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Chen Q, Yi S, Yang L, Zhu L. Penetration pathways, influencing factors and predictive models for dermal absorption of exobiotic molecules: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172390. [PMID: 38608904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of the skin penetration pathways of xenobiotics, including metals, organic pollutants, and nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on the methodologies employed to elucidate these penetration routes. The impacts of the physicochemical properties of exogenous substances and the properties of solvent carriers on the penetration efficiencies were discussed. Furthermore, the review outlines the steady-state and transient models for predicting the skin permeability of xenobiotics, emphasizing the models which enable realistic visualization of pharmaco-kinetic phenomena via detailed geometric representations of the skin microstructure, such as stratum corneum (SC) (bricks and mortar) and skin appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous gland units). Limitations of published research, gaps in current knowledge, and recommendations for future research are highlighted, providing insight for a better understanding of the skin penetration behavior of xenobiotics and associated health risks in practical application contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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2
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Han X, Tian Y, Liu H, Chen X, Wang JH, Shi J, Jiang G. Occurrence of Chlorinated Derivatives of Bisphenol S in Paper Products and Their Potential Health Risks through Dermal Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3966-3973. [PMID: 38353415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol S (Clx-BPS) and BPS was investigated in nine types of paper products (n = 125), including thermal paper, corrugated boxes, mail envelopes, newspapers, flyers, magazines, food contact paper, household paper, and business cards. BPS was found in all paper product samples, while Clx-BPS were mainly found in thermal paper (from below the limit of detection (
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Han
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Haonan Liu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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3
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Chedik L, Baybekov S, Cosnier F, Marcou G, Varnek A, Champmartin C. An update of skin permeability data based on a systematic review of recent research. Sci Data 2024; 11:224. [PMID: 38383523 PMCID: PMC10881585 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous absorption parameters of xenobiotics are crucial for the development of drugs and cosmetics, as well as for assessing environmental and occupational chemical risks. Despite the great variability in the design of experimental conditions due to uncertain international guidelines, datasets like HuskinDB have been created to report skin absorption endpoints. This review updates available skin permeability data by rigorously compiling research published between 2012 and 2021. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been selected to build the most harmonized and reusable dataset possible. The Generative Topographic Mapping method was applied to the present dataset and compared to HuskinDB to monitor the progress in skin permeability research and locate chemotypes of particular concern. The open-source dataset (SkinPiX) includes steady-state flux, maximum flux, lag time and permeability coefficient results for the substances tested, as well as relevant information on experimental parameters that can impact the data. It can be used to extract subsets of data for comparisons and to build predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chedik
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Shamkhal Baybekov
- Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, University of Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, University of Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, University of Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Champmartin
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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4
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Demierre AL, Reinhard H, Zeltner S, Frey S. Evaluating the efficiency of the 2020 ban of BPA and BPS in thermal papers in Switzerland. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105526. [PMID: 37995898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal printing technology requires a color developer to activate the dye under the action of heat. Bisphenol A (BPA) has traditionally been used for this purpose, although it has increasingly been replaced by bisphenol S (BPS) in recent years. Due to concerns regarding their toxicity, the Swiss authorities have banned both BPA and BPS from thermal papers since 2020. The impact of this regulatory decision was evaluated during 3 monitoring campaigns: in 2013-2014, 2019 and 2021. They were used to describe the starting point, the transition phase, and the status after entry into force of the ban, respectively. Whereas the use of BPA as color developer dropped from 82.2% in 2013/14 to 10.8% in 2021, the fraction of BPS-based thermal paper rose from 3.1% to 19.1% during the same period, despite being banned. However, Pergafast® 201 (PF201) is now the main color developer in thermal paper in Switzerland, with an occurrence of 60.3%. Other alternatives such as D-8, TGSA, PPSMU, NKK-1304, BPS-MAE, D-90 and Blue4est® have only been marginally detected. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the regulatory measure and the feasibility to substitute BPA in thermal papers with less-toxic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Demierre
- Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Reinhard
- Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Zeltner
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Frey
- Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
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Hu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhan M, Qu W, He G, Zhou Y. Development of human dermal PBPK models for the bisphenols BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF with parallel-layered skin compartment: Basing on dermal administration studies in humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161639. [PMID: 36649768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of human exposure to bisphenols (BPs) including bisphenol A, S, F and AF (BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF) have suggested that except for ingestion, health risk resulting from dermal contact is not negligible. However, the absorption kinetics of BPA substitutes in humans following dermal exposure have been poorly studied. This study aimed to address the knowledge gap in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of BPA and its high-concerned substitutes (BPS, BPF and BPAF) following dermal administration. Parallel-layered skin compartmental model for dermal absorption of BPs was for the first time proposed and human dermal administration studies were conducted to determine dermal bio-accessibility of BPS from thermal paper (TP) (n = 4), BPF (n = 4) and BPAF (n = 5) from personal care products (PCPs). Further, pharmacokinetics of BPS and its metabolites following human handling TP were investigated and the dermal PBPK models for BPA and BPS were validated using the available human biomonitoring data. Overall, 28.03 % ± 13.76 % of BPS in TP was transferred to fingers followed by absorption of 96.17 % ± 2.78 % of that. The dermal bio-accessibilities of BPs in PCPs were 31.65 % ± 2.90 % for BPF and 12.49 % ± 1.66 % for BPAF. Monte Carlo analysis indicated that 90 % of the predicted variability fell within one order of magnitude, which suggested that the developed PBPK models had medium uncertainty. Global sensitivity analysis revealed that the model uncertainty is mainly attributed to the variabilities of dermal absorption parameters. Compared with the previous models for BPs, the developed dermal PBPK models were capable of more accurate predictions of the internal dose metric in target organs following human dermal exposure to BPs via TP and PCPs routes. These results suggested that the developed human dermal PBPK models would provide an alternative tool for assessing the risk of human exposure to BPs through dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- School of Public Health/Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- School of Public Health/Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- School of Public Health/Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- School of Public Health/Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health/Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Public Health/Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, China.
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6
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Vignault C, Cadoret V, Jarrier-Gaillard P, Papillier P, Téteau O, Desmarchais A, Uzbekova S, Binet A, Guérif F, Elis S, Maillard V. Bisphenol S Impairs Oestradiol Secretion during In Vitro Basal Folliculogenesis in a Mono-Ovulatory Species Model. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080437. [PMID: 36006116 PMCID: PMC9412475 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) affects terminal folliculogenesis by impairing steroidogenesis in granulosa cells from different species. Nevertheless, limited data are available on its effects during basal folliculogenesis. In this study, we evaluate in vitro the effects of a long-term BPS exposure on a model of basal follicular development in a mono-ovulatory species. We cultured ovine preantral follicles (180−240 μm, n = 168) with BPS (0.1 μM (possible human exposure dose) or 10 μM (high dose)) and monitored antrum appearance and follicular survival and growth for 15 days. We measured hormonal secretions (oestradiol (at day 13 [D13]), progesterone and anti-Müllerian hormone [D15]) and expression of key follicular development and redox status genes (D15) in medium and whole follicles, respectively. BPS (0.1 µM) decreased oestradiol secretion compared with the control (−48.8%, p < 0.001), without significantly impairing antrum appearance, follicular survival and growth, anti-Müllerian hormone and progesterone secretion and target gene expression. Thus, BPS could also impair oestradiol secretion during basal folliculogenesis as it is the case during terminal folliculogenesis. It questions the use of BPS as a safe BPA substitute in the human environment. More studies are required to elucidate mechanisms of action of BPS and its effects throughout basal follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vignault
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Véronique Cadoret
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Peggy Jarrier-Gaillard
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Pascal Papillier
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Ophélie Téteau
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Desmarchais
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Svetlana Uzbekova
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Aurélien Binet
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique Viscérale, Urologique, Plastique et Brûlés, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Guérif
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sebastien Elis
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Virginie Maillard
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (C.V.); (V.C.); (P.J.-G.); (P.P.); (O.T.); (A.D.); (S.U.); (A.B.); (F.G.); (S.E.)
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7
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Meslin M, Beausoleil C, Zeman FA, Antignac JP, Kolossa-Gehring M, Rousselle C, Apel P. Human Biomonitoring Guidance Values (HBM-GVs) for Bisphenol S and Assessment of the Risk Due to the Exposure to Bisphenols A and S, in Europe. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050228. [PMID: 35622642 PMCID: PMC9146466 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the European Joint Programme HBM4EU, Human Biomonitoring Guidance Values (HBM-GVs) were derived for several prioritised substances. In this paper, the derivation of HBM-GVs for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) and workers (HBM-GVworker) referring to bisphenol S (BPS) is presented. For the general population, this resulted in an estimation of the total urinary concentration of BPS of 1.0 µg/L assuming a 24 h continuous exposure to BPS. For workers, the modelling was refined in order to reflect continuous exposure during the working day, leading to a total urinary concentration of BPS of 3.0 µg/L. The usefulness for risk assessment of the HBM-GVs derived for BPS and bisphenol A (BPA) is illustrated. Risk Characterisation Ratios (RCRs) were calculated leading to a clear difference between risk assessments performed for both bisphenols, with a very low RCR regarding exposure to BPA., contrary to that obtained for BPS. This may be due to the endocrine mediated endpoints selected to derive the HBM-GVs for BPS, whereas the values calculated for BPA are based on the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) from EFSA set in 2015. A comparison with the revised TDI recently opened for comments by EFSA is also discussed. Regarding the occupational field, results indicate that the risk from occupational exposure to both bisphenols cannot be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Meslin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Florence Anna Zeman
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France;
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Oniris, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.-G.); (P.A.)
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.M.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.-G.); (P.A.)
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8
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Feschuk AM, Kashetsky N, Chiang C, Burli A, Burdick H, Maibach HI. Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in in vitro human models: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:97-112. [PMID: 35094673 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2032517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous absorption is of importance given its role in topical medicaments, transdermal drug systems, and dermatotoxicology. Many factors influence percutaneous penetration, including anatomical region, although little is currently known regarding this parameter. Hence, the aim of this study was to summarize existing data on regional variation in percutaneous penetration in in vitro human models. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and US patent literature were explored, and relevant data collected. Eight eligible articles were identified, which together, explored 15 anatomical locations. Four investigations compared percutaneous penetration between scalp and abdominal skin, and all concluded that the former was more permeable. Within those four studies, 10 penetrants of varying physical/chemical properties were tested indicating that in those particular study conditions, anatomical location exerted a greater effect on percutaneous absorption than the physicochemical properties of the penetrants. In addition, torso area was less absorptive than scrotum in both studies in which these sites were compared. In conclusion, the scrotum and scalp appear to be highly susceptible to percutaneous absorption compared to other locations such as the abdomen. This is postulated to be largely due to the high density of hair follicles in these areas, enabling greater penetration via the appendageal pathway. However, there is a paucity of conclusive data regarding the penetrability of other anatomical locations. Investigations testing and ranking the susceptibility of different anatomical regions is of vital importance given the importance of (1) transdermal drug delivery and decontamination protocols and (2) understanding the underlying mechanisms and degree of these variances might aid our pharmacologic/toxicologic judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chavy Chiang
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anuk Burli
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Halie Burdick
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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10
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Beausoleil C, Le Magueresse-Battistoni B, Viguié C, Babajko S, Canivenc-Lavier MC, Chevalier N, Emond C, Habert R, Picard-Hagen N, Mhaouty-Kodja S. Regulatory and academic studies to derive reference values for human health: The case of bisphenol S. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112233. [PMID: 34688643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The close structural analogy of bisphenol (BP) S with BPA, a recognized endocrine-disrupting chemical and a substance of very high concern in the European Union, highlights the need to assess the extent of similarities between the two compounds and carefully scrutinize BPS potential toxicity for human health. This analysis aimed to investigate human health toxicity data regarding BPS, to find a point of departure for the derivation of human guidance values. A systematic and transparent methodology was applied to determine whether European or international reference values have been established for BPS. In the absence of such values, the scientific literature on human health effects was evaluated by focusing on human epidemiological and animal experimental studies. The results were analyzed by target organ/system: male and female reproduction, mammary gland, neurobehavior, and metabolism/obesity. Academic experimental studies were analyzed and compared to regulatory data including subchronic studies and an extended one-generation and reproduction study. In contrast to the regulatory studies, which were performed at dose levels in the mg/kg bw/day range, the academic dataset on specific target organs or systems showed adverse effects for BPS at much lower doses (0.5-10 μg/kg bw/day). A large disparity between the lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) derived from regulatory and academic studies was observed for BPS, as for BPA. Toxicokinetic data on BPS from animal and human studies were also analyzed and showed a 100-fold higher oral bioavailability compared to BPA in a pig model. The similarities and differences between the two bisphenols, in particular the higher bioavailability of BPS in its active (non-conjugated) form and its potential impact on human health, are discussed. Based on the available experimental data, and for a better human protection, we propose to derive human reference values for exposure to BPS from the N(L)OAELs determined in academic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Viguié
- Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (EIP), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nice, INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Claude Emond
- University of Montreal, School of Public Health, DSEST, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - René Habert
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, University Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U 967 - CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicole Picard-Hagen
- Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et de l'Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (EIP), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
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11
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Lee SS, Ryu HY, Ahn KS, Lee S, Lee J, Lee JW, Ko SM, Son WC. Toxicological profile of bisphenol F via comprehensive and extensive toxicity evaluations following dermal exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:163-174. [PMID: 34763616 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1997843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF) is classified as a harmful substance by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Although previous studies focused on human exposure to BPF via direct consumption or inhalation, few investigators assessed potential toxicological effects following skin contact. The aim of this study was to examine (1) the degree and pattern by which BPF is absorbed onto the skin in vivo, and (2) determination of toxicity and safety using the following tests: acute dermal; a 28-day repeat dermal; a skin irritation; an eye irritation; and a skin sensitization. As indicated by the amount of BPF remaining in the epidermis or dermis, data demonstrated that BPF was absorbed through the skin at a 26.5% rate. BPF penetrated the subcutaneous layer at a "fast rate" (Kp: 2.2E-02). Although no toxicological changes or local irritation were observed following skin exposure, BPF induced potent sensitization. In summary, the findings of this study showed that BPF penetrated and was absorbed into the skin at a high rate which was associated with enhanced chemical-induced skin sensitization and this may have significant implications following exposure of skin to BPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Sik Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Yeol Ryu
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sup Ahn
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, Korea
| | - Soo Min Ko
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Cai J, Zhang Y. Enhanced degradation of bisphenol S by persulfate activated with sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:8281-8293. [PMID: 34482464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) has been considered an efficient material to remove heavy metals and organic contaminants. The experiments of bisphenol S (BPS) degradation by persulfate (PS) activated with S-nZVI (S-nZVI/PS) or nZVI (nZVI/PS) were carried out in this paper. The results show that, compared to the bare nZVI/PS system, the S-nZVI/PS system shows higher activity in BPS degradation, especially at high BPS concentration. The reaction rate constant kobs of BPS removal by the S-nZVI/PS system (0.142 min-1) was much higher than that in nZVI/PS system (0.089 min-1) because more oxidation species were generated in the S-nZVI/PS system. The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical quenching tests show that both hydroxyl radical (·OH) and sulfate radical (SO4·-) were involved in the degradation of BPS and had a great contribution to BPS removal. Moreover, the effects of S/Fe molar ratio, S-nZVI dosage, initial pH, and initial concentration of PS or BPS on S-nZVI/PS were also studied. The results show that the S/Fe molar ratio has significant influence on the BPS degradation; over 97.7% of the removal efficiency was achieved at 0.035 of S/Fe molar ratio. And the removal efficiency of BPS degradation increased with the increase of the dosage of S-nZVI, PS concentration. Furthermore, BPS could be efficiently removed in solutions with a wide range of initial pH (3.13-9.35). The observed results show that it is promising in the removal of micro-pollutants from water by persulfate activated with S-nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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13
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Ning T, Yang H, Shi C, Yu J, Yu H, Chen P, Di S, Wang J, Zhu S. An in vitro assessment for human skin exposure to parabens using magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131593. [PMID: 34293573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin contact was a significant source of human exposure to parabens during the use of personal care products. In this study, a novel and simple in vitro evaluation method for human skin exposure to parabens was established for the first time. Firstly, magnetic porous carbon (MPC) derived from discarded cigarette butts was prepared as an adsorbent of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), which provided a fast and efficient sample preparation method with satisfactory extraction performance for parabens in cosmetics and was easy to couple with high performance liquid chromatography. Secondly, the extraction conditions were optimized including the etching ratio of KOH, amount of MPC, extraction time, pH, salt concentration, desorption solvent volume and desorption time. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection were between 0.25 and 0.34 ng mL-1 and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 85.8-112.6%. Thirdly, the developed method was successfully employed to determine five typical parabens in real unspiked cosmetic samples, and two parabens were detected at a relatively high level. Then, the developed method was applied to in vitro assays. The absorbable dose of parabens in cream was investigated and in vitro experiments were further designed with agarose-simulated skin to demonstrate the penetration ability of parabens. In conclusion, these results indicated that parabens did have the risk of entering the body through the skin and the exposure was preferably no more than 3 h with skin contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ning
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chunxiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shukui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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14
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Gao H, He Y, Liu J. New Aptamer/MoS 2/Ni-Fe LDH Photoelectric Sensor for Bisphenol A Determination. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:78. [PMID: 35010028 PMCID: PMC8746877 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, a new type of PEC aptamer sensor for bisphenol A (BPA) detection was developed, in which visible-light active MoS2/Ni-Fe LDH (layered double hydroxide) heterostructure and aptamer were used as photosensitive materials and biometric elements, respectively. The combination of an appropriate amount of MoS2 and Ni-Fe LDH enhances the photocurrent response, thereby promoting the construction of the PEC sensor. Therefore, we used a simple in situ growth method to fabricate a MoS2/Ni-Fe LDH sensor to detect the BPA content. The aptasensor based on aptamer/MoS2/Ni-Fe LDH displayed a linear range toward a BPA of 0.05-10 to 50-40,000 ng L-1, and it has excellent stability, selectivity and reproducibility. In addition, the proposed aptamer sensor is effective in evaluating real water samples, indicating that it has great potential for detecting BPA in real samples.
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15
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Park J, Lee H, Park K. Gastrointestinal tract and skin permeability of chemicals in consumer products using parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2021; 36:e2021021-0. [PMID: 34583463 PMCID: PMC8598401 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2021021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some chemicals commonly used in personal care products, household items, food vessels, cosmetics, and other consumer products are potentially harmful, and several reviews of epidemiological studies have suggested the associations between the chemical exposure from consumer products, and respiratory diseases, skin sensitization, and reproductive problems. Therefore, risk assessment is essential for management of consumer products safety. Necessarily, the estimation of human exposure is an essential step in risk assessment, and the absorption rate of those chemicals via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin are very critical in determining the internal dose of the exposed chemicals. In this study, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA) for the gastrointestinal tract and skin were performed to evaluate the permeability of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl-, propyl-, and butyl paraben), bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S), isothiazolinones (methyl-, chloromethyl-, benz-, octyl-, and dichlorooctyl isothiazolinone), and phthalates [diethyl-, dibutyl-, Di-isononyl-, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate]. Lipid solubility of test chemicals indicated by log P values was shown as the most critical factor and showed a positive association with the permeability of parabens, bisphenols, and isothiazolinones in PAMPA assay. However, phthalate showed a reverse-association between lipophilicity and permeability. The permeability of all the tested chemicals was higher in the gastrointestinal tract membrane than in the skin membrane. The pH in donor solution did not show significant effects on the permeability in all the chemicals, except the chemicals with a free hydrophilic moiety in their chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea
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16
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Reale E, Vernez D, Hopf NB. Skin Absorption of Bisphenol A and Its Alternatives in Thermal Paper. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:206-218. [PMID: 33313651 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most used colour developer in thermal paper for cashiers receipts, labels, and tickets. BPA can migrate onto the skin and be absorbed when handling these papers. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor and is therefore being replaced in thermal paper by some alternatives such as Bisphenol S (BPS), D-8, and Pergafast 201® (PF201). To our knowledge, no studies have characterized skin permeation of these BPA alternatives. METHODS We measured/characterized skin absorption for BPA, BPS, D-8, and PF201 through ex vivo human skin using flow-through diffusion cells according to OECD guideline 428. Skin samples were 7-12 per test substance from three different skin donors. Skin metabolism was studied for BPA. Dermal absorption was expressed as the amount of the BPA alternatives in the receptor fluid over applied dose in percent (%). RESULTS The absorbed dose after 24 h of exposure was 25% for BPA, 17% for D-8, 0.4% for BPS, and <LLOQ for PF201. The amount of BPA-glucuronide in the receptor fluid after 24 h was under the limit of quantification (LLOQ = 0.2 µg l-1). Despite the 10-fold lower concentration of the aq solution applied on the skin, D-8's permeation rate JMAX was 5-fold higher than the one for BPS (0.032 versus 0.006 µg cm-2 h-1). Neither D-8 nor BPS permeated readily through the skin (tlag = 3.9 h for D-8, 6.4 h for BPS). None of PF201's skin permeation kinetic parameters could be determined because this BPA analogue was not quantifiable in the receptor fluid in our test conditions. CONCLUSIONS Skin absorption was in decreasing order: BPA > D-8 >> BPS > PF201. These results are in agreement with their log Kow and molecular weights. We provided here the necessary data to estimate the extent of skin absorption of BPA analogues, which is a necessary step in risk assessment, and ultimately evaluate public health risks posed by D-8, BPS, and PF201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Reale
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - David Vernez
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Martin SB, Hammond DR, Ham JE, Wells JR, Fortner AR, Knepp AK, du Preez S, Pretty JR, Roberts JL, du Plessis JL, Schmidt A, Duling MG, Bader A, Virji MA. Large-Format Additive Manufacturing and Machining Using High-Melt-Temperature Polymers. Part II: Characterization of Particles and Gases. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021; 28:268-278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Duane R. Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Jason E. Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - J. R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alyson R. Fortner
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sonette du Preez
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jack R. Pretty
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Johan L. du Plessis
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Austin Schmidt
- Additive Engineering Solutions, Akron, Ohio 44305, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Andrew Bader
- Additive Engineering Solutions, Akron, Ohio 44305, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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18
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Reale E, Berthet A, Wild P, Vernez D, Hopf NB. Influence of experimental parameters on in vitro human skin permeation of Bisphenol A. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105129. [PMID: 33662515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) in vitro skin permeation studies have shown inconsistent results, which could be due to experimental conditions. We studied the impact of in vitro parameters on BPA skin permeation using flow-through diffusion cells with ex-vivo human skin (12 donors, 3-12 replicates). We varied skin status (viable or frozen skin) and thickness (200, 400, 800 μm), BPA concentrations (18, 250 mg/l) and vehicle volumes (10, 100 and 1000 μl/cm2). These conditions led to a wide range of BPA absorption (2%-24% after 24 h exposure), peak permeation rates (J = 0.02-1.31 μg/cm2/h), and permeability coefficients (Kp = 1.6-5.2 × 10-3 cm/h). This is the first time steady state conditions were reached for BPA aqueous solutions in vitro (1000 μl/cm2 applied at concentration 250 mg/l). A reduction of the skin thickness from 800 and 400 μm to 200 μm led to a 3-fold increase of J (P < 0.05). A reduction of the vehicle volume from 1000 to 100 led to a 2-fold decrease in J (P > 0.05). Previously frozen skin led to a 3-fold increase in J compared to viable skin (P < 0.001). We found that results from published studies were consistent when adjusting J according to experimental parameters. We propose appropriate J values for different exposure scenarios to calculate BPA internal exposures for use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reale
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), affiliated to University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Berthet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), affiliated to University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Wild
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), affiliated to University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland; French Research and Safety Institute (INRS), 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre cedex, France
| | - D Vernez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), affiliated to University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N B Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), affiliated to University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Levasseur JL, Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Phillips AL, Zhang S, Ye X, Calafat AM, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Young children's exposure to phenols in the home: Associations between house dust, hand wipes, silicone wristbands, and urinary biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106317. [PMID: 33341585 PMCID: PMC7856225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental phenols, such as parabens, bisphenol A, and triclosan, are ubiquitous in indoor environments because of their use in packaging, plastics, personal care products, and as anti-microbials. The primary pathways of exposure, as well as habits and behaviors that may lead to greater exposure, are still unclear. OBJECTIVES Herein, we investigate the relationships between phenols found in residential environments by comparing levels in paired samples of house dust and hand wipes with children's urine. In addition, phenols were analyzed in a novel exposure tool, the silicone wristbands, to investigate which external matrix best correlates with individual exposure based on urinary phenol biomarkers. METHODS Children aged 3-6 years in central North Carolina, United States, provided paired hand wipe (n = 202), wristband (n = 76), and spot urine samples (n = 180), while legal guardians completed questionnaires on habits and behaviors. House dust samples (n = 186) were collected from the main living area during home visits completed between 2014 and 2016. RESULTS Environmental phenols were detected frequently in all matrices investigated. Ethyl, methyl, and propylparaben levels observed in hand wipes, dust, and on wristbands were significantly correlated to their associated urinary biomarkers. In addition, intra-paraben correlations were noted, with biomarkers of ethyl, methyl, and propylparabens generally positively and significantly correlated, which suggests co-application of parabens in products. Triclosan levels in dust were positive and significantly correlated with levels in hand wipes and wristbands and with urinary concentrations, suggesting non-personal care product sources may be important in children's overall triclosan exposure. Generally, chemicals on wristbands were more highly correlated with urinary biomarkers than with chemicals in hand wipes or house dust. In addition, more frequent lotion use was positively associated with urinary concentrations of paraben biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the home environment is an important source of exposure which has been under-investigated for some environmental phenols (e.g., triclosan in house dust). Associations between wristbands and biomarkers of exposure, which were stronger than for hand wipes and house dust, suggest that silicone wristbands may provide a suitable exposure assessment tool for some phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, NC, United States.
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, NC, United States.
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, NC, United States.
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20
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Reale E, Fustinoni S, Mercadante R, Polledri E, Hopf NB. Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol A, Its Glucuronide Metabolite, and Commercial Alternatives by LC-MS/MS for In Vitro Skin Absorption Evaluation. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2390-2400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Reale
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via S. Barnaba 8, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via S. Barnaba 8, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via S. Barnaba 8, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Nancy B. Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Hopf NB, Champmartin C, Schenk L, Berthet A, Chedik L, Du Plessis JL, Franken A, Frasch F, Gaskin S, Johanson G, Julander A, Kasting G, Kilo S, Larese Filon F, Marquet F, Midander K, Reale E, Bunge AL. Reflections on the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104752. [PMID: 32791089 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 8th conference of Occupational and Environmental Exposure of the Skin to Chemicals (OEESC) (16-18 September 2019) in Dublin, Ireland, several researchers performing skin permeation assays convened to discuss in vitro skin permeability experiments. We, along with other colleagues, all of us hands-on skin permeation researchers, present here the results from our discussions on the available OECD guidelines. The discussions were especially focused on three OECD skin absorption documents, including a recent revision of one: i) OECD Guidance Document 28 (GD28) for the conduct of skin absorption studies (OECD, 2004), ii) Test Guideline 428 (TGD428) for measuring skin absorption of chemical in vitro (OECD, 2004), and iii) OECD Guidance Notes 156 (GN156) on dermal absorption issued in 2011 (OECD, 2011). GN156 (OECD, 2019) is currently under review but not finalized. A mutual concern was that these guidance documents do not comprehensively address methodological issues or the performance of the test, which might be partially due to the years needed to finalize and update OECD documents with new skin research evidence. Here, we summarize the numerous factors that can influence skin permeation and its measurement, and where guidance on several of these are omitted and often not discussed in published articles. We propose several improvements of these guidelines, which would contribute in harmonizing future in vitro skin permeation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Hopf
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - C Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - L Schenk
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - A Berthet
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - L Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - J L Du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - A Franken
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - F Frasch
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - S Gaskin
- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, Health and Medical Sciences, Australia.
| | - G Johanson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - A Julander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - G Kasting
- University of Cincinnati, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, USA.
| | - S Kilo
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Germany.
| | - F Larese Filon
- University of Trieste, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Italy.
| | - F Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - K Midander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - E Reale
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - A L Bunge
- Colorado School of Mines, Chemical and Biological Engineering, USA.
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