFCAs, and FOSA. PFOA was detected in all samples with the highest concentration (15,096 pg/L) in coastal seawater indicating a possible influence of local sewage effluent. High concentration and mostly frequency of PFBA occurred in snow (up to 1112 pg/L), lake water (up to 2670 pg/L) and SRW (1431 pg/L) while detected in the range of method detection limited (MDL) in the coastal seawaters indicate that PFBA is mainly originated from atmospheric dust contamination and also affected by the degradation of their precursors. No geographical differences in PFOS concentrations (n=8, 18 ± 3 pg/L) were measured in all snow and lake water samples also suggests that PFOS could be originated from the degradation of their precursors which can transported by long-range atmospheric route, but in a very low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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39
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Ross MS, Wong CS, Martin JW. Isomer-specific biotransformation of perfluorooctane sulfonamide in Sprague-Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3196-3203. [PMID: 22339592 DOI: 10.1021/es204028v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Great variability exists in perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomer patterns in human and wildlife samples, including unexpectedly high percentages (e.g., >40%) of branched isomers in human sera. Previous in vitro tests showed that branched PFOS-precursors were biotransformed faster than the corresponding linear isomer. Thus, high percentages of branched PFOS may be a biomarker of PFOS-precursor exposure in humans. We evaluated this hypothesis by examining the isomer-specific fate of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), a known PFOS-precursor, in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to commercial PFOSA via food for 77 days (83.0 ± 20.4 ng kg(-1) day(-1)), followed by 27 days of depuration. Elimination half-lives of the two major branched PFOSA isomers (2.5 ± 1.0 days and 3.7 ± 1.2 days) were quicker than for linear PFOSA (5.9 ± 4.6 days), resulting in a depletion of branched PFOSA isomers in blood and tissues relative to the dose. A corresponding increase in the total branched isomer content of PFOS, the ultimate metabolite, in rat serum was not observed. However, a significant enrichment of 5m-PFOS and a significant depletion of 1m-PFOS were observed, relative to authentic electrochemical PFOS. The data cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, due to known differences in the toxicokinetics of PFOS in rodents and humans. However, the results confirm that in vivo exposure to commercially relevant PFOS-precursors can result in a distinct PFOS isomer profile that may be useful as a biomarker of exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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40
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Cai M, Zhao Z, Yang H, Yin Z, Hong Q, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R, Ahrens L, Cai M, He J, Xie Z. Spatial distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in coastal waters from the East to South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 161:162-169. [PMID: 22230081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were investigated in coastal waters collected onboard research vessel Snow Dragon from the East to South China Sea in 2010. All samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations of 9 PFCs, including C(4) and C(8) (PFBS, PFOS) perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFSAs), C(5)-C(9) and C(13) (PFPA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFTriDA) perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) were quantified. The ΣPFC concentrations ranged from 133 pg/L to 3320 pg/L, with PFOA (37.5-1541 pg/L), PFBS (23.0-941 pg/L) and PFHpA (0-422 pg/L) as dominant compounds. Concentrations of PFCs were greater in coastal waters along Shanghai, Ningbo, Taizhou, Xiamen and along coastal cities of the Guangdong province compared to less populated areas along the east Chinese coast. Additionally, the comparison with other seawater PFC measurements showed lower levels in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Paul AG, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K, Loos R, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Estimating the aquatic emissions and fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) into the river Rhine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 14:524-30. [PMID: 22134637 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sources, distribution, levels and sinks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) estimated to be released from areas of high population density, have been explored using the river Rhine as a case study. A comparison between modelled and measured data is presented, along with analysis of the importance of PFOS sorption in riverine systems. PFOS releases into the Rhine were estimated to be 325-690 kg/yr based on per capita emission rates of 27-57 μg day(-1) from a population of 33 million living within a 50 km zone either side of the river. Sorption of PFOS to suspended particles and sediments may alter its fate in the aquatic environment. Therefore available measured and modelled partitioning data was assessed, and K(d) values (sorption coefficient) of 7.5 and 20 were selected. This resulted in sediment-water ratios of 23-76 : 1, which are similar to ratios reported in the literature, and resulted in modelled estimates that <20% of the total PFOS entering the Rhine binds to sediments or suspended particles. The calculated discharge from the Rhine to the North Sea based on measured data was 420-2200 kg/yr; our model predictions are in good agreement with these estimates. Emission trends were accurately predicted, suggesting population density can be effectively used as a surrogate for diffuse PFOS emissions from product use, while predicted concentrations were a factor of 2-4 below measured data showing the importance of other sources. Transfer of PFOS to sediment is estimated to be minimal, and consequently discharges to the North Sea are roughly equal to PFOS releases to river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Paul
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Thompson J, Roach A, Eaglesham G, Bartkow ME, Edge K, Mueller JF. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in water, sediment and wildlife from Sydney Harbour and surroundings. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2869-2875. [PMID: 21963084 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were measured in environmental samples collected from around Homebush Bay, an urban/industrial area in the upper reaches of Sydney Harbour and Parramatta River estuary. Water, surface sediment, Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and eggs of two bird species; White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca), and Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae) were analysed. In most samples PFOS was the dominant PFC. Geometric mean PFOS concentrations were 33 ng/gww (wet weight) in gull eggs, 34 ng/gww in ibis eggs, and 1.8 ng/gww and 66 ng/gww in Sea Mullet muscle and liver, respectively. In sediment the PFOS geometric mean was 1.5 ng/g, in water average PFOS and PFOA concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 21 ng/L and 4.2 to 6.4 ng/L, respectively. In oysters perfluorododecanoic acid was most abundant, with a geometric mean of 2.5 ng/gww.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Thompson
- The University of Queensland, National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia.
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Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, van Leeuwen SPJ. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2011; 7:513-41. [PMID: 21793199 PMCID: PMC3214619 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2085] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Buck
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., DuPont Chemicals and FluoroproductsWilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - James Franklin
- CLF-Chem Consulting3 Clos du Châtaignier, BE-1390 Grez-Doiceau, Belgium
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allan Astrup Jensen
- Nordic Institute for Product Sustainability, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology (NIPSECT)Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at AlbanyAlbany, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
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Olkowska E, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J. Analytics of Surfactants in the Environment: Problems and Challenges. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5667-700. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,
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Development of analytical strategies using U-HPLC-MS/MS and LC-ToF-MS for the quantification of micropollutants in marine organisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1459-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Ahrens L. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their occurrence and fate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 13:20-31. [PMID: 21031178 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00373e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. PFCs comprise a diverse group of chemicals that are widely used as processing additives during fluoropolymer production and as surfactants in consumer applications for over 50 years. PFCs are known to be persistent, bioaccumulative and have possible adverse effects on humans and wildlife. As a result, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been added to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) list of the Stockholm Convention in May 2009. However, their homologues, neutral precursor compounds and new PFCs classes continue to be produced. In general, several PFCs from different classes have been detected ubiquitously in the aqueous environment while the concentrations usually range between pg and ng per litre for individual compounds. Sources of PFCs into the aqueous environment are both point sources (e.g., wastewater treatment plant effluents) and nonpoint sources (e.g., surface runoff). The detected congener composition in environmental samples depends on their physicochemical characteristics and may provide information to their sources and transport pathways. However, the dominant transport pathways of individual PFCs to remote regions have not been conclusively characterised to date. The objective of this article is to give an overview on existing knowledge of the occurrence, fate and processes of PFCs in the aquatic environment. Finally, this article identifies knowledge gaps, presents conclusions and recommendations for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ahrens
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany
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47
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Martin JW, Asher BJ, Beesoon S, Benskin JP, Ross MS. PFOS or PreFOS? Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1979-2004. [PMID: 20944836 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which perfluorooctanesulfonate precursors (PreFOS) play a role in human or environmental exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is not well characterized. The diversity of manufactured PreFOS and its degradation products (e.g. C(8)F(17)SO(2)R and C(8)F(17)SO(2)NR'R'', where R is H or F, and R' and R'' are various) has made it difficult to track their fate. Temporal trends of PFOS in both humans and wildlife are discrepant, thus it is difficult to predict future exposure, and hypotheses about the role of PreFOS have been raised. Although abiotic degradation of commercially important PreFOS materials requires further research, current data suggest that the yield of PFOS is negligible or minor. On the other hand, in vivo biotransformation of PreFOS yields PFOS as the major metabolite, and >32% yields have been observed. In Canadians, exposure to PreFOS was equivalent or greater than direct PFOS exposure prior to 2002. In most ocean water, PFOS is dominant to PreFOS, but in the oceans east of Greenland there may be more PreFOS than PFOS, consistent with the fact that whales and humans in this region also show evidence of substantial PreFOS exposure. Quantitative assessments of PFOS body-burdens coming from PreFOS are complicated by the fact that PreFOS partitions to the cellular fraction of blood, thus biomonitoring in serum under predicts PreFOS relative to PFOS. Many unknowns exist that prevent accurate modelling, thus analytical methods that can distinguish directly manufactured PFOS, from PFOS that has been biotransformed from PreFOS, should be applied in future human and environmental monitoring. Two new source tracking principles are presented and applied to human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2G3.
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Möller A, Ahrens L, Surm R, Westerveld J, van der Wielen F, Ebinghaus R, de Voogt P. Distribution and sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the River Rhine watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3243-3250. [PMID: 20692748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The concentration profile of 40 polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water along the River Rhine watershed from the Lake Constance to the North Sea was investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of point as well as diffuse sources, to estimate fluxes of PFAS into the North Sea and to identify replacement compounds of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In addition, an interlaboratory comparison of the method performance was conducted. The PFAS pattern was dominated by perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) with concentrations up to 181 ng/L and 335 ng/L, respectively, which originated from industrial point sources. Fluxes of SigmaPFAS were estimated to be approximately 6 tonnes/year which is much higher than previous estimations. Both, the River Rhine and the River Scheldt, seem to act as important sources of PFAS into the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Möller
- GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht GmbH, Institute for Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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Sánchez-Avila J, Meyer J, Lacorte S. Spatial distribution and sources of perfluorochemicals in the NW Mediterranean coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2833-40. [PMID: 20630635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first evidence of the sources and loads of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) to the NW Mediterranean Sea. Five PFCs were analyzed in 45 seawater samples collected along the Catalan coast. Total PFCs ranged from 0.07 to 13.0 ng/l, being the levels higher in ports than in coastal waters. To determine the sources of PFCs, 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and 6 rivers discharging to the sea were also analyzed. WWTP effluents contained total PFCs levels ranging from 3.47 to 132 ng/l but due to the relatively low discharge flows, they contributed to 34.7 g/d to the sea. Total PFCs in rivers ranged from 2.24 to 21.9 ng/l and were the principal PFCs contributors to the sea. Overall, a total load of 190 g/d of PFCs are discharged to the NW Mediterranean coast. The effects and risk of PFCs discharges to the Mediterranean basin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Liu J, Wang N, Buck RC, Wolstenholme BW, Folsom PW, Sulecki LM, Bellin CA. Aerobic biodegradation of [14C] 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in a flow-through soil incubation system. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:716-723. [PMID: 20591465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic biodegradation of [1,2-(14)C] 6:2 FTOH [F(CF(2))(6)(14)CH(2)(14)CH(2)OH] in a flow-through soil incubation system is described. Soil samples dosed with [1,2-(14)C] 6:2 FTOH were analyzed by liquid scintillation counting, LC/ARC (liquid chromatography/accurate radioisotope counting), LC/MS/MS, and thermal combustion to account for 6:2 FTOH and its transformation products over 84 d. Half of the [1,2-(14)C] 6:2 FTOH disappeared from soil in 1.3 d, undergoing simultaneous microbial degradation and partitioning of volatile transformation product(s) and the 6:2 FTOH precursor into the air phase. The overall (14)C (radioactivity) mass balance in live and sterile treatments was 77-87% over 84-d incubation. In the live test system, 36% of total (14)C dosed was captured in the airflow (headspace), 25% as soil-bound residues recovered via thermal combustion, and 16% as soil extractable. After 84 d, [(14)C] 5:2 sFTOH [F(CF(2))(5)CH(OH)(14)CH(3)] was the dominant transformation product with 16% molar yield and primarily detected in the airflow. The airflow also contained [1,2-(14)C] 6:2 FTOH and (14)CO(2) at 14% and 6% of total (14)C dosed, respectively. The other significant stable transformation products, all detected in soil, were 5:3 acid [F(CF(2))(5)CH(2)CH(2)COOH, 12%], PFHxA [F(CF(2))(5)COOH, 4.5%] and PFPeA [F(CF(2))(4)COOH, 4.2%]. Soil-bound residues as well as conjugates between fluorinated transformation products and dissolved soil components were only observed in the live test system and absent in the sterile soil, suggesting that such binding and complexation are microbially or enzymatically driven processes. At day 84, 5:3 acid is postulated to be the major transformation product in soil-bound residues, which may not be available for further biodegradation in soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Liu
- E.I. du Pont De Nemours & Co., Inc, Wilmington, DE, USA.
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