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Wang Y, Li X, Chen S, Yang J, Fang B, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Structure-Dependent Distribution, Metabolism, and Toxicity Effects of Alkyl Organophosphate Esters in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39298521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the structure-dependent uptake, distribution, biotransformation, and potential toxicity effects of alkyl organophosphate esters (OPEs) in hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Trimethyl, triethyl, and tripropyl phosphates were readily absorbed and acropetally translocated, while tributyl, tripentyl, and trihexyl phosphates accumulated mainly in lateral roots. The acropetal translocation potential was negatively associated with log Kow values. Trimethyl and triethyl phosphates are less prone to biotransformation, while a total of 14 novel hydrolysis, hydroxylated, and conjugated metabolites were identified for other OPEs using nontarget analysis. The extent of hydroxylation decreases from tripropyl phosphate to trihexyl phosphate, but multiple hydroxylations occurred more frequently on longer chain OPEs. Further comparative toxicity test revealed that hydrolyzed and hydroxylated metabolites have stronger toxic effects on Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) than their parent OPEs. Dibutyl 3-hydroxybutyl phosphate particularly induces upregulation of CDPK in lateral roots of lettuce, probably associated with adenine reduction that may play an important role in the self-defense and detoxification processes. This study contributes to understanding the uptake and transformation behaviors of alkyl OPEs as well as their associations with a toxic effect on lettuce. This emphasizes the necessary evaluation of the environmental risk of the use of OPEs, particularly focusing on their hydroxylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Siddiqui MU, Sibtain M, Ahmad F, Zushi Y, Nabi D. Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:554-574. [PMID: 38804286 PMCID: PMC11130967 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts-with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks-significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Siddiqui
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sibtain
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Ahmad
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Cypress, CA 90630, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Ma Y, Yang C, Yao Q, Li F, Mao L, Zhou X, Meng X, Chen L. Nontarget screening analysis of organic compounds in river sediments: a case study in the Taipu River of the Yangtze River Delta Region in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24547-24558. [PMID: 38446294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Sediments are the vital fate of organic compounds, and the recognition of organic compounds in sediments is constructive in providing comprehensive and long-term information. In this study, a three-step nontarget screening (NTS) analysis workflow using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) revealed the extensive existence of organic compounds in the Taipu River sediment. Organic compounds (705) were detected and divided into four structure-related groups or eight use-related classes. In the Taipu River's mainstream, a significant difference was found in the composition profiles of the identified organic compounds among various sites, demonstrating the organic compounds were more abundant in the midstream and downstream than in the upstream. Meanwhile, the hydrodynamic force was recognized as a potential factor influencing organic compounds' occurrence. Based on multiple statistical analyses, the shipping and textile printing industries were considered the significant contributors to the identified organic compounds. Considering the principles of the priority substances and the current status of the substances, two traditional pollutants and ten emerging organic compounds were recognized as the priority organic compounds for the Taipu River. Conclusively, this study established a workflow for NTS analysis of sediment samples and demonstrated the necessity of NTS analysis to evaluate the impact of terrestrial emissions of organic compounds on the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qinglu Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feipeng Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lingchen Mao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiangzhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Zhang D, Zhu Y, Jin Y, Chen B, Zhao B, Li L, Zhou H, Li X, Zheng D, Feng F. Micro gas chromatographic column with copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate modified by multilayer fluorinated graphene as a stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464418. [PMID: 37797421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A composite material was synthesized at room temperature by performing modification of the copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (HKUST-1) metal-organic framework material by multilayer fluorinated graphene (FG). The FG-HKUST-1 composite was used as a stationary phase for a micro gas chromatography column (μGCC) fabricated using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology. The separation results showed that the μGCC with the FG-HKUST-1 composite stationary phase achieved a baseline separation of C1-C4 in 8 min. The retention factors for C2-C4 were 2.13, 7.14, and 12.04, respectively. The maximum relative standard deviation (RSD) of the retention times was 0.14 %. The difference in the retention time between methane and ethane was 1.11 min, with a resolution of 9.2 for methane and ethane. The retention factor of ethane and the resolution of methane and ethane were increased by 166 % and 114 %. Therefore, this μGCC is promising for separating light hydrocarbons with widely differing concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Boxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Haimei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Fei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Song K, Yang X, Wang Y, Wan Z, Wang J, Wen Y, Jiang H, Li A, Zhang J, Lu S, Fan B, Guo S, Ding Y. Addressing new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in an indoor office. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108259. [PMID: 37839268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor pollutants change over time and place. Exposure to hazardous organics is associated with adverse health effects. This work sampled gaseous organics by Tenax TA tubes in two indoor rooms, i.e., an office set as samples, and the room of chassis dynamometer (RCD) set as backgrounds. Compounds are analyzed by a thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometer (TD-GC × GC-qMS). Four new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are screened in 469 organics quantified. We proposed a three-step pipeline for CECs screening utilizing GC × GC including 1) non-target scanning of organics with convincing molecular structures and quantification results, 2) statistical analysis between samples and backgrounds to extract useful information, and 3) pixel-based property estimation to evaluate the contamination potential of addressed chemicals. New CECs spotted in this work are all intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), containing mintketone, isolongifolene, β-funebrene, and (5α)-androstane. Mintketone and sesquiterpenes may be derived from the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs), while (5α)-androstane is probably human-emitted. The occurrence and contamination potential of the addressed new CECs are reported for the first time. Non-target scanning and the measurement of IVOCs are of vital importance to get a full glimpse of indoor organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zichao Wan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yi Wen
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ang Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | | | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoming Fan
- TECHSHIP (Beijing) Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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6
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Duarte RMBO, Brandão PF, Duarte AC. Multidimensional chromatography in environmental analysis: Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid versus gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464288. [PMID: 37573757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of complex environmental matrices poses an extreme challenge for analytical chemists due to the vast number of known and unknown compounds, with very diverse chemical and physical properties. The need for a holistic characterisation of this complexity has sparked the development of effective tools to unravel the chemical composition of such environmental samples. Multidimensional chromatographic methods, namely comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas and liquid chromatography (GC × GC and LC × LC, respectively), coupled to different detection systems have emerged as powerful tools with the capability to address this challenge. While GC × GC has steadily gained popularity in environmental analysis, LC × LC is surprisingly less attractive in this research field. This critical review article explores the potential reasons why LC × LC is not the dominant technique used in environmental analysis as compared to GC × GC, while simultaneously highlighting the quite unique role of LC × LC for the target and untargeted analysis of complex environmental matrices. The possible combinations of stationary phases, the important role of the interfacing valve as the heart of an LC × LC assembly, the existing optimization strategies for improving the separation power in the 2D chromatographic space, and the need for user-friendly mathematical tools for multidimensional data handling are also discussed. Finally, a set of practical measures are suggested to increase the use and secure the success of LC × LC in environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M B O Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Pedro F Brandão
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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Jiang J, Zhao J, Zhao G, Liu L, Song H, Liao S. Recognition, possible source, and risk assessment of organic pollutants in surface water from the Yongding River Basin by non-target and target screening. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121895. [PMID: 37236593 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants in aquatic environment could have important implications on pollution stress on aquatic organisms and even on the risk of human exposure. Thus, revealing their occurrence in aquatic environment is essential for water quality monitoring and ecological risk purposes. In this study, a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography connected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) was applied, to enable non-target and target analysis of pollutants in the Yongding River Basin. Based on the isotopic patterns, accurate masses and standard substances, certain environmental contaminants were tentatively identified which including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), phenols, amines, etc. The compounds with the highest concentration were naphthalene (109.0 ng/L), 2,3-benzofuran (51.5 ng/L) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (35.9 ng/L) in Guishui River. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharges were a main source of pollutants in Yongding River Basin, as the types of compounds screened in the downstream river were relatively similar to those from WWTPs. According to the target analysis, a number of pollutants were selected due to the acute toxicity and cumulative discharge from WWTPs and downstream rivers. Three PAHs (naphthalene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene and pyrene) homologues showed moderate risk to fish and H. Azteca in Yongding River Basin, while the rest of the measured chemicals showed low ecological impact across the entire study area based on the risk assessment. The results are helpful for understanding the necessity of high-throughput screening analysis for assessing water quality of rivers and the discharge emissions of pollutants from WWTPs to the river environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, No.12 South Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, No.12 South Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, No.12 South Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huarong Song
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, No.12 South Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China; Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Siyuan Liao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, No.12 South Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
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Ren P, Wang M, Zheng H, Gao Z, Han Z, Liu Y, Cai M. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of conazole fungicides in surface seawater of the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114796. [PMID: 36898271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conazole fungicides (CFs), the common-used pesticide in agriculture distributed widely in the environment. This research analyzed the occurrence, potential sources, and risks of eight CFs in the East China Sea surface seawater in the early summer of 2020. The total CF concentration ranged from 0.30 to 6.20 ng/L, with an average value of 1.64 ± 1.24 ng/L. Fenbuconazole, hexaconazole, and triadimenol were the major CFs that comprised >96 % of the total concentration. The Yangtze River was identified as the significant source of CFs from the coastal regions to the off-shore inputs. Ocean current was the first-order factor controlling the content and distribution of CFs in the East China Sea. Although risk assessment revealed CFs posed a low or no substantial risk to ecology and human health, long-term monitoring was also encouraged. This study provided a theoretical foundation for assessing CFs' pollution levels and potential risks in the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ren
- Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zheyi Han
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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9
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Tang R, Song K, Gong Y, Sheng D, Zhang Y, Li A, Yan S, Yan S, Zhang J, Tan Y, Guo S. Detailed Speciation of Semi-Volatile and Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (S/IVOCs) in Marine Fuel Oils Using GC × GC-MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2508. [PMID: 36767874 PMCID: PMC9916049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ship emissions contribute substantial air pollutants when at berth. However, the complexity and diversity of the marine fuels utilized hinder our understanding and mapping of the characteristics of ship emissions. Herein, we applied GC × GC-MS to analyze the components of marine fuel oils. Owing to the high separation capacity of GC × GC-MS, 11 classes of organic compounds, including b-alkanes, alkenes, and cyclo-alkanes, which can hardly be resolved by traditional one-dimensional GC-MS, were detected. Significant differences are observed between light (-10# and 0#) and heavy (120# and 180#) fuels. Notably, -10# and 0# diesel fuels are more abundant in b-alkanes (44~49%), while in 120# and 180#, heavy fuels b-alkanes only account for 8%. Significant enhancement of naphthalene proportions is observed in heavy fuels (20%) compared to diesel fuels (2~3%). Hopanes are detected in all marine fuels and are especially abundant in heavy marine fuels. The volatility bins, one-dimensional volatility-based set (VBS), and two-dimensional VBS (volatility-polarity distributions) of marine fuel oils are investigated. Although IVOCs still take dominance (62-66%), the proportion of SVOCs in heavy marine fuels is largely enhanced, accounting for ~30% compared to 6~12% in diesel fuels. Furthermore, the SVOC/IVOC ratio could be applied to distinguish light and heavy marine fuel oils. The SVOC/IVOC ratios for -10# diesel fuel, 0# diesel fuel, 120# heavy marine fuel, and 180# heavy marine fuel are 0.085 ± 0.046, 0.168 ± 0.159, 0.504, and 0.439 ± 0.021, respectively. Our work provides detailed information on marine fuel compositions and could be further implemented in estimating organic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from marine fuel storage and evaporation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Tang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- School of Environment and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanzheng Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dezun Sheng
- School of Environment and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ang Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shuyuan Yan
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- Department of Investigation Shanghai Police College, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yu Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Hashimoto S, Takazawa Y, Ieda T, Omagari R, Nakajima D, Nakamura S, Suzuki N. Application of rapid air sampling and non-targeted analysis using thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry to accidental fire. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135021. [PMID: 35598787 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To be able to gauge the health risks and biological effects of e-waste fires, it is of key importance to know what types and amounts of chemicals are released when they occur. In this case study, we pumped 6-24 L of air from an accidental fire at a recycling depot through a Tenax-TA tube and conducted comprehensive (non-targeted) analysis by thermal desorption/comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD/GC × GC/ToFMS). A special focus was placed on the search for halogenated compounds. More than 5000 components were detected in the atmosphere around the fire; however, component separation was insufficient, even when using GC × GC. The number of organohalogen compounds retrieved was increased about 1.8-fold by the refinement process of the exact mass spectrum using mass defect filtering (MDF) software. After processed by MDF, 386 peaks were concluded to be halogenated compounds. The major retrieved substances included chlorinated (or chlorinated-brominated) dioxins, chlorinated (or brominated) phenols, benzene, and various other halogenated aromatic compounds. Direct comparison of mass spectra was carried out to investigate the potential for qualitative and quantitative comparison of detected peaks without specific identification. The approximate quantitative values are summarized for each compound in the estimated substance group. Their ratios were estimated to be halogenated phenols: 13%, benzenes: 9.6%, dibenzo-p-dioxins: 9.6%, dibenzofurans: 8.4%, biphenyls; 7.4% and toluenes: 6.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teruyo Ieda
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Ryo Omagari
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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11
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Zushi Y. Direct Prediction of Physicochemical Properties and Toxicities of Chemicals from Analytical Descriptors by GC-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9149-9157. [PMID: 35700270 PMCID: PMC9246259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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With advances in
machine learning (ML) techniques, the quantitative
structure–activity relationship (QSAR) approach is becoming
popular for evaluating chemicals. However, the QSAR approach requires
that the chemical structure of the target compound is known and that
it should be convertible to molecular descriptors. These requirements
lead to limitations in predicting the properties and toxicities of
chemicals distributed in the environment as in the PubChem database;
the structural information on only 14% of compounds is available.
This study proposes a new ML-based QSAR approach that can predict
the properties and toxicities of compounds using analytical descriptors
of mass spectrum and retention index obtained via gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry without requiring exact structural information. The model
was developed based on the XGBoost ML method. The root-mean-square
errors (RMSEs) for log Ko-w, log (molecular weight), melting point,
boiling point, log (vapor pressure), log (water solubility), log (LD50) (rat, oral), and log (LD50) (mouse, oral) are
0.97, 0.052, 51, 23, 0.74, 1.1, 0.74, and 0.6, respectively. The model
performed well on a chemical standard mixture measurement, with similar
results to those of model validation. It also performed well on a
measurement of contaminated oil with spectral deconvolution. These
results indicate that the model is suitable for investigating unknown-structured
chemicals detected in measurements. Any online user can execute the
model through a web application named Detective-QSAR (http://www.mixture-platform.net/Detective_QSAR_Med_Open/). The analytical descriptor-based approach is expected to create
new opportunities for the evaluation of unknown chemicals around us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Zushi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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12
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Thin-film microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry screening for presence of multiclass organic pollutants in drinking water samples. Talanta 2022; 242:123301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Huang D, Gao L, Zheng M, Qiao L, Xu C, Wang K, Wang S. Screening organic contaminants in soil by two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A non-target analysis strategy and contaminated area case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112420. [PMID: 34838571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of organic substances that are used in industrial applications ultimately enter the soil and may negatively affect human health. Limited numbers of target pollutants are usually monitored in environmental media because of analytical limitations. In this study, a non-target screening method for quickly analyzing multiple soil samples from a contaminated area (a chemical industry park) by two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed. The types of compounds present in the soil samples were preliminarily analyzed through data simplification and visual assessment. A total of 81 organic compounds with detection frequencies ≥40% in the samples from the chemical industry park were selected for identification, including 38 PAHs, 26 oxygenated organic compounds, eight N-containing compounds, and nine other compounds. Potential sources of the organic compounds in the industrial park were investigated. Some pharmaceutical and organic synthetic intermediates in the soil were affected by nearby chemical plants. After assessing the relative abundances and detection frequencies, 36 pollutants that may pose potential risks to the environment were preliminarily identified. The results of the study were helpful for assessing environmental risks around Yangkou industrial park and they will be helpful when assessing risks in other contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | | | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Bejing, 100012, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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14
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Zushi Y. NMF-Based Spectral Deconvolution with a Web Platform GC Mixture Touch. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2742-2748. [PMID: 33553892 PMCID: PMC7860082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Complete separation of chemicals in a complex mixture is far from being achieved even with the current high-performance separation technology, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several deconvolution techniques based on multivariate curve resolution (MCR), or model peak methods, which are represented by AMDIS, have been developed to address the above-mentioned issue. The model peak methods have been developed to provide easy-to-use tools, including AMDIS, but are limited for MCR with approximation methods. The objective of this study was to provide an easy-to-use deconvolution tool based on the MCR approach for GC-MS data. The spectral deconvolution tool based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which calculates outputs using an approximation method, was implemented as a free web platform, namely, GC Mixture Touch, clarifying the effects of the parameters required for the deconvolution. The GC Mixture Touch was applied to the actual mixture sample of road dust spiked with chemical standards. The recommended parameter settings for smoothing of the chromatogram, the number of ranks, and the NMF algorithm for the deconvolution were clarified through the study. The performance with the suggested parameters was evaluated with respect to compound identification for the actual sample. All of the test compounds in the sample were correctly identified with the GC Mixture Touch, outperforming AMDIS with respect to the identification. The GC Mixture Touch is easy to use on the web even for users without programming skills. This is expected to enhance the application of the NMF-based deconvolution, and it should prove helpful in finding the compounds hidden in complex mixtures that are difficult to find using conventional approaches.
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15
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Murrell KA, Dorman FL. Characterization and quantification of methyl-benzotriazoles and chloromethyl-benzotriazoles produced from disinfection processes in wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134310. [PMID: 31678887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the major sources of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the environment. Benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors are a class of CECs that are resistant to biodegradation and have been reported in waters varying from WWTP effluent to groundwater and drinking water. This study examined wastewater influent and effluent grab samples over three years using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC × GC) to discover six target benzotriazoles, four of which have never been properly characterized in water prior to this work. The six benzotriazoles were two methyl isomers (4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole) as well as four chloromethyl isomers (previously unidentified). Using targeted analysis, the benzotriazoles were quantified and semi-quantified in the wastewater. In all seasons sampled but one, the concentration of three of the four chloromethyl-benzotriazoles increased from the influent to effluent waters. For the first time, it was observed that the 4 and 5-methyl-benzotriazoles interact with the sodium hypochlorite in the tertiary treatment step of the WWTP leading to the formation of the four chloromethyl-benzotriazoles. This was confirmed with lab scale synthesis of the reaction where the products were chromatographically analyzed and matched mass spectral and retention time data of the water samples. Assisted by the mass spectral fragmentation information, the four chloromethyl-benzotriazole isomers were tentatively identified as 4-chloromethyl-2H-benzotriazole, 5-chloromethyl-1H-benzotriazole, 4-chloromethyl-1H-benzotriazole, and 5-chloromethyl-2H-benzotriazole, in order of elution. No analytical standards are available for the chloromethyl-benzotriazole compounds and this is the first attempted identification of them in waters. The yearly mass loadings of total benzotriazoles were estimated to average between 148.86 and 394.64 kg/year at this particular facility. The WWTP studied reuses all effluent water for irrigation of crop and forested land so this high value of benzotriazoles entering the environment is concerning and the impacts need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra A Murrell
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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16
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Yang X, Wang C, Shao H, Zheng Q. Non-targeted screening and analysis of volatile organic compounds in drinking water by DLLME with GC-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133494. [PMID: 31398650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water may potentially be hazardous. We developed a novel non-targeted analysis method of VOCs in drinking water that uses dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis parameters were selected from range-finding tests on the peak number and average area of the extracted compounds. The optimized method was applied to analyze VOCs in tap water samples collected from Wuhan City, China. Twenty-seven compounds with high match degrees and a high prevalence were selected for quantification and evaluation. We used structure-activity relationships to predict the carcinogenicity of these compounds. Although most of the compounds were non-toxic, compounds such as dibutyl phthalate and diacetone alcohol should be investigated further. Untargeted analysis of the tap water samples identified 75-200 VOCs, including 67 highly prevalent compounds. Industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals accounted for approximately 70% of the VOCs in the samples. This method of non-targeted analysis and in silico toxicity prediction is simple and economic, and could be used in screening VOCs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Huancong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
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17
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Zushi Y, Yamatori Y, Nagata J, Nabi D. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography-based property estimation to assess the fate and behavior of complex mixtures: A case study of vehicle engine oil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:739-745. [PMID: 30893629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to estimate the properties and assess the potential environmental risk of analytes in a complex mixture by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). A GC × GC-based estimation model was calibrated for 12 physicochemical properties that were relevant to the environment or to biological organisms, including human beings. Vehicle engine oil that had been contaminated by numerous compounds during its use was investigated as a case study to which the GC × GC model could be applied. Engine-oil samples were collected from a vehicle at intervals over a distance of 11407 km. The carbon and nitrogen contents in the oil remained unchanged at 83%-84% and 2%-5%, respectively, during the run; however, in excess of 100 compounds were present in the oil upon completion of the run. Post analyses of the studied mixture samples were performed with the developed GC × GC model, which links mass spectral information for structural identification. The GC × GC model allows us to classify the detected analytes in complex mixtures in terms of their properties, such as their aquatic bioaccumulation potential. The application of the model showed that the analyzed engine oil contained in excess of 100 compounds that could accumulate in aquatic biota and reach the arctic via long-range transport, which suggests that the components in the complex mixture of engine oil could pose a risk. The newly developed model that was derived in this study shows great potential for use in the mixture assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Zushi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamatori
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Jun Nagata
- Global Application Development Center, Shimadzu Corporation, 380-1, Horiyamashita, Hadano, Kanagawa 259-1304, Japan
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
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18
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Zushi Y, Hashimoto S. Direct Classification of GC × GC-Analyzed Complex Mixtures Using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization-Based Feature Extraction. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3819-3825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Zushi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shunji Hashimoto
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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19
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Chung IY, Park YM, Lee HJ, Kim H, Kim DH, Kim IG, Kim SM, Do YS, Seok KS, Kwon JH. Nontarget screening using passive air and water sampling with a level II fugacity model to identify unregulated environmental contaminants. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 62:84-91. [PMID: 29289295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment. For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identifying residual organic contaminants in air and water in Korea, nontarget screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was conducted at 10 sites using polyurethane foam passive air sampler and at 6 sites using polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) passive water sampler in three different seasons in 2014. More than 600 chemical peaks were identified satisfying the identification criteria in air and water samples, respectively, providing a list for further investigation. Chemical substances with reported national emission rates in 2014 (n=149) were also screened for potential existence in the environment using a level II fugacity model. Most of chemical substances classified as not detectable were not identified with detection frequency greater than 20% by nontarget screening, indicating that a simple equilibrium model has a strong potential to be used to exclude chemicals that are not likely to remain in the environment after emissions from targeted monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Chung
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Park
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Kim
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Kim
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Kim
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Do
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Seol Seok
- Chemical Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Pixel-by-pixel correction of retention time shifts in chromatograms from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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