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Tran TM, Guida Y, Matsukami H, Hoang AQ, Thuy NTT, Weber R, Kajiwara N, Minh TB. Investigating polychlorinated alkanes in technical chlorinated paraffin mixtures and polymer products available in Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2025; 372:144118. [PMID: 39823956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 01/08/2025] [Accepted: 01/12/2025] [Indexed: 01/20/2025]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are chemical additives mostly composed of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) which may impact on the environment and human health; however, little is known about their presence in Southeast Asia. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed 74 PCA homolog groups commonly referred to as short-chain (SCCPs: PCAs-C10-13), medium-chain (MCCPs: PCAs-C14-17), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs: PCAs-C18-20) in technical CP mixtures (n = 4) and polymer samples (n = 49), including recycled plastics, collected in Vietnam in 2023. The contents of measured PCA homolog groups in technical CP mixtures were 86,000-930,000 mg/kg for PCAs-C10-13; 85,000-990,000 mg/kg for PCAs-C14-17; and 23,000-180,000 mg/kg for PCAs-C18-20. Total PCAs-C10-20 levels in polymer samples varied from 0.26 to 28,000 mg/kg and decreased in the order: soft plastic bag, electrical cable sheath, football pitch rubber, polyurethane hose, heat shrinkable tubing, spiral cable cover, plastic powder, and plastic drawstring. In polymer samples, PCAs-C14-17 were found at greater levels (mean/median: 3000/65 mg/kg) than PCAs-C18-20 (1300/9.5 mg/kg) and PCAs-C10-13 (740/16 mg/kg). The contents of total measured PCAs-C10-20 in polyvinyl chloride samples varied according to their life cycle stages, with higher levels found in recycled plastics than in feedstock and commercial product samples. The occurrence of PCAs-C10-13 in polymer samples above internationally proposed limits for PCAs-C10-13 in consumer goods and waste pose a conundrum for the implementation of a safe circular economy and may impact human health in Vietnam. Therefore, this study highlights key challenges for the through implementation of the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions and the importance of further comprehensive investigations in Vietnam and other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Yago Guida
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Viet Nam
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwabisch Gmünd, 73527, Germany
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
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Beloki Ezker I, Yuan B, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Borgen AR, Wang T. Polychlorinated alkanes in indoor environment: A review of levels, sources, exposure, and health implications for chlorinated paraffin mixtures. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 365:143326. [PMID: 39306115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated n-alkanes (PCAs) are the main components of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) mixtures, that have been commonly grouped into short-chain (SCCPs, C10-13), medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-17), and long-chain (LCCPs, C18-30) CPs. PCAs pose a significant risk to human health as they are broadly present in indoor environments and are potentially persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. The lack of specific terminology and harmonization in analytical methodologies for PCA analysis complicates direct comparisons between studies. The present work summarizes the different methodologies applied for the analysis of PCAs in indoor dust, air, and organic films. The large variability between the reviewed studies points to the difficulties to assess PCA contamination in these matrices and to mitigate risks associated with indoor exposure. Based on our review of physicochemical properties of PCAs and previously reported sum of measurable S/M/LCCPs levels, the homologue groups PCAs-C10-13 are found to be mostly present in the gas phase, PCAs-C14-17 in particulate matter and organic films, and PCAs-C≥18 in settled dust. However, we emphasized that mapping PCA sources and distribution in the indoors is highly dependent on the individual homologues. To further comprehend indoor PCA distribution, we described the uses of PCA in building materials and household products to apportion important indoor sources of emissions and pathways for human exposure. The greatest risk for indoor PCAs were estimated to arise from dermal absorption and ingestion through contact with dust and CP containing products. In addition, there are several factors affecting indoor PCA levels and exposure in different regions, including legislation, presence of specific products, cleaning routines, and ventilation frequency. This review provides comprehensive analysis of available indoor PCA data, the physicochemical properties, applied analytical methods, possible interior sources, variables affecting the levels, human exposure to PCAs, as well as need for more information, thereby providing perspectives for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Beloki Ezker
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | - Thanh Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
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McGrath TJ, Hägele C, Schweizer S, Vetter W, Dodson RE, Le Bizec B, Covaci A, Dervilly G, Cariou R. Application of pattern deconvolution strategies for the estimation of bromochloro alkane concentrations in indoor dust samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 366:143370. [PMID: 39306103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Bromochloro alkanes (BCAs) are a class of flame retardants similar in structure to polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), which are the major component of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. BCAs have recently been detected for the first time in environmental samples. Due to the complete lack of commercially available analytical standards, no method for quantifying BCAs has been reported to date. In this study, 16 custom-synthesised standards with mixed bromine and chlorine halogenation and carbon chain lengths ranging from C10 to C17 were characterized by liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry and used to assess the applicability of pattern deconvolution quantification strategies for BCAs in indoor dust. Br1-9 and Cl1-8 BCAs were detected as [M + Cl]- adduct ions among the C10 to C17 standards, as well as numerous PCA homologues. After applying correction factors to account for the presence of PCAs in the standards, triplicate fortification experiments using varied halogenation composition and concentration determined an average measurement accuracy of 81% over the carbon chain lengths studied and coefficient of variance ≤20% between replicates. Overall, approximately 89% of the ΣBCA concentrations quantified in the fortification trials met the European Union Reference Laboratory's accuracy acceptability criteria recommended for PCAs, between 50 and 150%. Application of the BCA pattern deconvolution quantification procedure to seven representative indoor dust samples from the United States of America revealed a low correlation between the homologue distribution in the samples and the prototype standards (R2 ≤ 0.40), which precluded reliable quantification. This study indicates that pattern deconvolution is an appropriate strategy for quantifying BCAs in environmental samples, but that a large set of appropriate mixture standards will be required before more reliable estimates of BCA concentrations can be achieved in indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300, Nantes, France; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Clara Hägele
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sina Schweizer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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McGrath TJ, Saint-Vanne J, Hutinet S, Vetter W, Poma G, Fujii Y, Dodson RE, Johnson-Restrepo B, Muenhor D, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G, Covaci A, Cariou R. Detection of Bromochloro Alkanes in Indoor Dust Using a Novel CP-Seeker Data Integration Tool. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4942-4951. [PMID: 38478960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Bromochloro alkanes (BCAs) have been manufactured for use as flame retardants for decades, and preliminary environmental risk screening suggests they are likely to behave similarly to polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), subclasses of which are restricted as Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). BCAs have rarely been studied in the environment, although some evidence suggests they may migrate from treated-consumer materials into indoor dust, resulting in human exposure via inadvertent ingestion. In this study, BCA-C14 mixture standards were synthesized and used to validate an analytical method. This method relies on chloride-enhanced liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-Orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Orbitrap-HRMS) and a novel CP-Seeker integration software package for homologue detection and integration. Dust sample preparation via ultrasonic extraction, acidified silica cleanup, and fractionation on neutral silica cartridges was found to be suitable for BCAs, with absolute recovery of individual homologues averaging 66 to 78% and coefficients of variation ≤10% in replicated spiking experiments (n = 3). In addition, a total of 59 indoor dust samples from six countries, including Australia (n = 10), Belgium (n = 10), Colombia (n = 10), Japan (n = 10), Thailand (n = 10), and the United States of America (n = 9), were analyzed for BCAs. BCAs were detected in seven samples from the U.S.A., with carbon chain lengths of C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C24 to C28, C30 and C31 observed overall, though not detected in samples from any other countries. Bromine numbers of detected homologues in the indoor dust samples ranged Br1-4 as well as Br7, while chlorine numbers ranged Cl2-11. BCA-C18 was the most frequently detected, observed in each of the U.S.A. samples, while the most prevalent degrees of halogenation were homologues of Br2 and Cl4-5. Broad estimations of BCA concentrations in the dust samples indicated that levels may approach those of other flame retardants in at least some instances. These findings suggest that development of quantification strategies and further investigation of environmental occurrence and health implications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307 Nantes, France
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | | | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Massachusetts 02460, United States
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Dudsadee Muenhor
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Health Impact Assessment Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Han X, Chen H, Zhou W, Liang B, Pang S, Du B, Zeng L. Occurrence, distribution and annual emissions of chlorinated paraffins in hazardous byproducts from municipal solid waste incineration plants in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171764. [PMID: 38494033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays incineration technology has become the most mainstream way for the disposal of municipal wastes. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) are currently classified as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and candidate POPs under the Stockholm Convention, respectively. However, the occurrence and contamination characteristics of these main hazardous byproducts (e.g., leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants have remained unknown. This study focused on the SCCPs and MCCPs (defined as CPs) contamination and their annual emissions from leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash among three typical MSWI plants in Shenzhen, South China. Compared to the dissolved phase of the leachate, higher concentrations of CPs were detected in the adsorbed phase. The total concentrations of CPs ranged from lower method detection limits (1 in leachate (i.e., adsorbed phase) and bottom ash, while the opposite results were found in fly ash. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10Cl6-7 in leachate and fly ash, and C13Cl6-7 in bottom ash. The dominant MCCP congener groups were C14Cl7-8 in leachate, fly ash and bottom ash samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the dominant CPs in fly ash were obviously different from those in leachate and bottom ash. Estimated total annual emissions of CPs from the three main hazardous byproducts generated from typical MSWI plants were estimated between 66.2 and 7510 kg/y and bottom ash contributed the most to the CP emissions. Overall, this study is the first report on CP contamination in hazardous byproducts from MSWI plants, and can provide basic data support for CP contamination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Siqin Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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6
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Melchiors M, Tran KM, Svingen T, Rosenmai AK. In vitro assessment of potential endocrine disrupting activities of chlorinated paraffins of various chain lengths. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116843. [PMID: 38331103 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The production of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) has risen in the past two decades due to their versatile industrial applications. Consequently, CPs are now widely detected in human food sources, the environment, and in human matrices such as serum, the placenta and breast milk. This raises concern about prenatal and postnatal exposure. While some studies suggest that certain short-chained CPs (SCCPs) may have endocrine disrupting properties, knowledge about potential endocrine disrupting potential of medium- (MCCP) and long-chained CPs (LCCPs) remains relativity sparse. Here, we used a panel of in vitro assays to investigate seven pure CPs and two technical mixtures of CPs. These varied in chain length and, chlorination degree. The in vitro panel covered androgen, estrogen, and retinoic acid receptor activities, transthyretin displacement, and steroidogenesis. One of the SCCPs inhibited androgen receptor (AR) activity. All SCCPs induced estrogen receptor (ER) activity. Some SCCPs and MCCPs increased 17β-estradiol levels in the steroidogenesis assay, though not consistently across all substances in these groups. SCCPs exhibited the most pronounced effects in multiple in vitro assays, while the tested LCCPs showed no effects. Based on our results, some CPs can have endocrine disrupting potential in vitro. These findings warrant further examinations to ensure that CPs do not cause issues in intact organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikala Melchiors
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kieu-Mi Tran
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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He Y, Liu W, Gao L, Ren Z, Hussain J, Jia T, Mao T, Deng J, Xu X, Yin F. Occurrence and Formation Mechanism of PCDD/Fs and SCCPs in Chlorinated Paraffin Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17522-17533. [PMID: 37905521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) can be formed during the production of chlorinated paraffins (CPs). Detection and accurate quantification of PCDD/Fs in CPs are challenging because of their matrix complexity. Therefore, the occurrence and formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs from CPs have not been studied extensively in the past. In this study, 15 commercial samples including solid and liquid CPs were collected in 2022 from China. The average ΣSCCP concentrations detected in the solid and liquid CPs were 158 and 137 mg/g, respectively. The average International Toxic Equivalent (I-TEQ) values of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F in solid and liquid CPs were 15.8 pg I-TEQ/g and 15.0 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively. The solid and liquid CPs had different predominant congener groups for SCCPs and PCDD/Fs. Possible formation routes for the generation of PCDD/Fs were analyzed by screening precursors in paraffin and laboratory-scale thermochemical experiments of CPs. The transformation between 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was recognized by calculating the successive chlorination preference. The first reported occurrence of PCDD/Fs in CP commercial products indicated that exposure to CPs and downstream products might be an assignable source of PCDD/F emission, which is of great significance to further explore the control factors of PCDD/Fs in the whole life cycle of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Javid Hussain
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
| | - Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101314, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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8
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McGrath TJ, Poma G, Hutinet S, Fujii Y, Dodson RE, Johnson-Restrepo B, Muenhor D, Dervilly G, Cariou R, Covaci A. An international investigation of chlorinated paraffin concentrations and homologue distributions in indoor dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121994. [PMID: 37302785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, very short-, short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively) were measured in 40 indoor dust samples from four countries including Japan (n = 10), Australia (n = 10), Colombia (n = 10) and Thailand (n = 10). Homologues of the chemical formula CxH(2x+2-y)Cly ranging C6-36 and Cl3-30 were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap-HRMS) and integrated using novel custom-built CP-Seeker software. CPs were detected in all dust samples with MCCPs the dominant homologue group in all countries. Overall median ∑SCCP, ∑MCCP and ∑LCCP (C18-20) concentrations determined in dust samples were 30 μg/g (range; 4.0-290 μg/g), 65 μg/g (range; 6.9-540 μg/g) and 8.6 μg/g (range; <1.0-230 μg/g), respectively. Of the quantified CP classes, overall concentrations were generally highest in the samples from Thailand and Colombia, followed by Australia and Japan. vSCCPs with C≤9 were detected in dust from each country with an overall frequency of 48%, while LCCPs (C21-36) were present in 100% of samples. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) calculated for SCCPs and MCCPs relating to ingestion of contaminated indoor dust were considered not to represent health risks based on currently available toxicological data using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. To the authors' knowledge, this study provides the first data on CPs in indoor dust from Japan, Colombia and Thailand, and is among the first reports of vSCCPs in indoor dust, globally. These findings indicate that further toxicological data and the availability of appropriate analytical standards are needed to evaluate the potential for negative health outcomes deriving from exposure to vSCCPs and LCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Yukiko Fujii
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | | | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Dudsadee Muenhor
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Health Impact Assessment Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Guida Y, Matsukami H, Oliveira de Carvalho G, Weber R, Vetter W, Kajiwara N. Homologue Composition of Technical Chlorinated Paraffins Used in Several Countries over the Last 50 Years─SCCPs Are Still Out There. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13136-13147. [PMID: 37607020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely produced chemicals, with certain CP subgroups facing global restrictions due to their environmental dispersion, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. To evaluate the effectiveness of these international restrictions, we assessed the homologue group contribution and the mass fraction of short-chain CPs (SCCPs: C10-C13), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs: C14-C17), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs: ≥C18) in 36 technical CP mixtures used worldwide over the last 50 years. Using low-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), we quantified 74 CP homologue groups (C10Cl4-C20Cl10). Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) screening was employed to identify unresolved CP contents, covering 375 CP homologue groups (C6Cl4-C30Cl30). Overall, 1 sample was mainly composed of
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Gabriel Oliveira de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, DE-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Li Q, Cheng L, Jin X, Liu L, Shangguan J, Chang S, Sun R, Shang Y, Lv Q, Li J, Zhang G. Chlorinated paraffins in multimedia during residential interior finishing: Occurrences, behavior, and health risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108072. [PMID: 37406371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Though with bioaccumulation and toxicity, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are still high produced and widely utilized in various daily necessities for extender plasticization and flame retardation. CPs can be released during the reprocessing processes of finishing materials and distributed in multi-environmental media. Herein, concentrations and compositions of CPs in four representative media including interior finishing materials, PM10, total suspended particulate (TSP), and dust samples collected from eight interior finishing stages were studied. Unexpectedly, CP concentrations in ceramic tiles was found to be high with a mean value of 7.02 × 103 μg g-1, which could be attributed to the presence of CPs in the protective wax coated on ceramic tiles surfaces. Furthermore, the pollution characteristics of short-chain and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) in those samples were inconsistent. According to the investigation regarding Kdust-TSP and [Formula: see text] , the occurrence and distribution of CPs in indoor atmospheric particles (PM10 and TSP) and dust were highly affected by reprocessing processes (cutting, hot melting, etc.) compared to that in the finishing materials. Moreover, dermal contact was the primary pathway of CP exposure for the occupational population (interior construction workers) for most interior finishing stages, and the interior finishing process is the prime CP exposure period for the occupational groups. As suggested by our assessment, though hardly posing an immediate health risk, CPs exposure still presents unneglected adverse health effects, which calls for adequate personal protections during interior finishing, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinjie Jin
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingfang Shangguan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Shixiang Chang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ruoxi Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yihan Shang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Girones L, Guida Y, Oliva AL, Machado Torres JP, Marcovecchio JE, Vetter W, Arias AH. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish from an anthropized south-western Atlantic estuary, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138575. [PMID: 37011823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic organic compounds of growing environmental and social concern. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2017. Further, in 2021, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were proposed to be listed as POPs. We investigated SCCP and MCCP amounts and homolog profiles in four wild fish species from Bahía Blanca Estuary, a South Atlantic Ocean coastal habitat in Argentina. SCCPs and MCCPs were detected in 41% and 36% of the samples, respectively. SCCP amounts ranged from <12 to 29 ng g-1 wet weight and <750-5887 ng g-1 lipid weight, whereas MCCP amounts ranged from <7 to 19 ng g-1 wet weight and <440-2848 ng g-1 lipid weight. Amounts were equivalent to those found in fish from the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans and from some North American and Tibetan Plateau lakes. We performed a human health risk assessment and found no direct risks to human health for SCCP or MCCP ingestion, according to present knowledge. Regarding their environmental behavior, no significant differences were observed among SCCP amounts, sampling locations, species, sizes, lipid content, and age of the specimens. However, there were significant differences in MCCP amounts across species, which could be attributed to fish size and feeding habits. Homolog profiles in all fish were dominated by the medium-chlorinated (Cl6 and Cl7) CPs and shorter chain length CPs were the most abundant, with C10Cl6 (12.8%) and C11Cl6 (10.1%) being the predominant SCCPs and C14Cl6 (19.2%) and C14Cl7 (12.4%) the predominant MCCPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the presence of CPs in the environment in Argentina and the South Atlantic Ocean. CP occurrence in the environment, particularly in the food chain, promotes the need for further research on their occurrence and behavior, and the impact of CPs in marine ecosystems in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro Girones
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Yago Guida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902, Rio Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Oliva
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902, Rio Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge Eduardo Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad de la Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino, Gascón 3145, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - FRBB, 11 de Abril 445, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (ANCEFN), Av. Alvear 1711, 1014, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), DE-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Hugo Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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He W, Sun P, Zhao Y, Pu Q, Yang H, Hao N, Li Y. Source toxicity characteristics of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in multi-environmental media: Product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration control through silica methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162861. [PMID: 36931521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP/MCCP) have been widely studied because of their extensive environmental hazards. In this study, product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration of SCCP and MCCP in multi-environmental media were comprehensively considered. The additive combination of SCCP and MCCP in the air, water and soil environment was adjusted, and PVC, PU and rubber products with the lowest source toxicity were screened. The source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the water environment was inhibited by design of the feed additive addition scheme (highest inhibition was 16.29 %), and the source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the soil environment was affected by different field management measures (highest inhibition was 38.22 %). A forage fertilizer addition plan, a cattle feed addition plan and a special population healthy complementary food regulation plan were developed to prevent the migration step by step and absorption of SCCP and MCCP in the terrestrial food chain. In addition, by means of density functional theory and analysis of key amino acid residues, the mechanism of toxicity difference between SCCP and MCCP was analyzed from the level of chemical interaction, and rationality of the inhibition scheme designed in this study was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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14
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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15
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Ahrendt C, Galbán-Malagón C, Gómez V, Torres M, Mattar C, DeCoite M, Guida Y, Příbylová P, Pozo K. Marine debris and associated organic pollutants in surface waters of Chiloé in the Northern Chilean Patagonia (42°-44°S). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114558. [PMID: 36652856 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the occurrence of plastics and associated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in surface waters from Northern Chilean Patagonia. A total of 200 particles were found during the conducted survey. The highest number of particles found was 0.6 item m-3. We found that 53 % of the collected particles corresponded to plastic, with an average of 0.19 ± 0.18 item m-3. Microplastics (68 %) were the dominant size found in the area, followed by macroplastics (18 %) and mesoplastics (14 %). Most plastic particles were white (55 %) while others were <10 % each. Black and light blue represented 9 %; red, dark blue, and other colors 7 %; and green 6 %. Fragments were the most frequent shape of plastic debris (38 %), followed by Styrofoam (30 %) and fiber (27 %). Higher PBDE levels were found in the central zone, and those were higher than DDT, PeCB, HCB, and PCB levels. This study is the first report on POP occurrence in marine plastic debris from Chiloé Sea in the Northern Chilean Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ahrendt
- Fundación Acción Natural, Las Condes, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Plastic Oceans International, 23823 Malibu Road Ste 50-205, Malibu, CA 90265, USA.
| | - C Galbán-Malagón
- Centro GEMA (Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente), Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - V Gómez
- Centro GEMA (Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente), Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile
| | - M Torres
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Mattar
- Fundación Bioera, Las Condes, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M DeCoite
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Y Guida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - P Příbylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile; RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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McGrath TJ, Christia C, Poma G, Covaci A. Seasonal variation of short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffin distribution in Belgian indoor dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107616. [PMID: 36370602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume plasticizers and flame retardants, which have exhibited bioaccumulative and toxic properties. CPs may be released from treated consumer goods and bind with indoor dust, leading to human exposure via unintentional dust ingestion. In this study, the concentrations and homologue distribution of CPs were measured in 50 indoor dust samples collected in paired winter and summer sampling campaigns from 25 homes in Flanders, Belgium. Short-, medium- and long-chain CPs (SCCPs (C10-13), MCCPs (C14-17) and LCCPs (C18-20), respectively) were each detected in all Belgian indoor dust samples with overall median concentrations of 6.1 µg/g (range 0.61 to 120 µg/g), 45 µg/g (range 4.5 to 520 µg/g) and 4.5 µg/g (range 0.3 to 50 µg/g), respectively. Concentrations were significantly higher in the winter samples than summer for each of the three groups (p < 0.05). LCCPs homologues ranging from C21-32 were also detected in dust samples and accounted for approximately half of the LCCP relative abundance based on instrumental peak area, although a lack of appropriate analytical standards prevented quantification of these homologues. While clear sources of CP contamination in dust could not be identified, significant associations between concentrations of ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and ∑LCCPs (C18-20) (p < 0.05) suggested the combined application within materials or products in homes. Based on typical exposure scenarios, estimated daily intake of ∑CPs (C10-20) for adults and toddlers were 14 and 270 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, though margin of exposure assessments for SCCPs and MCCPs indicated that adverse health effects were unlikely for all exposure scenarios. This study presents the first evidence of seasonal variation in the levels and distribution for each of the SCCP, MCCP and LCCP classes in indoor dust and highlights the urgent need for appropriate analytical standards for LCCP quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Christina Christia
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Guida Y, Matsukami H, Kajiwara N. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in polyvinyl chloride consumer goods available in the Japanese market. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157762. [PMID: 35926616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), including short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), are hazardous chemical additives widely applied as plasticizers and flame retardants in polymers, mainly in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In 2017, SCCPs were listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). MCCPs were proposed for listing as POPs in 2021. SCCPs are also restricted under the Basel Convention, with two tentative low POP content (LPC) limits (100 and 10,000 mg kg-1) for SCCPs in waste. As a signatory Party of both conventions, Japan must ensure their implementation and manage SCCP wastes in environmentally sound ways. Therefore, we aimed to assess the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in PVC consumer goods (n = 87) available in the Japanese market. CPs were detected in 48% of the samples. Regarding positive samples, children's products and toys (1.3-120,000 mg kg-1) were more impacted by SCCPs whereas electrical and electronic cables (1.2-59,000 mg kg-1) and house interior products (3.5-550 mg kg-1) were more impacted by MCCPs. Fourteen and four samples exceeded the LPC limit of 100 and 10,000 mg kg-1 for SCCPs, respectively. Most products were impacted by CP contents (<1 % w/w) considerably below those reported as intentional CP uses in PVC. However, 11 samples with total CP contents ranging from 1.3% to 15 % (w/w) might have been impacted by intentional CP use as secondary plasticizer in PVC. Most of the impacted consumer goods available in the Japanese market were manufactured overseas, highlighting that only restricting POPs nationally is not enough for thorough implementation of the Basel and Stockholm Conventions. Therefore, imported PVC consumer goods, PVC waste and PVC recycling streams need to be monitored as relevant potential sources of SCCPs worldwide, even where the national industry strictly follows the restriction of such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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South L, Saini A, Harner T, Niu S, Parnis JM, Mastin J. Medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in air: A review of levels, physicochemical properties, and analytical considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157094. [PMID: 35779735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic chemicals that are produced at high volumes and have a global presence. CPs are generally divided into three groups based on their carbon chain lengths: short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C10-13), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C14-17), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C≥18). SCCPs have been formally recognized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and have been listed under the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Concerns about increases in MCCP and LCCP production as replacements for SCCP products are rising, given their similar properties to SCCPs and the fact that they remain relatively understudied with only a few reported measurements in air. Passive air samplers with polyurethane foam disks (PUF-PAS), which have been successfully applied to SCCPs, provide an opportunity to expand the existing body of data on MCCP and LCCP air concentrations, as they are inexpensive and require little maintenance. The uptake of MCCPs and LCCPs by PUF disk samplers is characterized in this paper based on newly derived PUF-air partitioning coefficients using COSMOtherm. The ability of PUF disk samplers to capture both gas-phase and particle fractions is important because MCCPs and LCCPs have reduced volatility compared to SCCPs and therefore are mainly associated with particulate matter in air. In addition, due to their use as additives in plastics and rubber products, they are associated with micro- and nanoplastics, which are considered to be potential vectors for the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of these chemicals. The review has highlighted other limitations to reporting of MCCPs and LCCPs in air, including the lack of suitable analytical standards and the requirement for advanced analytical methods to detect and resolve these complex mixtures. Overall, this review indicates that further research is needed in many areas for medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in order to better understand their occurrence, transport and fate in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren South
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Shan Niu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Department of Chemistry and Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Jacob Mastin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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Barbosa Machado Torres F, Guida Y, Weber R, Machado Torres JP. Brazilian overview of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances listed as persistent organic pollutants in the stockholm convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132674. [PMID: 34736745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PFAS are a group of organic chemicals, which some presents environmental persistence, dispersion and potential toxicity. Some of them have been listed in the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to have its production and use restricted, namely PFOS, its salts and PFOSF and PFOA, its salts and related substances. As a Party, Brazil has to comply with the Convention provisions regarding the control of POPs. In order to develop listed PFAS inventories in the country, the Convention guidance documents were used. Stakeholders were consulted and trade data was assessed. Complementary, a review on listed PFAS occurrence in Brazil was performed. From over 1000 queries sent, only 3 answers were received. International trade data showed an import of 93.7 tonnes of PFOSF from China and export of sulfluramid-base ant bait to other developing countries. Domestic trade data showed that around 28 t per year of EtFOSA is commercialized in Brazil. The EtFOSA sold internally could lead to emissions of up to 616 t of PFOS. With domestic and foreign trade data it was possible to estimate the production of EtFOSA from 2010 to 2018 to 40 t per year. Only 10 studies reported listed PFAS occurrence in Brazilian environmental matrices. All of them reported ubiquitous occurrence of listed PFAS in the country, being PFOS the predominant in terms of occurrence and concentration. Brazil needs to develop strategies to overcome the low engagement of stakeholders and enforce control over listed PFAS foreign trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Barbosa Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, 73527, Germany
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Fernandes AR, Falandysz J, Yuan B. Widening knowledge horizons on legacy POPs: Chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated naphthalenes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133131. [PMID: 34863731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Toxicology, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Lódź, Poland.
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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