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Gao J, Zou C, Zhang X, Guo W, Yu R, Ni Y, Liu D, Kang L, Liu Y, Kondash A, Vengosh A. The water footprint of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas extraction in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168135. [PMID: 37890628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of shale gas extraction worldwide has raised significant concerns about its impact on water resources. China is expected to undergo a shale revolution following the U.S. Most of the information on water footprint of shale gas exploration and hydraulic fracturing has been focused on the U.S. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by establishing a comprehensive database of shale gas extraction in China, utilizing operational data from over 90 % of shale gas wells across the country. We present systematic analysis of water usage and flowback and produced water (FP water) production from all the major shale gas fields in China. Between 2012 and 2022, a total of 2740 shale gas wells were hydraulically fractured in China, primarily located in Sichuan and Chongqing Province. About 113 million m3 water was used for hydraulic fracturing, resulting in a cumulative shale gas production of 116 billion m3. As of 2022, the annual water use for hydraulic fracturing exceeded 20 million m3, and the annual FP water production reached 8.56 million m3. Notably, 80 % ~ 90 % of the FP water has been reused for hydraulic fracturing since 2020, accounting for 29 % to 35 % of the annual water usage for hydraulic fracturing. Water use per well in China varies primarily between 21,730 m3 to 61,070 m3 per well, and water use per horizontal length ranges primarily between 20 m3/m and 35 m3/m. The average ultimate FP water production per well in China was estimated to be 22,460 m3. The water use intensity (WUI) for shale gas extraction in China mainly ranges from 7 to 25.4 L/GJ, which is significantly higher than that of the U.S. This disparity is largely due to the lower Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of shale gas wells in China. Despite the considerable water consumption during the hydraulic fracturing process, shale gas has a relatively low water footprint compared to other conventional energy resources in China. The Produced water intensity (PWI) for shale gas extraction in China ranges from 3.9 to 7.3 L/GJ, which is consistent with the previously reported PWI values for shale gas extraction in the U.S. This study predicts water usage and FP production spanning the period 2023 to 2050 under two scenarios to assess the potential impact of shale gas extraction on water resources in the Longmaxi shale region in Sichuan Basin. The first scenario assumed a constant drilling rate, while the second assumed a yearly 10 % increase in drilling rate. With an assumed FP water reuse rate of 85 % for hydraulic fracturing, the estimated annual freshwater consumption for the two scenarios is 10.4 million m3 and 163 million m3, respectively. This accounts for only 0.28‱ and 4.4‱ of the total annual surface water resources in Sichuan and Chongqing Province. Our findings suggest that freshwater usage for hydraulic fracturing in humid Southern China is small relative to available surface water resources. However, prospective large-scale shale gas extraction in other arid and semi-arid regions may enhance the regional water scarcity. It is necessary to develop new hydraulic fracturing technologies that can use saline groundwater or other types of marginal water, and explore alternative management and treatment strategies for FP water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Gao
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Caineng Zou
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Guo
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongze Yu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Dan Liu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lixia Kang
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Andrew Kondash
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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Li Y, Bai H, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang D, Xu M, Zhang H, Lu P. An integrated approach to identify the source apportionment of potentially toxic metals in shale gas exploitation area soil, and the associated ecological and human health risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132006. [PMID: 37453347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Public awareness of the potential environmental risks of shale gas extraction has increased in recent years. However, the status and environmental risks of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in shale gas field soil remain unclear. A total of 96 topsoil samples were collected from the first shale gas exploitation area in China. The sources of nine PTMs in the soils were identified using positive matrix factorization and correlation analysis, and the ecological and human health risks of toxic metals from different sources under the two land use types were calculated. The results showed that mean pollution load index (PLI) values for farmland (1.18) and woodland (1.40) indicated moderate pollution, As, Cd and Ni were the most serious contaminants among all nine PTMs. The following four sources were identified: shale gas extraction activities (43.90%), nature sources (31.90%), agricultural and traffic activities (17.55%) and industrial activities (6.55%). For ecological risk, the mean ecological risk index (RI) values for farmlands (161.95) and woodlands (185.27) reaching considerable risk. The contribution ratio of shale gas extraction activities for farmlands and woodlands were 5.70% and 8.90%, respectively. Regarding human health risk, noncarcinogenic risks for adults in farmlands and woodlands were negligible. Industrial activities, agricultural and traffic activities were estimated to be the important sources of health risks. Overall, shale gas extraction activities had little impact on the ecological and human health risk. This study provides scientific evidence regarding the soil contamination potential of shale gas development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongcheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yutong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Academy of Eco-environmental Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of GIS Application and Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of GIS Application and Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Shi H, He X, Zhou C, Wang L, Xiao Y. Hydrochemistry, Sources and Management of Fracturing Flowback Fluid in Tight Sandstone Gasfield in Sulige Gasfield (China). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:284-298. [PMID: 36737498 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing technologies have been frequently utilized in the oil and gas industry as exploration and development efforts have progressed, resulting in a significant increase in the extraction of natural gas and petroleum from low-permeability reservoirs. However, hydraulic fracturing requires a large amount of freshwater, and the process results in the production of large volumes of flowback water along with natural gas. In this study, three tight sandstone gas wells were fractured in the Sulige gasfield (China), and a total of 103 flowback fluid samples were collected. The hydrochemical characteristics, water quality and sources of hydrochemical components in the flowback fluid were discussed. The results show that the flowback fluid is characterized by high salinity (Total dissolved solids (TDS) up to 38,268 mg/L, Cl- up to 24,000 mg/L), high concentrations of metal ions (e.g., Fe, Sr2+, Ba2+) and high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The flowback fluid is a complex mixture of fracturing fluid and formation water, and its composition is impacted by water-rock interactions that occur during hydraulic fracturing. The major contaminants include COD, Fe, Ba2+, Cl-, Mn and pH, which constitute a high risk of environmental pollution. Meanwhile, chemical elements such as K, Ba and Sr are unusually enriched in the flowback fluid, which has an excellent potential for recycle of chemical elements. The Sulige gasfield's flowback fluid recovery methods and treatment scenarios were discussed, taking into consideration the pollution and resource characteristics of the flowback fluid. Options for dealing with the flowback fluid include deep well reinjection, reuse for making up fracturing fluid, recycling of chemical elements and diverse reuse of flowback water. This research offers guidance for managing the fracturing flowback fluid in unconventional oil and gas fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Changjing Zhou
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanxiang Xiao
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
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Luo M, Yang H, Wang K, Song F, He Y, Zhang Y, Zhong C. Coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis with persulfate advanced oxidation for hydraulic fracturing return fluid treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137415. [PMID: 36464016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the sustainability of the hydraulic fracturing water cycle of unconventional oil and gas development needs an advanced water treatment that can efferently treat flowback and produced water (FPW). In this study, we developed a robust two-stage process that combines flocculation, and iron-carbon micro-electrolysis plus sodium persulfate (ICEPS) advanced oxidation to treat field-based FPW from the Sulige tight gas field, China. Influencing factors and optimal conditions of the flocculation-ICEPS process were investigated. The flocculation-ICEPS system at optimal conditions sufficiently removed the total organic contents (95.71%), suspended solids (92.4%), and chroma (97.5%), but the reaction stoichiometric efficiency (RSE) value was generally less than 5%. The particles and chroma were effectively removed by flocculation, and the organic contents was mainly removed by the ICEPS system. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed to track the changes in FPW chemical compositions through the oxidation of the ICEPS process. Multiple analyses demonstrated that PS was involved in the activation of Fe oxides and hydroxides accreted on the surface of the ICE system for FPW treatment, which led to increasing organics removal rate of the ICEPS system compared to the conventional ICE system. Our study suggests that the flocculation-ICEPS system is a promising FPW treatment process, which provides technical and mechanistic foundations for further field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hanchao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuntai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Song
- Chengdu Xiyouhuawei Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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He X, Li P, Shi H, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Zhao H. Identifying strontium sources of flowback fluid and groundwater pollution using 87Sr/ 86Sr and geochemical model in Sulige gasfield, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135594. [PMID: 35803383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing technology has made unconventional oil and gas development economically viable; however, it can lead to potential environmental issues such as groundwater pollution. Strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) is considered as a sensitive tracer to indicate potential groundwater contamination. In this study, strontium (Sr) and 87Sr/86Sr sources of hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid are identified with 87 flowback fluid samples and 5 borehole core samples. High Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr values were found in fracturing flowback fluid. The hydrogeochemistry evidence shows high Sr and 87Sr/86Sr in fracturing flowback fluid mainly comes from formation water with high ion concentrations, while Sr and 87Sr/86Sr of formation water develop in diagenesis and long term water-rock interaction (e.g., feldspar dissolution and clay mineral transformations) under the high temperature and pressure. A complete evaluation system was executed to assess the sensitivity of 87Sr/86Sr indicating potential pollution on groundwater. The mixing curves which 87Sr/86Sr combined with Sr and Cl were also established by mixing models to indicate groundwater pollution. The modeling results show mineral dissolution/precipitation and cation exchange have little impact on 87Sr/86Sr in the mixing process between fracturing flowback fluid and groundwater, which 87Sr/86Sr can identify contamination when only 0.89% of fracturing flowback fluid mixes with groundwater. Finally, the potential contamination pathways are discussed. It is highly unlikely fracturing flowback fluid contaminates groundwater and soil through upward migration, whereas leakage is a more prevalent pollution pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong He
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hua Shi
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanxiang Xiao
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanghang Zhao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
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Liang J, Xie T, Liu Y, Wu Q, Bai Y, Liu B. Granular activated carbon (GAC) fixed bed adsorption combined with ultrafiltration for shale gas wastewater internal reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113486. [PMID: 35597290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane processes are widely applied in shale gas flowback and produced water (SGFPW) reuse. However, particulate matters and organic matters aggravate membrane fouling, which is one of the major restrictions on SGFPW reuse. The present study proposed fixed bed adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) for the first time to investigate the treatment performance and membrane fouling mechanism. The adsorption of GAC for SGFPW was best described by the Temkin isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. GAC fixed bed pretreatment with different empty bed contact times (EBCT) (30, 60 and 90 min) showed the significant removal rate for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and turbidity, which was 34.7%-42.4% and 98.1%-98.9%, respectively. According to characterization of UF membrane fouling layer, particulate matters and organic matters caused major part of membrane fouling. After being treated by GAC fixed bed, total fouling index (TFI) and hydraulic irreversible fouling index (HIFI) respectively decreased by more than 32.5% and 18.3% respectively, showing the mitigation effect of GAC fixed bed on membrane fouling. According to the XDLVO theory, GAC fixed bed also mitigated membrane fouling by reducing the hydrophobic interactions between the foulants and the UF membrane. The integrated GAC fixed bed-UF process produced high-quality effluents that met the water quality standards of SGFPW internal reuse, which was an effective technology of the SGFPW reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials & Devices (Ministry of Education), Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, PR China
| | - Tianqiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials & Devices (Ministry of Education), Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, PR China
| | - Yuanhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials & Devices (Ministry of Education), Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Ave., Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Qidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials & Devices (Ministry of Education), Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Ave., Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Yuhua Bai
- Infrastructure Construction Department, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Baicang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Engineering Research Center of Alternative Energy Materials & Devices (Ministry of Education), Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Ave., Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China.
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Produced Water Treatment and Valorization: A Techno-Economical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental concerns have urged companies in the energy sector to modify their industrial activities to facilitate greater environmental stewardship. For example, the practice of unconventional oil and gas extraction has drawn the ire of regulators and various environmental groups due to its reliance on millions of barrels of fresh water—which is generally drawn from natural sources and public water supplies—for hydraulic fracturing well stimulation. Additionally, this process generates two substantial waste streams, which are collectively characterized as flowback and produced water. Whereas flowback water is comprised of various chemical additives that are used during hydraulic fracturing; produced water is a complex mixture of microbiota, inorganic and organic constituents derived from the petroliferous strata. This review will discuss the obstacles of managing and treating flowback and produced waters, concentrating on the hardest constituents to remove by current technologies and their effect on the environment if left untreated. Additionally, this work will address the opportunities associated with repurposing produced water for various applications as an alternative to subsurface injection, which has a number of environmental concerns. This review also uses lithium to evaluate the feasibility of extracting valuable metals from produced water using commercially available technologies.
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Ghafoori S, Omar M, Koutahzadeh N, Zendehboudi S, Malhas RN, Mohamed M, Al-Zubaidi S, Redha K, Baraki F, Mehrvar M. New advancements, challenges, and future needs on treatment of oilfield produced water: A state-of-the-art review. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zhang J, Liu P, Ren Y, Du Y, Geng C, Ma J, Zhao F. Treatment of shale gas produced water by magnetic CuFe 2O 4/TNTs hybrid heterogeneous catalyzed ozone: Efficiency and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127124. [PMID: 34523472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic spinel ferrite (CuFe2O4) has been applied to catalyze ozone for treating the practical shale gas produced water (PW) in our previous study. In this work, CuFe2O4/titanium nanotubes (TNTs) catalyst was successfully prepared by an impregnation-calcination method. Characterization results revealed that the crystal form of CuFe2O4 was bound to the surface of TNTs, the particle size is much smaller than the pure CuFe2O4 crystal particle, which could weaken the influence of the internal diffusion process on its catalytic efficiency. The experimental results showed that the removal ratio of CODCr in the CuFe2O4/TNTs/O3 system was approximately 14% higher than that of the CuFe2O4/O3 system. The dissolution of metal elements decreased to one-third that of the CuFe2O4/O3 system. The inhibition ratio of PW on the growth of E. coli K12 decreased 68% after the CuFe2O4/TNTs catalytic oxidation process. Experimental results of complete capture experiments illustrated that the yield of HO• of the CuFe2O4/TNTs/O3 system was 10-19% higher than that of the CuFe2O4/O3 system. The elemental valence analysis revealed that the transition of Cu(II)-Cu(III) and Fe(II)-Fe(III) coexisted in the catalytic system. Besides, the surface hydroxyl groups promoted the electron transfer process and enhanced the ozone adsorption affinity. The proposed catalytic mechanisms of the CuFe2O4/TNTs/O3 system were proposed via the above analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China, 150001
| | - Pingxin Liu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China, 150001.
| | - Yueming Ren
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China, 150001
| | - Yunchen Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin PR China, 150001
| | - Chengbao Geng
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China, 150001
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China, 150001.
| | - Fangbo Zhao
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China, 150001.
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10
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Facile preparation of antifouling nanofiltration membrane by grafting zwitterions for reuse of shale gas wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Farinelli G, Coha M, Minella M, Fabbri D, Pazzi M, Vione D, Tiraferri A. Evaluation of Fenton and modified Fenton oxidation coupled with membrane distillation for produced water treatment: Benefits, challenges, and effluent toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148953. [PMID: 34328879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation is a promising technology to desalinate hypersaline produced waters. However, the organic content can foul and wet the membrane, while some fractions may pass into the distillate and impair its quality. In this study, the applicability of the traditional Fenton process was investigated and preliminarily optimized as a pre-treatment of a synthetic hypersaline produced water for the following step of membrane distillation. The Fenton process was also compared to a modified Fenton system, whereby safe iron ligands, i.e., ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate and citrate, were used to overcome practical limitations of the traditional reaction. The oxidation pre-treatments achieved up to 55% removal of the dissolved organic carbon and almost complete degradation of the low molecular weight toxic organic contaminants. The pre-treatment steps did not improve the productivity of the membrane distillation process, but they allowed for obtaining a final effluent with significantly higher quality in terms of organic content and reduced Vibrio fischeri inhibition, with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values up to 25 times those measured for the raw produced water. The addition of iron ligands during the oxidation step simplified the process, but resulted in an effluent of slightly lower quality in terms of toxicity compared to the use of traditional Fenton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Farinelli
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Coha
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
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Song T, Fu W, Liu S, Zhang X. Integration of coagulation and ozonation with flat-sheet ceramic membrane filtration for shale gas hydraulic fracturing wastewater treatment: A laboratory study. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2298-2307. [PMID: 34216175 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the integrated process of coagulation and ozonation with ceramic membrane filtration was evaluated for the treatment of shale gas hydraulic fracturing flowback wastewater (HFFW). The removal efficiencies of carbon oxygen demand (CODCr ), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), petroleum oils, and turbidity in effluent by the combined process were 87.1%, 72.2%, 94.3%, and 99.6%, respectively. Compared with sole membrane filtration, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) of ceramic membrane filtration was reduced by >99% with the integrated process. The coagulation and ozonation can effectively remove the organics with high molecular weights in the cake layer of ceramic membrane. To the best of our knowledge, this work proposed the combined process of coagulation, ozonation, and flat-sheet ceramic membrane filtration for the treatment of HFFW for the first time. The water quality of the effluent met the discharge standard (Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard GB8978-1996). The findings can provide an important technical foundation for the innovation of integrated equipment for HFFW treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: An integrated process combining coagulation and ozonation with flat-sheet ceramic membrane ultrafiltration for the treatment of shale gas wastewater. The water quality of this integrated process met the discharge standard. Coagulation and ozonation effectively alleviated the membrane fouling related to organics with high molecular weights. A new avenue for on-site treatment of shale gas wastewater and an alternative of the current centralized wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanyi Fu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohui Liu
- Zhangjiagang Huayuan Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Ji Y, Zhang Z, Zhuang Y, Liao R, Zhou Z, Chen S. Molecular-level variation of dissolved organic matter and microbial structure of produced water during its early storage in Fuling shale gas field, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38361-38373. [PMID: 33733405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shale gas-produced water (PW), the waste fluid generated during gas production, contains a large number of organic contaminants and high salinity matrix. Previous studies generally focused on the end-of-pipe treatment of the PW and ignored the early collection process. In this study, the transformation of the molecular composition and microbial community structure of the PW in the transportation and storage process (i.e., from the gas-liquid separator to the storage tank) were investigated. As the PW was transported from the gas-liquid separator to the portable storage tank, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) showed greater saturation, less oxidation, and lower polarity. DOMs with high O/C and low H/C ratios (numbers of oxygen and hydrogen divided by numbers of carbon) were eliminated, which may be due to precipitation or adsorption by the solids suspended in the PW. The values of double-bond equivalent (DBE), DBE/C (DBE divided by the number of carbon), and aromatic index (AI) decreased, likely because of the microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. The PW in the gas-liquid separator presented a lower biodiversity than that in the storage tank. The microbial community in the storage tank showed the coexistence of anaerobes and aerobes. Genera related to biocorrosion and souring were detected in the two facilities, thus indicating the necessity of more efficient anticorrosion strategies. This study helps to enhance the understanding of the environmental behavior of PW during shale gas collection and provides a scientific reference for the design and formulation of efficient transportation and storage strategies to prevent and control the environmental risk of shale gas-derived PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yiling Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rugang Liao
- Sinopec Chongqing Fuling Shale Gas Exploration & Development Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 408014, China
| | - Zejun Zhou
- Sinopec Chongqing Fuling Shale Gas Exploration & Development Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 408014, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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14
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Zhong C, Zolfaghari A, Hou D, Goss GG, Lanoil BD, Gehman J, Tsang DCW, He Y, Alessi DS. Comparison of the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle in China and North America: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7167-7185. [PMID: 33970611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable debate about the sustainability of the hydraulic fracturing (HF) water cycle in North America. Recently, this debate has expanded to China, where HF activities continue to grow. Here, we provide a critical review of the HF water cycle in China, including water withdrawal practices and flowback and produced water (FPW) management and their environmental impacts, with a comprehensive comparison to the U.S. and Canada (North America). Water stress in arid regions, as well as water management challenges, FPW contamination of aquatic and soil systems, and induced seismicity are all impacts of the HF water cycle in China, the U.S., and Canada. In light of experience gained in North America, standardized practices for analyzing and reporting FPW chemistry and microbiology in China are needed to inform its efficient and safe treatment, discharge and reuse, and identification of potential contaminants. Additionally, conducting ecotoxicological studies is an essential next step to fully reveal the impacts of accidental FPW releases into aquatic and soil ecosystems in China. From a policy perspective, the development of China's unconventional resources lags behind North America's in terms of overall regulation, especially with regard to water withdrawal, FPW management, and routine monitoring. Our study suggests that common environmental risks exist within the world's two largest HF regions, and practices used in North America may help prevent or mitigate adverse effects in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ashkan Zolfaghari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian D Lanoil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel Gehman
- Department of Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Management, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Messaoudi M, Douma M, Tijani N, Messaoudi L. Study of the permeability of tubular mineral membranes: application to wastewater treatment. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06837. [PMID: 33981894 PMCID: PMC8082269 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This research work opens up the possibility of developing tubular mineral membranes from Moroccan clay powders and their use in water permeability tests and wastewater treatment. The aim is to show the possibility of using clay as a low-cost raw material for the production of ceramic membranes with high mechanical and chemical performances. In a first step, we developed ceramic membranes by extruding a prepared plastic paste with the addition of an optimized amount of wood powder as organic matter (OM) to improve the porosity characteristics of the final products after firing. Several parameters are controlled such as the chemical and mineralogical composition of the starting clay powder, the granulometry and the final sintering temperature. The effect of sintering temperature in the range from 800 to 1000 °C, and OM addition (5, 10, 15wt%) on tubular membrane properties such as mechanical and chemical resistance, porosity and permeability were investigated. It was found that the incorporation of OM in the raw clay enhance the pore volume and the permeate flux but it was also accompanied by a decrease in mechanical strength. The membrane sintered at 1000 °C with 15wt% of OM is considered as optimized membrane and it was applied for the second stage of this work. This stage concerns the treatment of wastewater from a thermal complex located 12 km south of the city of Meknes, Morocco, through a treatment by a biological disk microstation. The filtrate obtained then undergoes tangential filtration by the membranes elaborated and optimized following the evolution of the pollution parameters. Based on physicochemical and biological analyses of wastewater after treatment by the coupled system, the membranes obtained have a good permeability and an excellent pollution removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Messaoudi
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, PB 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Douma
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, PB 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Najib Tijani
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, PB 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Messaoudi
- Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, PB 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
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Liang J, Wang Q, Li J, Guo S, Ke M, Gamal El-Din M, Chen C. Effects of anaerobic granular sludge towards the treatment of flowback water in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor: Comparison between mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124784. [PMID: 33548817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cost-effective treatment of flowback water remains a challenge for the sustainability of shale gas development. This study evaluated the efficiency of anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) technology for flowback water treatment under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The granule characteristics and metagenomic characterization were also investigated. Thermophilic AnGS achieved 70.9% of COD removal and 362 NmL/d of methane production, higher than those for mesophilic AnGS (60.0% and 241 NmL/d). Thermophilic AnGS had higher extracellular polymeric substances content but low granular size and settleability. Metagenomic analysis revealed the genes related to hydrolysis acidification and carbohydrate metabolism were upregulated during thermophilic condition. Thermophilic condition most likely improved the hydrolysis of complex organics in the flowback water such as guar gum and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, and led to higher COD removal and methane production. These results suggest that AnGS technology is a promising alternative for the treatment of flowback water, particularly when operated at thermophilic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Shaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Ming Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China.
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17
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Robbins CA, Grauberger BM, Garland SD, Carlson KH, Lin S, Bandhauer TM, Tong T. On-site treatment capacity of membrane distillation powered by waste heat or natural gas for unconventional oil and gas wastewater in the Denver-Julesburg Basin. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106142. [PMID: 33002700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging waste heat has been considered to have significant potential for promoting the economic feasibility of wastewater treatment in unconventional oil and gas (UOG) production. However, its availability near well sites has not been fully understood and other energy sources may be also feasible. In this work, we quantitatively investigate the viability of using waste heat and well-pad natural gas to power on-site wastewater treatment by membrane distillation (MD) for twenty randomly selected wells located in the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) Basin, U.S. Results show that waste heat produced from on-site electrical loads is insufficient for MD treatment of all the wastewater generated during UOG production (2.2-24.3% of thermal energy required for MD treatment). Waste heat from hydraulic fracturing, which persists only for a short timeframe, is able to meet the full or partial energy requirement during the peak period of wastewater production (17-1005% of thermal energy required for MD treatment within the first two months of production), but this scenario varies among wells and is dependent on the energy efficiency of MD. Compared to waste heat, natural gas is a more consistent energy source. The treatment capacity of MD powered by natural gas at the well pad exceeds full wastewater treatment demands for all the twenty wells, with only two wells requiring short-term wastewater storage. Our work indicates that although waste heat has the potential to reduce the electricity consumption and cost of UOG wastewater treatment, it is unlikely to supply sufficient thermal energy required by MD for long-term treatment. Natural gas can serve as an alternative or complementary energy resource. Further investigations, in particular techno-economic analyses, are needed to identify the best suitable energy source or combination for on-site UOG wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Robbins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Brandi M Grauberger
- REACH Co-Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Shane D Garland
- REACH Co-Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Kenneth H Carlson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Todd M Bandhauer
- REACH Co-Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
| | - Tiezheng Tong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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18
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Hunter HA, Ling FT, Peters CA. Metals Coprecipitation with Barite: Nano-XRF Observation of Enhanced Strontium Incorporation. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2020; 37:235-245. [PMID: 32322155 PMCID: PMC7175618 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2019.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coprecipitation can be an effective treatment method for the removal of environmentally relevant metals from industrial wastewaters such as produced waters from the oil and gas industry. The precipitation of barite, BaSO4, through the addition of sulfate removes barium while coprecipitating strontium and other alkaline earth metals even when these are present at concentrations below their solubility limit. Among other analytical methods, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) nanospectroscopy at the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) was used to quantify Sr incorporation into barite. Thermodynamic modeling of (Ba,Sr)SO4 solid solutions was done using solid solution-aqueous solution (SS-AS) theory. The quantitative, high-resolution nano-XRF data show clearly that the Sr content in (Ba,Sr)SO4 solid solutions varies widely among particles and even within a single particle. We observed substantial Sr incorporation that is far larger than thermodynamic models predict, likely indicating the formation of metastable solid solutions. We also observed that increasing barite supersaturation of the aqueous phase led to increased Sr incorporation, as predicted by available kinetic models. These results suggest that coprecipitation offers significant potential for designing treatment systems for aqueous metals' removal in desired metastable compositions. Solution conditions may be optimized to enhance the incorporation of Sr by increasing sulfate addition such that the barite saturation index remains above ∼3 or by increasing the aqueous Sr to Ba ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Hunter
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Florence T. Ling
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Catherine A. Peters
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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19
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Wang H, Lu L, Chen X, Bian Y, Ren ZJ. Geochemical and microbial characterizations of flowback and produced water in three shale oil and gas plays in the central and western United States. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114942. [PMID: 31401327 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited understanding of wastewater streams produced from shale oil and gas wells impedes best practices of wastewater treatment and reuse. This study provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of flowback and produced water from three major and newly developed shale plays (the Bakken shale, North Dakota; the Barnett shale, Texas; and the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) basin, Colorado) in central and western United States. Geochemical features that included more than 10 water quality parameters, dissolved organic matter, as well as microbial community structures were characterized and compared. Results showed that wastewater from Bakken and Barnett shales has extremely high salinity (∼295 g/L total dissolved solids (TDS)) and low organic concentration (80-252 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC)). In contrast, DJ basin showed an opposite trend with low TDS (∼30 g/L) and high organic content (644 mg/L DOC). Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra demonstrated that more humic acid and fluvic acid-like organics with higher aromaticity existed in Bakken wastewater than that in Barnett and DJ basin. Microbial communities of Bakken samples were dominated by Fe (III)-reducing bacteria Geobacter, lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus and Enterococcus, and Bradyrhizobium, while DJ basin water showed higher abundance of Rhodococcus, Thermovirga, and sulfate reducing bacteria Thermotoga and Petrotoga. All these bacteria are capable of hydrocarbon degradation. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens dominated the archaeal communities in all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, United States.
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
| | - Yanhong Bian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, United States.
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20
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Blay V, Barrios Rivas JL, Xiao Z. Separation of air components and pollutants by the Earth's gravitational field. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:453-461. [PMID: 31158640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a model able to predict the equilibrium separation of gases due to differences in their molecular weights and the action of gravity. The separation of H, He, O, and N2 with altitude is a characteristic phenomenon of the heterosphere. The model is able to qualitatively recreate the compositional profile of the whole heterosphere from a single composition measurement. The model is applied to the separation of air components and pollutants by empty wells drilled on the planet surface. It predicts that the separation of gases would be possible in wells deep enough under equilibrium. The high molecular weight of some anthropogenic pollutants (SO2, O3, NO2, CO2, etc.) would facilitate their segregation along shorter distances compared to those involved in the heterosphere. The simulations indicate that deep wells could concentrate some air components and pollutants by orders of magnitude over the levels at the Earth's surface without external energy input. For instance, argon molar fractions of >40% and >60% could be achievable at 44 km and 55 km depth, respectively. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of gravitational separation as a potential pollution abatement technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blay
- Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, Gerlach Hall, 2108 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
| | - Jorge L Barrios Rivas
- Aerotek, Inc., Geology Division, 7301 Parkway Drive South, Hanover, MD, 21076, United States; University of Zulia, Postgraduate Department of Petroleum Engineering, Maracaibo, 4001, Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Ziniu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Wei X, Zhang S, Han Y, Wolfe FA. Treatment of petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1025-1033. [PMID: 31243845 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater in petrochemical processes and produced water from oil and gas production remain a challenge for the industry to minimize their impact on the environment. Recent research and development of treatment technologies for petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas industries published in 2018 were summarized in this annual review. Great efforts and progresses were made in various treatment options, including membrane processes, advanced oxidation, biological systems, adsorption, coagulation, and combined processes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Treatment technologies for petrochemical wastewater are reviewed. Research development in produced water from oil and gas industries is summarized. Reviewed technologies include traditional, advanced, and innovative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wei
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Han
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Frederick Andrew Wolfe
- College of Engineering, The State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York
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