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Rheinheimer Dos Santos D, Camotti Bastos M, Monteiro De Castro Lima JA, Le Guet T, Vargas Brunet J, Fernandes G, Zanella R, Damian Prestes O, Mondamert L, Labanowski J. Epilithic biofilms, POCIS, and water samples as complementary sources of information for a more comprehensive view of aquatic contamination by pesticides and pharmaceuticals in southern Brazil. J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:273-284. [PMID: 36861268 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2182583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal monitoring of the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water requires rigor in the choice of matrix to be analyzed. The use of matrices, isolated or combined, may better represent the real state of contamination. In this sense, the present work contrasted the effectiveness of using epilithic biofilms with active water sampling and with a passive sampler-POCIS. A watershed representative of South American agriculture was monitored. Nine sites with different rural anthropic pressures (natural forest, intensive use of pesticides, and animal waste), and urban areas without sewage treatment, were monitored. Water and epilithic biofilms were collected during periods of intensive pesticide and animal waste application. After the harvest of the spring/summer crop, a period of low agrochemical input, the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals was monitored using the POCIS and epilithic biofilms. The spot water sampling leads to underestimation of the level of contamination of water resources as it does not allow discrimination of different anthropic pressures in rural areas. The use of endogenous epilithic biofilms as a matrix for the analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals is a viable and highly recommended alternative to diagnose the health of water sources, especially if associated with the use of POCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marília Camotti Bastos
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratoire E2Lim - Eau et Environnement Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Thibaut Le Guet
- Laboratoire E2Lim - Eau et Environnement Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jocelina Vargas Brunet
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gracieli Fernandes
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leslie Mondamert
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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2
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Świacka K, Maculewicz J, Smolarz K, Caban M. Long-term stability of diclofenac and 4-hydroxydiclofenac in the seawater and sediment microenvironments: Evaluation of biotic and abiotic factors. Environ Pollut 2022; 304:119243. [PMID: 35381302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies in recent years have shown that significant amounts of diclofenac (DCF) and its metabolites are present in marine coastal waters. Their continuous flow into the environment may be associated with numerous negative effects on both fauna and flora. Although more and more is known about the effects of pharmaceuticals on marine ecosystems, there are still many issues that have not received enough attention, but are essential for risk assessment, such as long term stability. Furthermore, interaction of pharmaceuticals with sediments, which are inhabited by rich microbial, meiofaunal and macrobenthic communities need investigation. Therefore, we undertook an analysis of the stability of DCF and its metabolite, 4-hydroxy diclofenac, in seawater and sediment collected from the brackish environment of Puck Bay. Our 29-day experiment was designed to gain a better understanding of the fate of these compounds under experimental conditions same as near the seafloor. Diclofenac concentration decreased by 31.5% and 20.4% in the tanks with sediment and autoclaved sediment, respectively during 29-day long experiment. In contrast, the concentration of 4-OH diclofenac decreased by 76.5% and 90.2% in sediment and autoclaved sediment, respectively. The concentration decrease of both compounds in the sediment tanks resulted from their sorption in the sediment and biodegradation. Obtained results show that marine sediments favour DCF and 4-OH DCF removal from the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Molnar E, Maasz G, Pirger Z. Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals at a seasonal holiday destination in the largest freshwater shallow lake in Central Europe. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:59233-59243. [PMID: 32666449 PMCID: PMC8541981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) in surface waters poses an environmental risk of chronic exposure to nontarget organisms, which is a well-established and serious concern worldwide. Our aim was to determine the temporal changes in ecological risk quotient (RQ) based on the concentrations of 42 PhACs from six sampling sites on seven sampling dates in the water of a freshwater lake in Central Europe preferentially visited by tourists. Our hypothesis was that the environmental risk increases during the summer holiday season due to the influence of tourists. Different experimental toxicological threshold concentrations and seasonal measured environmental concentrations of 16 PhACs were applied to ecological risk assessment. RQs of 4 dominant PhACs (diclofenac, estrone [E1], estradiol [E2], and caffeine) indicated high ecological risk (RQ > 1) for freshwater ecosystems. Additionally, our results confirmed the assumptions that the high tourist season had a significant impact on the calculated RQ; however, these results are mainly due to the concentration and temporal change of particular PhACs, including diclofenac (5.3-419.4 ng/L), E1 (0.1-5.5 ng/L), and E2 (0.1-19.6 ng/L). The seasonal dependent highest RQs changed as follows: 9.80 (June 2017; E2), 1.23 (August 2017; E1), 0.43 (November 2017; E1), 0.51 (April 2018; E1), 5.58 (June 2018, diclofenac), 39.50 (August 2018; diclofenac), and 30.60 (October 2018; diclofenac).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Molnar
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Gabor Maasz
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
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Ledieu L, Simonneau A, Thiebault T, Fougere L, Destandau E, Cerdan O, Laggoun F. Spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals within the particulate phases of a peri-urban stream. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130385. [PMID: 33848931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products (PPs) are consumed worldwide and are continuously released into hydrological environments, but are not efficiently removed by sewage treatment plants. Their occurrence within the dissolved phase has been extensively studied, but only a few articles concern solid matrices. The mechanisms and extent of sorption depend on the properties of both the molecules (degradability, charge, hydrophobicity) and the matrices (clay content, organic matter content), making the spatio-temporal distribution of PPs in natural environments complex and poorly elucidated. To improve our understanding of PP distribution at a catchment scale, this study investigated different groups of molecules with varying solubility and charges, in water, suspended particulate matter, bed-load and pond sediments. The Egoutier stream, which collects the sewage effluents from two health institutions sewage effluents, is a good candidate for this investigation. Results indicate that PP occurrences in the different particulate compartments were mainly regulated by their wastewater occurrences and charges. Particulate phases all along the Egoutier stream were characterized by a limited clay content (i.e. less than 1%) and significant organic carbon content (i.e. between 0.3% and 18.0%) favouring non-specific adsorption. Therefore, neutral PPs, exhibiting higher discharge rates, persistence and hydrophobicities in comparison with cationic and anionic molecules, were the most abundant PPs in the particulate phases of this catchment. In bed-load sediments, global PP spatial distributions reflected discharge sites and sedimentary accumulation zones, mostly that of organic matter. Spatial distributions of the more hydrophobic and persistent PP in the particulate phases thus followed the stream sedimentary dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ledieu
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, F-45071, Orléans, France.
| | - A Simonneau
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, F-45071, Orléans, France.
| | - T Thiebault
- EPHE, PSL University, UMR 7619 METIS (SU, CNRS, EPHE), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - L Fougere
- Univ Orleans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, 45067, Orleans, France
| | - E Destandau
- Univ Orleans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, 45067, Orleans, France
| | - O Cerdan
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, France
| | - F Laggoun
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, F-45071, Orléans, France
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5
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Li J, Gao J, Zheng Q, Thai PK, Duan H, Mueller JF, Yuan Z, Jiang G. Effects of pH, Temperature, Suspended Solids, and Biological Activity on Transformation of Illicit Drug and Pharmaceutical Biomarkers in Sewers. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8771-8782. [PMID: 34157837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In-sewer stability of biomarkers is a critical factor for wastewater-based epidemiology, as it could affect the accuracy of the estimated prevalence of substances in the community. The spatiotemporal variations of environmental and biological conditions in sewers can influence the transformation of biomarkers. To date, the relationship between environmental variables and biomarker stability in sewers is poorly understood. Therefore, this study evaluated the transformation of common illicit drug and pharmaceutical biomarkers in laboratory sewer reactors with different levels of pH, temperature, and suspended solids. The correlations between degradation rates of 14 biomarkers, 3 controlled environmental variables (pH, temperature, and suspended solids concentration), and 3 biological activity indicators (sulfide production rate, methane production rate, and the removal rate of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD)) were assessed using correlation matrix, stepwise regression method, and principal component analysis. The consistent results affirmed the dominant effects of biological activities and pH on biomarker transformation in sewers, particularly for labile compounds, whereas the impact of temperature or suspended solids was less significant. This study enhances the understanding of factors affecting the fate of micropollutants in sewer systems and facilitates the interpretation of WBE results for assessing drug use and public health in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Haoran Duan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Bonnineau C, Artigas J, Chaumet B, Dabrin A, Faburé J, Ferrari BJD, Lebrun JD, Margoum C, Mazzella N, Miège C, Morin S, Uher E, Babut M, Pesce S. Role of Biofilms in Contaminant Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer in Aquatic Ecosystems: Current State of Knowledge and Future Challenges. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 253:115-153. [PMID: 32166435 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater environments, microbial assemblages attached to submerged substrates play an essential role in ecosystem processes such as primary production, supported by periphyton, or organic matter decomposition, supported by microbial communities attached to leaf litter or sediments. These microbial assemblages, also called biofilms, are not only involved in nutrients fluxes but also in contaminants dynamics. Biofilms can accumulate metals and organic contaminants transported by the water flow and/or adsorbed onto substrates. Furthermore, due to their high metabolic activity and their role in aquatic food webs, microbial biofilms are also likely to influence contaminant fate in aquatic ecosystems. In this review, we provide (1) a critical overview of the analytical methods currently in use for detecting and quantifying metals and organic micropollutants in microbial biofilms attached to benthic substrata (rocks, sediments, leaf litter); (2) a review of the distribution of those contaminants within aquatic biofilms and the role of these benthic microbial communities in contaminant fate; (3) a set of future challenges concerning the role of biofilms in contaminant accumulation and trophic transfers in the aquatic food web. This literature review highlighted that most knowledge on the interaction between biofilm and contaminants is focused on contaminants dynamics in periphyton while technical limitations are still preventing a thorough estimation of contaminants accumulation in biofilms attached to leaf litter or sediments. In addition, microbial biofilms represent an important food resource in freshwater ecosystems, yet their role in dietary contaminant exposure has been neglected for a long time, and the importance of biofilms in trophic transfer of contaminants is still understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Artigas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Faburé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Versailles, France
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7
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Duraisamy S, Balakrishnan S, Ranjith S, Husain F, Sathyan A, Peter AS, Prahalathan C, Kumarasamy A. Bacteriocin-a potential antimicrobial peptide towards disrupting and preventing biofilm formation in the clinical and environmental locales. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:44922-44936. [PMID: 33006097 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm, a consortium of microbial cells, protected by extracellular polymeric matrix, is considered a global challenge due to the inherent antibiotic resistance conferred by its lifestyle. Besides, it poses environmental threats causing huge damage in food industries, fisheries, refineries, water systems, pharmaceutical industries, medical industries, etc. Living in a community of microbial populations is most critical in the clinical field, making it responsible for about 80% of severe and chronic microbial diseases. The necessity to find an alternative approach is the need of the hour to solve these crises. So far, many approaches have been attempted to disrupt the initial stage of biofilm formation, including adherence and maturation. Bacteriocins are a group of antimicrobial peptides, produced by bacteria having the potential to disrupt biofilm either by itself or in combination with other drugs than antibiotic counterparts. A clear understanding on mechanisms of bacterial biofilm formation, progression, and resistance will surely lead to the development of innovative, effective biofilm control strategies in pharmaceutical, health care industries and environmental locales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbagam Duraisamy
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Sukumar Ranjith
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Fazal Husain
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Aswathy Sathyan
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Ansu Susan Peter
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Anbarasu Kumarasamy
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
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8
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Fernandes G, Bastos MC, de Vargas JPR, Le Guet T, Clasen B, Dos Santos DR. The use of epilithic biofilms as bioaccumulators of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. Ecotoxicology 2020; 29:1293-1305. [PMID: 32740705 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are a consortium of communities of organisms that live in syntrophic relationships and present a higher organization level than that of individual cells. Biofilms dominate microbial life in streams and rivers, enable crucial ecosystem processes, contribute to global biogeochemical flows and represent the main active bacterial life form. Epilithic biofilms are the main biomass found in rivers; their exposure to contaminants can lead to changes in their structure and composition. The composition of these communities is influenced by physicochemical factors, temperature, light and prior exposure to pollutants, among other factors, and it can be used for water quality monitoring purposes. The heterogenous composition of biofilms enables them to accumulate compounds in an integrative manner. Moreover, the availability of several sorption sites and their likely saturation can contribute to bioaccumulation. In aquatic environments, biofilms are also susceptible to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes and participate in their dissemination. Anthropic pressure intensification processes continuously expose water resources and, consequently, biofilm communities to different contamination sources. Therefore, the use of biofilms to indicate environmental pollution is reinforced by the progress of studies on the subject. Biofilm communities' response to pollutants in aquatic environments can be mainly influenced by the presence of different organisms, which may change due to community development or age. The current research aims to review studies about biofilm contamination and highlight the importance of biofilm use to better evaluate and maintain the quality of water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracieli Fernandes
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Jocelina Paranhos Rosa de Vargas
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Barbara Clasen
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Três Passos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Rheinheimer Dos Santos
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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9
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Wang L, Hua X, Zhang L, Song N, Dong D, Guo Z. Influence of organic carbon fractions of freshwater biofilms on the sorption for phenanthrene and ofloxacin: The important role of aliphatic carbons. Sci Total Environ 2019; 685:818-826. [PMID: 31238285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sorption to biofilms is thought to be a crucial process controlling the fate of trace organic contaminants in aquatic systems. The organic composition of biofilms is regarded as the determining factor in the sorption mechanism of biofilm organic carbon fractions; however, its role is not well known. Here, the sorption of phenanthrene and ofloxacin was modeled with classic and emerging organic contaminants, respectively, by comparatively investigating nine type of freshwater biofilms cultured in a river, lake, and reservoir in spring, summer, and autumn. The chemical features of the nine biofilms were analyzed using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Results showed that the freshwater biofilms were aliphatic-rich natural amorphous solid substances with O-containing functional groups, and their surface polarity was significantly lower than their bulk polarity. All the isotherms of phenanthrene and ofloxacin sorption by the biofilms were linear. The organic carbon-normalized partition coefficient values for phenanthrene and ofloxacin on the nine biofilms ranged from 91.9 to 364.2 L g-1 and 3.2 to 43.2 L g-1, respectively. The van der Waals interaction between a majority of aliphatic carbon (73.4%-83.9%) in biofilms and the two sorbates was much stronger than π-π interactions between a minority of aromatic carbon (12.7%-21.7%) and sorbates. The surface polarity of the biofilms regulated polar interactions including the hydrogen bonding and electron donor-acceptor interactions. Both the aliphatic carbon and surface polarity in the biofilms enhanced the sorption of phenanthrene and ofloxacin. The sorption characteristics and mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and antibiotics on biofilms shown in our present and previous studies are different from those of other ubiquitous natural solid materials such as soils and sediments. This study provides insight into the importance of aliphatic carbon fractions of freshwater biofilms for the sorption of classic and emerging organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Pu Y, Ngan WY, Yao Y, Habimana O. Could benthic biofilm analyses be used as a reliable proxy for freshwater environmental health? Environ Pollut 2019; 252:440-449. [PMID: 31158672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The quality of freshwater undoubtedly reflects the health of our surrounding environment, society, and economy, as these are supported by various freshwater ecosystems. Monitoring efforts have therefore been considered a vital means of ensuring the ecological health of freshwater environments. Nevertheless, most aquatic environmental monitoring strategies largely focus on bulk water sampling for analysis of physicochemical and key biological indicators, which for the most part do not consider pollution events that occur at any time between sampling events. Because benthic biofilms are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, pollution released during sporadic events may be absorbed by these biofilms, which can act as repositories of pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess whether benthic biofilm monitoring could provide an efficient way of properly characterizing the extent of pollution in aquatic environments. Here, bulk water and benthic biofilms were sampled from three Hong Kong streams having various pollution profiles, and subsequently compared via high-resolution microscopy, metagenomic analysis, and analytical chemistry. The results indicated that biofilms were, indeed, reservoirs of environmental pollutants, having different profiles compared with that of the corresponding bulk water samples. Moreover, the results also suggested that biofilms sampled in polluted areas were characterized by a higher species richness. While the analytical testing of benthic biofilms still needs further development, the integration of chemical-pollutant profiles and biofilm sequencing data in future studies may provide unique perspectives for understanding and identifying pollution-related biofilm biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region
| | - Wing Yui Ngan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region
| | - Olivier Habimana
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Abstract
Present day awareness of biofilm colonization on polymeric surfaces has prompted the scientific community to develop an ever-increasing number of new materials with anti-biofilm features. However, compared to the large amount of work put into discovering potent biofilm inhibitors, only a small number of papers deal with their validation, a critical step in the translation of research into practical applications. This is due to the lack of standardized testing methods and/or of well-controlled in vivo studies that show biofilm prevention on polymeric surfaces; furthermore, there has been little correlation with the reduced incidence of material deterioration. Here an overview of the most common methods for studying biofilms and for testing the anti-biofilm properties of new surfaces is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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12
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Wang L, Li Y, Zhang P, Zhang S, Li P, Wang P, Wang C. Sorption removal of phthalate esters and bisphenols to biofilms from urban river: From macroscopic to microcosmic investigation. Water Res 2019; 150:261-270. [PMID: 30529591 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
River biofilms play fundamental roles in shaping the architecture of aquatic systems. Sorption to biofilms was thought to be a crucial mechanism controlling the fate and transport of trace emerging contaminants. This study focused on the role of in situ colonized river biofilms in the early fate of phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenols (BPs) at trace concentrations in a representative urban river. PAEs and BPs were readily sorbed to biofilms with uptakes of 38.2-162.5 μg/g for PAEs and 1787.7-4425.6 μg/g for BPs, respectively. The total mass and characteristics of the colonized biofilms varied in response to seasons and water qualities. The biofilm colonized in the downstream of a wastewater treatment plant exhibited the highest sorption capacity among the tested sites, possibly attributed to the higher organic contents of biofilms owing to the elevated availability of nutrients. Correlation analysis indicates that certain water qualities, e.g., TN and NH3N, and biofilm properties, e.g., organic and polysaccharide fractions could be selected to predict the sorption capacities of river biofilms. Hydrophobic partitioning into organic matter appears to be the dominant sorption mechanism and biofilm polysaccharides were probably responsible for the adhesion of tested compounds. The contaminant partitioning into biofilm and sediment at mass/volume ratios typical for small rivers suggests that the biofilm could serve as an important sorbing matrix for the trace organic contaminants as compared to the sediments. Our work yields new insights into the early uptake and accumulation of trace plasticizers by natural biofilms, which is of significance in understanding the subsequent transport of trace organic contaminants in fluvial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China.
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
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13
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Silver M, Selke S, Balsaa P, Wefer-Roehl A, Kübeck C, Schüth C. Fate of five pharmaceuticals under different infiltration conditions for managed aquifer recharge. Sci Total Environ 2018; 642:914-924. [PMID: 29929143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of treated wastewater (TWW) to recharge depleted aquifers, often referred to as managed aquifer recharge, is a solution to replenish groundwater resources in regions facing water scarcity. We present a mass balance approach to infer the amounts of five pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, fenoprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen) degraded in column experiments based on concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the aqueous and solid (sorbed) phases. Column experiments were conducted under three different conditions: continuous infiltration, wetting and drying cycles, and wetting and drying cycles with elevated concentrations of antibiotics (which may reduce microbially aided degradation of other compounds). A mass balance comparing pharmaceutical mass in the water phase over the 16-month duration of the experiments to mass sorbed to the soil was used to infer the mass of pharmaceuticals degraded. Results show sorption as the main attenuation mechanism for carbamazepine. About half of the mass of diclofenac was degraded with wetting and drying cycles, but no significant degradation was found for continuous infiltration, while 32% of infiltrated mass sorbed. Fenoprofen was degraded in the shallow and aerobic part of the soil, but degradation appeared to cease beyond 27 cm depth. Gemfibrozil attenuated through a combination of degradation and sorption, with slight increases in attenuation with depth from both mechanisms. Naproxen degraded progressively with depth, resulting in attenuation of >90% of the mass. In the column with elevated concentrations of antibiotics, the antibiotics attenuated to about 50% or less of inflow concentrations by 27 cm depth and within this zone, less degradation of the other compounds was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Silver
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Water Resources Management Division, IWW Water Centre, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Selke
- Water Quality Division, IWW Water Centre, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Peter Balsaa
- Water Quality Division, IWW Water Centre, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Annette Wefer-Roehl
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christine Kübeck
- Water Resources Management Division, IWW Water Centre, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Water Resources Management Division, IWW Water Centre, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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14
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Wu L, Yang N, Li B, Bi E. Roles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of dissolved organic matter in sorption of ketoprofen to biochars. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:31486-31496. [PMID: 30203349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic acid (HoA) and hydrophilic neutral (HiN) are two major fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Their role in the sorption of ketoprofen (KTP) to wheat straw-derived biochars pyrolyzed at 300 °C (WS300) and 700 °C (WS700) was investigated to further probe the mechanisms responsible. WS700 has much higher pore volume and specific surface area (SSA) than WS300. Loading of HoA and HiN resulted in surface coverage of biochars. HoA with larger molecular size led to more pore blockage of biochars than HiN. Higher HoA binding affinity also caused a stronger competition with KTP on biochars. These factors reduced the accessibility of sorption sites for KTP, and significantly inhibited KTP sorption to biochar of lower SSA (i.e., WS300) by HoA. Water solubility (Sw) of KTP was slightly enhanced (3%) in the presence of HoA. In contrast, the presence of HiN reduced (22%) Sw of KTP. The decreased Sw of KTP by HiN exerted a more dominant influence than its competitive and loading effects, thus led to apparent enhanced sorption of KTP, especially to biochar of higher SSA (i.e., WS700). The results demonstrated the diverse effects of HoA and HiN on KTP sorption, which is helpful in understanding pharmaceutical-DOM-biochar interactions and environmental behaviors of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ningwei Yang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Binghua Li
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Erping Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
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15
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Bertoglio F, Bloise N, Oriano M, Petrini P, Sprio S, Imbriani M, Tampieri A, Visai L. Treatment of Biofilm Communities: An Update on New Tools from the Nanosized World. Applied Sciences 2018; 8:845. [DOI: 10.3390/app8060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Wang L, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Zhu M, Zhang P, Zhu X. Extracellular polymeric substances affect the responses of multi-species biofilms in the presence of sulfamethizole. Environ Pollut 2018; 235:283-292. [PMID: 29291528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and transportation of antibiotics in biofilms from natural and engineered sources have attracted increasing interests. Nevertheless, the effects of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the responses of biofilms to the exposure to antibiotics are not clear. In this study, the effects of EPS on the sorption and biological responses to one representative antibiotic, sulfamethizole (STZ), in model biofilms were investigated. Proteins dominated the interactions between the EPS and the STZ and the EPS from a moving bed biofilm reactor exhibited the strongest interaction with the STZ. The EPS served as important reservoirs for the STZ and the tested biofilms all showed reduced sorption capacities for the STZ after the EPS were extracted. The respiratory rates and typical enzymatic activities were reduced after the EPS were extracted. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing results confirmed that the bacterial community in the biofilm without the EPS was more vulnerable to antibiotic shock as indicated by the community diversity and richness indices. A greater increase in the abundance of susceptible species was observed in the natural biofilm. The results comprehensively suggested that the EPS played important role in biosorption of STZ and alleviated the direct damage of the antibiotic to the cells; in addition the extent of the bacterial community response was associated with the origins of the biofilms. Our study provided details on the responses of multi-species biofilms to the exposure to an antibiotic and highlighted the role of the EPS in interacting with the antibiotic, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the bioremediation of antibiotics in real-life natural and engineered biofilm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China.
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Huanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
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17
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de Wilt A, He Y, Sutton N, Langenhoff A, Rijnaarts H. Sorption and biodegradation of six pharmaceutically active compounds under four different redox conditions. Chemosphere 2018; 193:811-819. [PMID: 29874754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the removal of six pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in lab-scale experiments with sediments under four redox conditions, namely aerobic, nitrate reducing, sulfate reducing, and methanogenic conditions using batch and column set-ups. Redox conditions were found to influence PhAC removal by sorption and biodegradation. The most optimal PhAC removal was observed at the outer ranges of the redox spectrum, i.e. either aerobic or deep anaerobic (sulfate reducing and methanogenic conditions), whereas nitrate reducing conditions were found least effective for PhACs biodegradation and sorption. For instance, sorption coefficient Kd values for metoprolol in column experiments were 90, 65, 42 and 11 L/kg for sulfate reducing, methanogenic, aerobic and nitrate reducing conditions, respectively. For the same conditions Kd values for propranolol were 101, 94, 55 and 55 L/kg, respectively. As expected, biodegradation efficiencies were highest under aerobic conditions, showing >99% removal of caffeine and naproxen, but no removal for propranolol and carbamazepine. The adaptive capacity of sediment was demonstrated by pre-exposure to PhACs leading to improved PhAC biodegradation. The results of this study indicate the necessity to combine diverse redox conditions, including aerobic conditions, for maximizing PhAC removal by sorption and biodegradation. Furthermore, our findings stress the need for additional treatment measures as recalcitrant PhACs are not effectively removed under any redox condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud de Wilt
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yujie He
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Sutton
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Huub Rijnaarts
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Koba O, Grabicova K, Cerveny D, Turek J, Kolarova J, Randak T, Zlabek V, Grabic R. Transport of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites between water and sediments as a further potential exposure for aquatic organisms. J Hazard Mater 2018; 342:401-407. [PMID: 28854392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although pharmaceuticals are frequently studied contaminants, their fate in the environment is still not completely clear. During a one year study, a complex approach including water, sediment and fish sampling was used to describe the behaviour of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites (PTMs) in the environment. Eighteen pharmaceuticals and seven of their metabolites were determined in a pond used for the tertiary treatment of wastewater effluent. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to determine the PTMs concentrations in all matrices. Seasonal variations in concentrations were evaluated. The partitioning of contaminants between pond compartments was estimated by means of solid water distribution coefficients (Kd) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for the livers of fish. Kd values were almost stable throughout the year, which may be a sign of the continuous transport of PTMs between water and sediment under the experimental conditions. Almost all of the studied compounds, with exception of sertraline (BAF of 6200), were found to not be bioaccumulative in fish livers. The pond removal efficiency was calculated for all PTMs, and favourable conditions for natural pharmaceutical removal were proposed. Further aspects regarding fish pharmaceutical exposure need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Koba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Cerveny
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Turek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Kolarova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
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19
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Auguet O, Pijuan M, Borrego CM, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Triadó-Margarit X, Giustina SVD, Gutierrez O. Sewers as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. Sci Total Environ 2017; 605-606:1047-1054. [PMID: 28709370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater transport along sewers favors the colonization of inner pipe surfaces by wastewater-derived microorganisms that grow forming biofilms. These biofilms are composed of rich and diverse microbial communities that are continuously exposed to antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) from urban wastewater. Sewer biofilms thus appear as an optimal habitat for the dispersal and accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the concentration of antibiotics, integron (intI1) and antibiotic resistance genes (qnrS, sul1, sul2, blaTEM, blaKPC, ermB, tetM and tetW), and potential bacterial pathogens were analyzed in wastewater and biofilm samples collected at the inlet and outlet sections of a pressurized sewer pipe. The most abundant ARGs detected in both wastewater and biofilm samples were sul1 and sul2 with roughly 1 resistance gene for each 10 copies of 16s RNA gene. Significant differences in the relative abundance of gene intI1 and genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones (qnrS), sulfonamides (sul1 and sul2) and betalactams (blaTEM) were only measured between inlet and outlet biofilm samples. Composition of bacterial communities also showed spatial differences in biofilms and a higher prevalence of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) with high sequence identity (>98%) to well-known human pathogens was observed in biofilms collected at the inlet pipe section. Our study highlights the role of sewer biofilms as source and sink of ARB and ARGs and supports the idea that community composition rather than antibiotic concentration is the main factor driving the diversity of the sewage resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Auguet
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Maite Pijuan
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Carles M Borrego
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Triadó-Margarit
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CEAB-CSIC, Accés Cala Sant Francesc, 14, 17300, Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | - Saulo Varela Della Giustina
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Oriol Gutierrez
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Curt Flemming
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jost Wingender
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Steinberg
- The School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences and The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
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21
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Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L. Applications of molecularly imprinted polymers for solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics from environmental waters and biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:624-633. [PMID: 28477973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics in the aquatic environment is a threat to humans and aquatic species at large. The primary route of these pharmaceuticals to aquatic environment is through human waste such as urine and faeces. The application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of such pollutants from environmental and biological samples is important for the pre-concentration of compounds and selectivity of the analytical methods. To date, there are still limited commercial suppliers of MIPs. However, it is easy to synthesize such polymers via non-covalent imprinting approach using easily available and affordable reagents. Therefore, the applications of MIPs in the SPE of NSAIDs and analgesics from environmental and biological samples are reviewed. This is very important because despite the fact that review articles on applications of MIPs for organic compounds have been reported, very little has focussed on NSAIDs and analgesics which are the major studied pharmaceuticals in the environment and biological samples. The review also brings out important aspects of common reagents used including the template molecules during MIP synthesis. Application and future trends are also discussed. Gaps such as little use of environmental friendly reagents such as ionic liquids have been identified. Also, the lack of MIP applications to some compounds such as fenoprofen has been observed which is likely to be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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22
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Koumaki E, Mamais D, Noutsopoulos C. Environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in river water/sediment systems. J Hazard Mater 2017; 323:233-241. [PMID: 27021262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted with four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and ketoprofen) under different redox conditions (aerobic, anoxic, anaerobic and sulfate-reducing conditions) in order to assess abiotic and biotic degradation in a river water/sediment system. The river water was sampled from Sperchios River and the sediment was collected from the banks of a rural stream where the discharge point of a wastewater treatment plant is located. To quantitatively describe degradation kinetics of the selected compounds, pseudo first-order kinetics were adopted. According to the results, it can be stated that the concentration of the substances remained constant or decreased only marginally (p≥0.05) in the sterile experiments and this excludes abiotic processes such as hydrolysis or sorption as major removal mechanisms of the target compounds from the water phase and assign their removal to microbial action. Results showed that the removal rate of the compounds decreases as dissolved oxygen concentration in the river water/sediment system decreases. All compounds were found to be biodegradable under aerobic conditions at dissipation half-lives between 1.6 and 20.1days, while dissipation half-lives for naproxen and ketoprofen increase by a factor of 2 under all tested conditions in the absence of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Koumaki
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Mamais
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Noutsopoulos
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
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23
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Huerta B, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Nannou C, Nakis L, Ruhí A, Acuña V, Sabater S, Barcelo D. Determination of a broad spectrum of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in biofilm from a waste water treatment plant-impacted river. Science of The Total Environment 2016; 540:241-9. [PMID: 26087856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the main sources of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in freshwater ecosystems, and several studies have reported bioaccumulation of these compounds in different organisms in those ecosystems. River biofilms are exceptional indicators of pollution, but very few studies have focused on the accumulation of these emerging contaminants. The objectives of this study were first to develop an efficient analytical methodology for the simultaneous analysis of 44 pharmaceuticals and 13 endocrine disrupting compounds in biofilm, and second, to assess persistence, distribution, and bioaccumulation of these contaminants in natural biofilms inhabiting a WWTP-impacted river. The method is based on pressurized liquid extraction, purification by solid-phase extraction, and analysis by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) in tandem. Recoveries for pharmaceuticals were 31-137%, and for endocrine disruptors 32-93%. Method detection limits for endocrine disruptors were in the range of 0.2-2.4 ng g(-1), and for pharmaceuticals, 0.07-6.7 ng g(-1). A total of five endocrine disruptors and seven pharmaceuticals were detected in field samples at concentrations up to 100 ng g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - S Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - C Nannou
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - L Nakis
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - A Ruhí
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 85287, USA
| | - V Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - S Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus de Montivili, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - D Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Yu C, Bi E. Roles of functional groups of naproxen in its sorption to kaolinite. Chemosphere 2015; 138:335-339. [PMID: 26126188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of acidic anti-inflammatory drugs to soils is important for evaluating their fate and transformations in the water-soil environment. However, roles of functional groups of ionisable drugs onto mineral surfaces have not been sufficiently studied. In this study, batch experiments of naproxen (NPX, anti-inflammatory drug) and two kinds of competitors to kaolinite were studied. The Kd of naproxen to kaolinite is 1.30-1.62 L kg(-1). The n-π electron donor-acceptor (n-π EDA) interaction between diaromatic ring of naproxen (π-electron acceptors) and the siloxane oxygens (n-donors) of kaolinite is the dominant sorption mechanism. The carboxyl group of naproxen can contribute to the overall sorption. A conception model was put forward to elucidate to sorption mechanisms, in which the contribution of n-π EDA and hydrogen bond to overall sorption was quantified. These sorption mechanisms can be helpful for estimating the fate and mobility of acid pharmaceuticals in soil-water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Erping Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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25
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Estevez E, Hernandez-Moreno JM, Fernandez-Vera JR, Palacios-Diaz MP. Ibuprofen adsorption in four agricultural volcanic soils. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:406-414. [PMID: 24056445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IB) is a high environmental risk drug and one of the most frequently prescribed in human medicine. Recently, IB has been detected in Gran Canaria in reclaimed water for irrigation and in groundwater. Adsorption was studied in four volcanic soils from three islands of the Canarian Archipelago. Once the biodegradation process has been excluded from the experimental conditions, a batch method was applied using initial concentrations of 1-5-10-20-50-100-200 mg L(-1) and two soil/water ratios (w/V): 1:5 (OECD, 2000) and 1:1. Non-linear and linearized Langmuir and Freundlich equations were well fitted. The wide IB range tested in our batch studies allowed us to measure experimental adsorption values close to the maximum adsorption capacity (S(max)) as estimated by Langmuir, making it possible thereby to validate the use of the Langmuir equation when there is a burst of contamination at high concentration. The distribution coefficient (Kd), S(max) and Retardation Factor (RF) varied from 0.04 to 0.5 kg L(-1), 4-200 mgk g(-1) and 1.2-1.9, respectively. The lowest S(max) and Kd values were found for the 1:1S/W ratio whereas most batch studies employ 1:5S/W ratios, thus obtaining higher adsorption parameters than when considering field conditions (1:1). Despite the high anion retention of andic soils, similar Kd and RF to those reported for other soils were obtained in 1:5, while high S(max) was found. Our results demonstrate that IB adsorption in volcanic areas responds not only to the soil properties commonly cited in adsorption studies, but also depends on andic properties, sorbent concentration and Dissolved Organic Carbon, the higher values of which are related to the lower Kd and S(max). The low RF and low detection frequency of the IB in groundwater suggests that a) reclaimed water irrigation is not the main source of IB, and b) the existence of some uncontrolled water disposal points in the zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Estevez
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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26
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Gibs J, Heckathorn HA, Meyer MT, Klapinski FR, Alebus M, Lippincott RL. Occurrence and partitioning of antibiotic compounds found in the water column and bottom sediments from a stream receiving two wastewater treatment plant effluents in northern New Jersey, 2008. Sci Total Environ 2013; 458-460:107-116. [PMID: 23644564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An urban watershed in northern New Jersey was studied to determine the presence of four classes of antibiotic compounds (macrolides, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines) and six degradates in the water column and bottom sediments upstream and downstream from the discharges of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and a drinking-water intake (DWI). Many antibiotic compounds in the four classes not removed by conventional WWTPs enter receiving waters and partition to stream sediments. Samples were collected at nine sampling locations on 2 days in September 2008. Two of the nine sampling locations were background sites upstream from two WWTP discharges on Hohokus Brook. Another background site was located upstream from a DWI on the Saddle River above the confluence with Hohokus Brook. Because there is a weir downstream of the confluence of Hohokus Brook and Saddle River, the DWI receives water from Hohokus Brook at low stream flows. Eight antibiotic compounds (azithromycin (maximum concentration 0.24 μg/L), ciprofloxacin (0.08 μg/L), enrofloxacin (0.015 μg/L), erythromycin (0.024 μg/L), ofloxacin (0.92 μg/L), sulfamethazine (0.018 μg/L), sulfamethoxazole (0.25 μg/L), and trimethoprim (0.14 μg/L)) and a degradate (erythromycin-H2O (0.84 μg/L)) were detected in the water samples from the sites downstream from the WWTP discharges. The concentrations of six of the eight detected compounds and the detected degradate compound decreased with increasing distance downstream from the WWTP discharges. Azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim were detected in stream-bottom sediments. The concentrations of three of the four compounds detected in sediments were highest at a sampling site located downstream from the WWTP discharges. Trimethoprim was detected in the sediments from a background site. Pseudo-partition coefficients normalized for streambed sediment organic carbon concentration were calculated for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. Generally, there was good agreement between the decreasing order of the pseudo-partition coefficients in this study and the order reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gibs
- U.S. Geological Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Road, West Trenton, NJ 08628, USA.
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27
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Jasper JT, Nguyen MT, Jones ZL, Ismail NS, Sedlak DL, Sharp JO, Luthy RG, Horne AJ, Nelson KL. Unit Process Wetlands for Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants and Pathogens from Municipal Wastewater Effluents. Environ Eng Sci 2013; 30:421-436. [PMID: 23983451 PMCID: PMC3746285 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment wetlands have become an attractive option for the removal of nutrients from municipal wastewater effluents due to their low energy requirements and operational costs, as well as the ancillary benefits they provide, including creating aesthetically appealing spaces and wildlife habitats. Treatment wetlands also hold promise as a means of removing other wastewater-derived contaminants, such as trace organic contaminants and pathogens. However, concerns about variations in treatment efficacy of these pollutants, coupled with an incomplete mechanistic understanding of their removal in wetlands, hinder the widespread adoption of constructed wetlands for these two classes of contaminants. A better understanding is needed so that wetlands as a unit process can be designed for their removal, with individual wetland cells optimized for the removal of specific contaminants, and connected in series or integrated with other engineered or natural treatment processes. In this article, removal mechanisms of trace organic contaminants and pathogens are reviewed, including sorption and sedimentation, biotransformation and predation, photolysis and photoinactivation, and remaining knowledge gaps are identified. In addition, suggestions are provided for how these treatment mechanisms can be enhanced in commonly employed unit process wetland cells or how they might be harnessed in novel unit process cells. It is hoped that application of the unit process concept to a wider range of contaminants will lead to more widespread application of wetland treatment trains as components of urban water infrastructure in the United States and around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Jasper
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Mi T. Nguyen
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Zackary L. Jones
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Niveen S. Ismail
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jonathan O. Sharp
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Richard G. Luthy
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alex J. Horne
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Kara L. Nelson
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Corresponding author: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710. Phone: 510-643-5023; Fax: 510-642-7483. E-mail:
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