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Thi Nguyen KC, Truong PH, Ho CT, Le CT, Tran KD, Nguyen TL, Nguyen MT, Nguyen PV. Copper Tolerance of Novel Rhodotorula sp. Yeast Isolated from Gold Mining Ore in Gia Lai, Vietnam. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:379-387. [PMID: 38179124 PMCID: PMC10763907 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2274648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, twenty-five yeast strains were isolated from soil samples collected in the gold mining ore in Gia Lai, Vietnam. Among them, one isolate named GL1T could highly tolerate Cu2+ up to 10 mM, and the isolates could also grow in a wide range of pH (3-7), and temperature (10-40 °C). Dried biomass of GL1 was able to remove Cu2+ effectively up to 90.49% with a maximal biosorption capacity of 18.1 mg/g at pH 6, temperature 30 °C, and incubation time 60 min. Sequence analysis of rDNA indicated this strain was closely related to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa but with 1.53 and 3.46% nucleotide differences in the D1/D2 domain of the 28S rRNA gene and the ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2 region sequence, respectively. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis and the biochemical characteristics, the strain appears to be a novel Rhodotorula species, and the name Rhodotorula aurum sp. nov. is proposed. This study provides us with more information about heavy metal-tolerant yeasts and it may produce a new tool for environmental control and metal recovery operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phuc Hung Truong
- Faculty of Biotechnology, TNU- University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Tu Ho
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cong Tuan Le
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Khoa Dang Tran
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Tien Long Nguyen
- Department of Educational Management, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Manh Tuan Nguyen
- Institute of Life Science, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam
| | - Phu Van Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
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Pan X, Yue Z, She Z, He X, Wang S, Chuai X, Wang J. Eukaryotic Community Structure and Interspecific Interactions in a Stratified Acidic Pit Lake Water in Anhui Province. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040979. [PMID: 37110402 PMCID: PMC10142529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The stratified acidic pit lake formed by the confluence of acid mine drainage has a unique ecological niche and is a model system for extreme microbial studies. Eukaryotes are a component of the AMD community, with the main members including microalgae, fungi, and a small number of protozoa. In this study, we analyzed the structural traits and interactions of eukaryotes (primarily fungi and microalgae) in acidic pit lakes subjected to environmental gradients. Based on the findings, microalgae and fungi were found to dominate different water layers. Specifically, Chlorophyta showed dominance in the well-lit aerobic surface layer, whereas Basidiomycota was more abundant in the dark anoxic lower layer. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that reciprocal relationships between fungi and microalgae were prevalent in extremely acidic environments. Highly connected taxa within this network were Chlamydomonadaceae, Sporidiobolaceae, Filobasidiaceae, and unclassified Eukaryotes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and random forest models revealed that Chlorophyta and Basidiomycota responded strongly to environmental gradients. Further analysis indicated that eukaryotic community structure was mainly determined by nutrient and metal concentrations. This study investigates the potential symbiosis between fungi and microalgae in the acidic pit lake, providing valuable insights for future eukaryotic biodiversity studies on AMD remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhengbo Yue
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhixiang She
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiao He
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Nanshan Mining Company Ltd., Anhui Maanshan Iron and Steel Mining Resources Group, Maanshan 243000, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- Nanshan Mining Company Ltd., Anhui Maanshan Iron and Steel Mining Resources Group, Maanshan 243000, China
| | - Xin Chuai
- Nanshan Mining Company Ltd., Anhui Maanshan Iron and Steel Mining Resources Group, Maanshan 243000, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei 230009, China
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Cheng Z, Shi C, Gao X, Wang X, Kan G. Biochemical and Metabolomic Responses of Antarctic Bacterium Planococcus sp. O5 Induced by Copper Ion. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060302. [PMID: 35736910 PMCID: PMC9230899 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in the Antarctic has gone beyond our imagination. Copper toxicity is a selective pressure on Planococcus sp. O5. We observed relatively broad tolerance in the polar bacterium. The heavy metal resistance pattern is Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Hg2+ > Zn2+. In the study, we combined biochemical and metabolomics approaches to investigate the Cu2+ adaptation mechanisms of the Antarctic bacterium. Biochemical analysis revealed that copper treatment elevated the activity of antioxidants and enzymes, maintaining the bacterial redox state balance and normal cell division and growth. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates played dominant roles in copper stress adaptation. The findings suggested that the adaptive mechanisms of strain O5 to copper stress included protein synthesis and repair, accumulation of organic permeable substances, up-regulation of energy metabolism, and the formation of fatty acids.
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Kan G, Wang X, Jiang J, Zhang C, Chi M, Ju Y, Shi C. Copper stress response in yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5 isolated from sea ice, Antarctic. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00657. [PMID: 29926536 PMCID: PMC6436437 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in Antarctic is serious by anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric transport. To dissect the heavy metal adaptation mechanisms of sea-ice organisms, a basidiomycetous yeast strain AN5 was isolated and its cellular changes were analyzed. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization indicated that this yeast strain belonged to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5. Heavy metal resistance pattern of Cd > Pb = Mn > Cu > Cr > Hg was observed. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results exhibited altered cell surface morphology under the influence of copper metal compared to that with control. The determination of physiological and biochemical changes manifested that progressive copper treatment significantly increased antioxidative reagents content and enzymes activity in the red yeast, which quench the active oxygen species to maintain the intercellular balance of redox state and ensure the cellular fission and growth. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that, under 2 mM copper stress, 95 protein spots were tested reproducible changes of at least 10-fold in cells. Among 95 protein spots, 43 were elevated and 52 were decreased synthesis. After MALDI TOF MS/MS analysis, 51 differentially expressed proteins were identified successfully and classified into six functional groups, including carbohydrate and energy metabolism, nucleotide and protein metabolism, protein folding, antioxidant system, signaling, and unknown function proteins. Function analysis indicated that carbohydrate and energy metabolism-, nucleotide and protein metabolism-, and protein folding-related proteins played central role to the heavy metal resistance of Antarctic yeast. Generally, the results revealed that the yeast has a great capability to cope with heavy metal stress and activate the physiological and protein mechanisms, which allow more efficient recovery after copper stress. Our studies increase understanding of the molecular resistance mechanism of polar yeast to heavy metal, which will be benefitted for the sea-ice isolates to be a potential candidate for bioremediation of metal-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfeng Kan
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology at WeihaiWeihaiChina
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology at WeihaiWeihaiChina
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology at WeihaiWeihaiChina
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Tobacco Integrated Pest Management of China TobaccoTobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceQingdaoChina
| | - Minglei Chi
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology at WeihaiWeihaiChina
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology at WeihaiWeihaiChina
| | - Cuijuan Shi
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of Technology at WeihaiWeihaiChina
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Włodarczyk A, Lirski M, Fogtman A, Koblowska M, Bidziński G, Matlakowska R. The Oxidative Metabolism of Fossil Hydrocarbons and Sulfide Minerals by the Lithobiontic Microbial Community Inhabiting Deep Subterrestrial Kupferschiefer Black Shale. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:972. [PMID: 29867875 PMCID: PMC5962744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black shales are one of the largest reservoirs of fossil organic carbon and inorganic reduced sulfur on Earth. It is assumed that microorganisms play an important role in the transformations of these sedimentary rocks and contribute to the return of organic carbon and inorganic sulfur to the global geochemical cycles. An outcrop of deep subterrestrial ~256-million-year-old Kupferschiefer black shale was studied to define the metabolic processes of the deep biosphere important in transformations of organic carbon and inorganic reduced sulfur compounds. This outcrop was created during mining activity 12 years ago and since then it has been exposed to the activity of oxygen and microorganisms. The microbial processes were described based on metagenome and metaproteome studies as well as on the geochemistry of the rock. The microorganisms inhabiting the subterrestrial black shale were dominated by bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Limnobacter, Yonghaparkia, Thiobacillus, Bradyrhizobium, and Sulfuricaulis. This study on black shale was the first to detect archaea and fungi, represented by Nitrososphaera and Aspergillus genera, respectively. The enzymatic oxidation of fossil aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons was mediated mostly by chemoorganotrophic bacteria, but also by archaea and fungi. The dissimilative enzymatic oxidation of primary reduced sulfur compounds was performed by chemolithotrophic bacteria. The geochemical consequences of microbial activity were the oxidation and dehydrogenation of kerogen, as well as oxidation of sulfide minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Włodarczyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Lirski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Renata Matlakowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Barthen R, Karimzadeh L, Gründig M, Grenzer J, Lippold H, Franke K, Lippmann-Pipke J. Glutamic acid leaching of synthetic covellite - A model system combining experimental data and geochemical modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:368-376. [PMID: 29316462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For Kupferschiefer mining established pyrometallurgical and acidic bioleaching methods face numerous problems. This is due to the finely grained and dispersed distribution of the copper minerals, the complex mineralogy, comparably low copper content, and the possibly high carbonate and organic content in this ore. Leaching at neutral pH seemed worth a try: At neutral pH the abundant carbonates do not need to be dissolved and therewith would not consume excessive amounts of provided acids. Certainly, copper solubility at neutral pH is reduced compared to an acidic environment; however, if copper complexing ligands would be supplied abundantly, copper contents in the mobile phase could easily reach the required economic level. We set up a model system to study the effect of parameters such as pH, microorganisms, microbial metabolites, and organic ligands on covellite leaching to get a better understanding of the processes in copper leaching at pH ≥ 6. With this model system we could show that glutamic acid and the microbial siderophore desferrioxamine B promote covellite dissolution. Both experimental and modeling data showed that pH is an important parameter in covellite dissolution. An increase of pH from 6 to 9 could elevate copper extraction in the presence of glutamic acid by a factor of five. These results have implications for both development of a biotechnological process regarding metal extraction from Kupferschiefer, and for the interaction of bacterial metabolites with the lithosphere and potential mobilization of heavy metals in alkaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barthen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Dresden, Germany
| | - L Karimzadeh
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Gründig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Grenzer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - H Lippold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - K Franke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Leipzig, Germany
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Liu B, Wang C, Liu D, He N, Deng X. Hg tolerance and biouptake of an isolated pigmentation yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172984. [PMID: 28253367 PMCID: PMC5333980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A pigmented yeast R1 with strong tolerance to Hg2+ was isolated. Phylogenetic identification based on the analysis of 26S rDNA and ITS revealed R1 is a Rhodotorula mucilaginosa species. R1 was able to grow in the presence of 80 mg/L Hg2+, but the lag phase was much prolonged compared to its growth in the absence of Hg2+. The maximum Hg2+ binding capacity of R1 was 69.9 mg/g, and dead cells could bind 15% more Hg2+ than living cells. Presence of organic substances drastically reduced bioavailability of Hg2+ and subsequently decreased Hg2+ removal ratio from aqueous solution, but this adverse effect could be remarkably alleviated by the simultaneous process of cell propagation and Hg2+ biouptake with actively growing R1. Furthermore, among the functional groups involved in Hg2+ binding, carboxyl group contributed the most, followed by amino & hydroxyl group and phosphate group. XPS analysis disclosed the mercury species bound on yeast cells was HgCl2 rather than HgO or Hg0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danxia Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical/Biochemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xu Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Volant A, Héry M, Desoeuvre A, Casiot C, Morin G, Bertin PN, Bruneel O. Spatial Distribution of Eukaryotic Communities Using High-Throughput Sequencing Along a Pollution Gradient in the Arsenic-Rich Creek Sediments of Carnoulès Mine, France. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:608-620. [PMID: 27535039 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic eukaryotes play a key role in ecosystem functioning, but their diversity remains largely unexplored in most environments. To advance our knowledge of eukaryotic microorganisms and the factors that structure their communities, high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize their diversity and spatial distribution along the pollution gradient of the acid mine drainage at Carnoulès (France). A total of 16,510 reads were retrieved leading to the identification of 323 OTUs after normalization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a quite diverse eukaryotic community characterized by a total of eight high-level lineages including 37 classes. The majority of sequences were clustered in four main groups: Fungi, Stramenopiles, Alveolata and Viridiplantae. The Reigous sediments formed a succession of distinct ecosystems hosting contrasted eukaryotic communities whose structure appeared to be at least partially correlated with sediment mineralogy. The concentration of arsenic in the sediment was shown to be a significant factor driving the eukaryotic community structure along this continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Volant
- Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569, Université de Montpellier, CC0057 (MSE), 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Héry
- Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569, Université de Montpellier, CC0057 (MSE), 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - A Desoeuvre
- Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569, Université de Montpellier, CC0057 (MSE), 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - C Casiot
- Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569, Université de Montpellier, CC0057 (MSE), 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - G Morin
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, IMPMC, UMR 7590 (CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris 6), 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, France
| | - P N Bertin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, GMGM, UMR 7156 (Université de Strasbourg, CNRS), Département Microorganismes, Génomes, Environnement, 28 Rue Goethe, 67083, Strasbourg, France
| | - O Bruneel
- Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5569, Université de Montpellier, CC0057 (MSE), 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090, Montpellier, France
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Addis MF, Tanca A, Landolfo S, Abbondio M, Cutzu R, Biosa G, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S, Mannazzu I. Proteomic analysis ofRhodotorula mucilaginosa: dealing with the issues of a non-conventional yeast. Yeast 2016; 33:433-49. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Landolfo
- Dipartimento di Agraria; Università di Sassari; Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche; Tramariglio Alghero Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Università di Sassari; Italy
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Dziewit L, Pyzik A, Szuplewska M, Matlakowska R, Mielnicki S, Wibberg D, Schlüter A, Pühler A, Bartosik D. Diversity and role of plasmids in adaptation of bacteria inhabiting the Lubin copper mine in Poland, an environment rich in heavy metals. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:152. [PMID: 26074880 PMCID: PMC4447125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lubin underground mine, is one of three mining divisions in the Lubin-Glogow Copper District in Lower Silesia province (Poland). It is the source of polymetallic ore that is rich in copper, silver and several heavy metals. Black shale is also significantly enriched in fossil organic matter in the form of long-chain hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic acids, esters, thiophenes and metalloporphyrins. Biological analyses have revealed that this environment is inhabited by extremophilic bacteria and fungi. Kupfershiefer black shale and samples of water, bottom and mineral sediments from the underground (below 600 m) Lubin mine were taken and 20 bacterial strains were isolated and characterized. All exhibited multi-resistant and hypertolerant phenotypes to heavy metals. We analyzed the plasmidome of these strains in order to evaluate the diversity and role of mobile DNA in adaptation to the harsh conditions of the mine environment. Experimental and bioinformatic analyses of 11 extrachromosomal replicons were performed. Three plasmids, including a broad-host-range replicon containing a Tn3 family transposon, carried genes conferring resistance to arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, mercury and zinc. Functional analysis revealed that the resistance modules exhibit host specificity, i.e., they may increase or decrease tolerance to toxic ions depending on the host strain. The other identified replicons showed diverse features. Among them we identified a catabolic plasmid encoding enzymes involved in the utilization of histidine and vanillate, a putative plasmid-like prophage carrying genes responsible for NAD biosynthesis, and two repABC-type plasmids containing virulence-associated genes. These findings provide an unique molecular insight into the pool of extrachromosomal replicons and highlight their role in the biology and adaptation of extremophilic bacteria inhabiting terrestrial deep subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pyzik
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuplewska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Matlakowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mielnicki
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlüter
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dariusz Bartosik
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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