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Soleimani F, Mallaki R, Arfaeinia H, Ghaemi M. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from leachates of waterpipe tobacco wastes on Peronia peronii species from the Persian Gulf region. Sci Rep 2025; 15:9227. [PMID: 40097503 PMCID: PMC11914590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-93543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
This study examines the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Peronia peronii (as the bio-indicator organism) exposed to the leachate resulting from fruit-flavored and traditional burnt tobacco wastes. The ƩPAHs concentrations in the muscle samples of P. Peronii of exposed group I (organisms exposed to the leachate resulting from fruit-flavored waterpipe tobacco wastes) and exposed group II (organisms exposed to the leachate resulting from traditional waterpipe tobacco wastes) and control group (exposed to natural seawater) were 37.49 ± 12.9, 9.32 ± 3.8, and 3.89 ± 1.9 ng/g, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the mean values of all ƩPAHs compounds in the three groups (group I, group II, and control). The mean Log BAFs in P. Peronii exposed to fruit-flavored and traditional tobacco waste leachates were ranged from 1.70 to 3.61 and 2.49 to 3.07, respectively. The mean Log BAFs of none of the PAHs compounds did not exceed 3.7 (the limit set as "bio-accumulative") in none of the leachates (fruit-flavored or traditional). In the organisms exposed to the leachates resulting from fruit-flavored tobacco waste, Log BAFs of Benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), and chrysene (Chr) lay within the range of 3.3-3.7 ("potentially bio-accumulative"). However, in the organisms exposed to the leachates resulting from traditional tobacco waste, the mean Log BAFs of all compounds did not reach even 3.3. The findings of our study indicate that leachates from tobacco waste, pose significant environmental and health hazards. Considering the prevalence of tobacco smoking, suitable strategies should be employed for management of these hazardous wastes to protect the environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Mallaki
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Addiction and Lifestyle Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ghaemi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran.
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Kouhi K, Abbasi-Tajaddod A, Gholami-Borujeni F. Assessing cigarette butt pollution on recreational beaches: A comparative study of two sampling methods and their impact on metal release. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2025; 211:117416. [PMID: 39667132 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
Discarded cigarette butts (CBs) are a significant source of environmental pollution. In areas with large amounts of cigarette waste, environmental hazards may arise due to the leaching of chemicals from filters and smoked tobacco. Accurately estimating the number of CBs on beaches requires a standardized method. Additionally, estimating the release of metals from these pollutants can provide important insights into beach pollution. This study compares two sampling methods to estimate CB waste on recreational beaches and evaluate the potential release of metals. In this combined experimental and meta-analysis study, circular methods with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 m were compared to a Flood Accumulation Zone (FAZ) method (1 m by 10 m, parallel to the waterline). Systematic study methods and meta-analysis were applied to estimate the release of metals along the Caspian Sea beaches. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in the averages of at least one sampling method (P < 0.006). Follow-up Mann-Whitney U tests showed no significant differences among the circular methods, but all circular methods significantly differed from the FAZ method (P < 0.05). The difference between the circular methods was smaller than the difference with the FAZ method. The minimum and maximum metal concentrations, in micrograms per square meter of Caspian Sea beaches, were associated with mercury and manganese. Circular methods with different diameters did not significantly differ and are effective in reducing CB accumulation due to coastal waves and wind. These methods can be considered standard for estimating CBs on beaches. Cigarette waste acts as a point source of metal pollution, with rapid leaching of metals increasing the risk of acute harm to coastal and marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Kouhi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Akram Abbasi-Tajaddod
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Thuan PM, Nguyen MK, Lin C, Rangel-Buitrago N, Galgani F, Chang SW, Nguyen DD. Cigarette butts in Vietnam's marine environments: From pollution to solutions and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 957:177484. [PMID: 39528218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette butts contain over 4000 toxic chemicals, including nicotine, tar, and heavy metals. More than 90 % of cigarettes sold today feature single-use plastic filters composed of cellulose acetate fibers and various additives. Cigarette butts are hazardous waste that pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Littered cigarette butts can act as an essential vehicle for toxic chemicals in the water environment. Cigarette butts contribute to gradual environmental degradation by releasing heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). Recent reports highlight the alarming increase in cigarette butt pollution on beaches, emphasizing the significance of commercial cigarette filters as single-use plastics and the primary contributors to this environmental threat. Given their potential toxicity, the research community has increasingly focused on understanding the profound impact of cigarette butt pollution on freshwater bodies, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial environments. However, there remains a considerable gap in knowledge regarding the extent of cigarette butt pollution, especially on Vietnam's beaches. While cigarette butts are a pervasive form of litter globally, little is known about their environmental effects, accumulation patterns, potential toxicity, and impacts on the coastline of Vietnam. This underscores the need for an in-depth investigation into this issue, expressing disappointment over the limited research conducted in coastal areas thus far. This article advocates for active participation from the scientific community to bridge this gap, asserting that collaborative research efforts will bring attention to and address the critical issue of cigarette butt pollution in Vietnam's regions and potential harm to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, enhancing research efforts to understand and mitigate cigarette butt pollution on Vietnam's beaches is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Minh Thuan
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Nelson Rangel-Buitrago
- Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Francois Galgani
- Unité Ressources marines en Polynésie Francaise, Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer), BP 49, Vairao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - S Woong Chang
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea.
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Hoang AQ, Nguyen LTH, Nguyen HD. Improper disposal of cigarette butts in a southeast Asian megacity (Hanoi, Vietnam): Pollution indexes, distribution profiles, and preliminary physicochemical characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176253. [PMID: 39278483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Although Southeast Asia is among the largest producers and consumers of cigarettes in the world, information about environmental contamination with littered cigarette butts (CBs) in this region is very limited, especially in urban areas. In this study, we collected CBs in 58 locations of 6 categories (i.e., parks, apartments, streets, shopping malls, universities, and relic sites) in Hanoi, a megacity of Vietnam, to elucidate the occurrence, pollution levels, and physicochemical properties of this specific waste type. A total of 25,943 CBs with 86 brands from 16 origin countries was obtained, showing a density range of 0.0056 to 1.16 (mean 0.125) CB/m2 and cigarette butt pollution index (CBPI) range of 0.23 to 86.9 (mean 6.14). CB contamination levels were higher in parks, apartments, streets, and shopping malls than in universities and relic sites, but CB density and CBPI values varied greatly between locations of the same category. Generally, CB contamination levels measured in Hanoi were within a moderate range compared to other countries worldwide. Several physicochemical properties of CBs were preliminarily determined, which partly confirmed the formation of smoking-derived chemicals captured in CBs and their release potentials into surrounding environments. Further investigations are required to evaluate detailed chemical profiles, leaching behavior, and toxic effects of hazardous substances in CBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam.
| | - Le Thuy Hien Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Huy Duong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
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Arfaeinia H, Masjedi MR, Asgariyan R, Soleimani F, Alipour V, Dadipoor S, Saeedi R, Jahantigh A, Maryamabadi A. Release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from cigarette butts into the aquatic environment: Levels and ecotoxicity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e39046. [PMID: 39640668 PMCID: PMC11620112 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Discarded cigarette waste may leach toxic elements and can contaminate different environments. In this study, the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in cigarette butts (CBs) leachates were determined, and the release rate of these pollutants from three CBs types such as smoked CBs with and without tobacco (SCBs and SFs) and unsmoked filters (USFs) were examined. The mean concentration levels of PCBs compounds were
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Asgariyan
- Department of Environmental, Esfahan Steel Company, Esfahan, 8477153111, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vali Alipour
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sara Dadipoor
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anis Jahantigh
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Lian H, Zhu L, Li M, Feng S, Gao F, Zhang X, Zhang F, Xi Y, Xiang X. Emerging threat of marine microplastics: Cigarette butt contamination on Yellow Sea beaches and the potential toxicity risks to rotifer growth and reproduction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135534. [PMID: 39151359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette butts have become one of the most common and persistent forms of debris in marine coastal areas, where they pose significant toxicity risks. This study investigated cigarette butt pollution along beaches of the Yellow Sea and used laboratory experiments to assess the toxicity of their leachate and fibers on the euryhaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. A pollution index confirmed pollution by this debris across all eight beaches surveyed, where the density of cigarette butts averaged 0.23 butts/m2. In controlled laboratory experiments, both the fibers and leachates from cigarette butts exhibited negative impacts on the development, reproduction, and population growth of rotifers. Unique abnormalities observed under different exposure treatments indicated toxicity specific to certain chemicals and particles. Continuous exposure to cigarette butts initially reduced rotifer fecundity, but this effect diminished over successive generations. However, the exposure induced transgenerational reproductive toxicity in the rotifers. Adaptive responses in rotifers after repeated exposure led to relative reduction in reproductive inhibition in the F3 and F4 generations. Furthermore, rotifers were capable of ingesting and accumulating cigarette butts, and maternal transfer emerged as an alternative pathway for uptake of this material in the offspring. These results increase our understanding of the ecological risks posed by cigarette butts in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Lian
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Sen Feng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Fan Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China
| | - Yilong Xi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xianling Xiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241002, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China.
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7
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Dos Santos NP, Maciel MGR, Guimarães PS, Trindade CRT, Schneck F. Negative effects of cigarette butt leachate on freshwater phytoplankton communities. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:884-892. [PMID: 38992211 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally tested the effects of different concentrations of cigarette butt leachate on freshwater phytoplankton chlorophyll-a, species richness, cell density, and community composition. For this, we sampled the phytoplankton from a eutrophic lake and acclimated it for 24 h in microcosms. We then conducted the experiment in microcosms maintained for 96 h. The experiment consisted of four treatments: control and leachate from 1 butt L-1 (T1), 5 butts L-1 (T5), and 10 butts L-1 (T10), which were prepared by diluting a stock solution of leachate from 50 butts L-1. We found that algal chlorophyll-a content was not affected by different leachate concentrations. In contrast, phytoplankton cell density decreased in a dose-dependent manner as concentrations of the leachate increased. Similarly, the number of species was highest in the control group relative to all other treatments, with T1 and T5 showing higher species richness than T10. Additionally, the exposition to different concentrations of the leachate impacted community composition across all treatments in comparison to the control group. Our results suggest that cigarette butt leachate alters the number of cells and species, as well as the distribution of abundance, without necessarily reducing chlorophyll-a concentrations. Our findings indicate that to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of cigarette butt leachate on freshwater ecosystems, it is essential to evaluate more realistic scenarios that incorporate aquatic communities, rather than isolated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Popiorek Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabrielle Rodrigues Maciel
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquático Continentais - PPGBAC. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Santos Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudio Rossano Trindade Trindade
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquático Continentais - PPGBAC. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schneck
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquático Continentais - PPGBAC. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. CEP 96303-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Soleimani F, Alipour V, Dadipoor S, Lidón-Moyano C, Vazirizadeh A, Rashidi R, Arfaeinia H, Gaffari H, Dobaradaran S. Peronia peronii as a bio-indicator to assess the toxicity of waterpipe tobacco leachates in aquatic and sediment media. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:323. [PMID: 39012394 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
This study was aimed to survey toxicity of waterpipe wastes leachates on Peronia peronii in aquatic and sediment environments as two exposure media. For this, leachates of four tobacco types including burnt traditional tobacco (BTT), fresh traditional tobacco (FTT), burnt fruit-flavored tobacco (BFT) and fresh fruit-flavored tobacco (FFT)) were prepared and used to assess their toxic effects on P. peronei in two aquatic and sediment media. The in-vivo toxic effects of five different concentrations of waterpipe tobacco waste leachates on P. peronii were evaluated. The LC50 values of BTTs leachates to P. peronii were 17.50, 16.05, 11.31 and 9.38 g/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively in aquatic media. These values for BFTs leachates were 14.86, 12.38, 9.53 and 7.46 g/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. In the case of sediment media, the LC50 values of BTTs leachates were 15.33, 13.70, 9.09 and 6.70 g/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively while these values for BFTs leachates were 12.00, 10.32, 8.20 and 5.65 g/L. Fruit-flavored tobacco leachates had significantly higher toxicity than traditional tobacco leachates for P. peronii. The findings also showed significant differences between the LC50 values of different leachates in different media of water and sediment. The results demonstrated that even small amount of tobacco waste (~ 5 to 6 g/L) can lead to P. peronii mortality and may also pose a hazard to other aquatic and benthic organisms. The results obtained from the present study can be used as a baseline data to assess local effects causing from unsafe disposal of post-consumption tobacco waste in beach areas. In addition, these findings can lead to encouraging decision-makers to focus more on the types of tobacco waste in the municipal solid waste management system and to implement a source separation process for these wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vali Alipour
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sara Dadipoor
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amir Vazirizadeh
- Marine Biology and Fishery Sciences Department, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Roshana Rashidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Gaffari
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Morovati M, Parsa S, Panahande M, Hossaini Motlagh A, Parseh I. Study of the impact of structural factors and cleaning efficiency in reducing hazardous litter density and its related pollution in urban environment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13934. [PMID: 38886518 PMCID: PMC11183163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cigarette filter is the most common hazardous litter that contains many pollutants including PAHs. The durability of this litter in the urban environment has an important effect on the rate of pollutant leakage. In this study, the leakage rate of PAHs from the littered cigarette filters was estimated by considering the affecting parameters on their durability in the urban environment. The results showed that the density of littered cigarette filters in the studied locations was 0.00048-0.13563 g/m2. The maximum spatial variation of the littered cigarette filter was 225 times. The average leakage of the total studied PAHs was estimated to be 2.048 µg/10 m2. The impact of structural factors and efficiency of urban cleaning in the estimated leakage was at most 2.4 times. It is necessary to change the behavior of citizens in littering the cigarette filter, considering its durability in the urban environment, to reduce the environmental and health consequences caused by the leakage of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Morovati
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Sheida Parsa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - Maryam Panahande
- Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.
| | - Amin Hossaini Motlagh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Iman Parseh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
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Acarer Arat S. A review on cigarette butts: Environmental abundance, characterization, and toxic pollutants released into water from cigarette butts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172327. [PMID: 38626827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Every year, trillions of cigarette butts (CBs) are discarded into the environment. CBs are frequently found on beaches and in urban areas worldwide due to their high resistance to physical and biological degradation. Components of CBs, such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), cellulose acetate fibers (microplastics), nicotine, aromatic amines, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), are released into aquatic environments. Harmful components released into water from CBs cause both water pollution and toxic effects on different aquatic organisms. In the first part of this review, studies investigating the density of CBs in different environments were reviewed. In the second part, the results of studies investigating the characteristics of cigarette filters using characterization techniques were reviewed. Then, studies on heavy metals, PAHs, microplastics (microfibers), nicotine, aromatic amines and BTEX released into water from CBs were reviewed, and factors affecting the types, amounts and release conditions of compounds (pollutants) released into water from CBs were discussed. In the last section, taking into account the studies carried out to date, deficiencies in the research on pollutants released into water from CBs were identified and recommendations were made for future studies. This review highlights the environmental abundance of CBs, the characterization results of CB filters, and the release into water of some substances in CBs that are pollutants for the aquatic environment. This review may serve as a guide to elucidate the environmental abundance of CBs, the characteristics of CBs/filters, and the concentration in water of some pollutants released into water from CBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Acarer Arat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Rashidi N, Masjedi MR, Arfaeinia H, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi SE, Ramavandi B, Rashidi R, Dadipoor S, Soleimani F. Mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waterpipe wastewater: Level and ecotoxicological risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28189. [PMID: 38560122 PMCID: PMC10981049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing of tobacco consumption around the world has led to the production of a large volume of waterpipe wastewater that enter the environment (e.g., coastal areas)and threaten aquatic creatures. However, until now, no research has been carried out on the amounts of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in hookah wastewater. In the current study, the levels of PAHs and BTEX compounds in waterpipe wastewater resulting from the use of different tobacco brands were determined and their eco-toxicological effects were also evaluated. The mean levels of ƩPAHs in waterpipe wastewater of Al Tawareg, Al-Fakher, Nakhla, Tangiers and traditional tobacco brands samples were 3.48 ± 1.65, 3.33 ± 1.52, 3.08 ± 1.25, 2.41 ± 0.87 and 0.70 ± 0.13 μg/L, respectively. The mean levels of ƩBTEX in waterpipe wastewater of Al Tawareg, Al-Fakher, Nakhla, Tangiers and traditional tobacco brands samples were also 2.53 ± 0.61, 2.65 ± 0.78, 2.51 ± 0.72, 2.35 ± 0.56, and 0.78 ± 0.12 μg/L, respectively. The maximum level of PAHs and BTEX compounds in all brands/flavors samples were for naphthalene (Naph) and toluene, respectively. The concentrations of some PAHs (fluoranthene (Flrt), anthracene (Ant), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo (g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) and dibenzo (a, h) anthracene (DahA)) and BTEX compounds (benzene) in the waterpipe wastewater samples were more than recommended guidelines and standards by the international reputable organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) for water quality. Waterpipe wastewater can be introduced as an important origin for the release of these dangerous contaminants into the environmental matrixes. Therefore, more stringent regulations should be considered for the safe disposal of such hazardous wastes including waterpipe wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Rashidi
- Student Research and Technology Committee of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitäatsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Seyed Enayat Hashemi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Roshana Rashidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sara Dadipoor
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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12
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Ghasemi M, Feyzi Kamareh T, Morovati M, Kazembeigi F, Alinejad N, Moein H, Hassani G. The fate of leaked heavy metals in the urban environment under different persistence and precipitation scenarios. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8343. [PMID: 38594514 PMCID: PMC11004182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of tobacco will lead to the littering of a large number of filters, and the leakage of pollutants from them into the urban environment is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the leakage of heavy metals from filter and estimate the annual concentration of pollution leakage in different waste routes and different climatic conditions. The results showed that the highest and lowest density of filter in the studied urban environment were 0.51 and 0.01 number/m2, respectively. According to the estimated annual production of 306 million cigarette butts in the studied area, the leakage of the studied metals was estimated to be 401 g. The share of copper, chromium, and cadmium from the total leakage was 67%, 8.3%, and 1.88%, respectively. The leakage of studied metals in rainy conditions was 2.86 times more than sunny conditions. In different scenarios, the minimum and maximum annual leakage of metals were estimated 23,043 and 350,419 mg/year, respectively. Filters are a little but important source of heavy metal emission into the urban environment, the amount of pollution from which is affected by the consumers' behavior and the efficiency of the urban cleaning system. Education on the correct disposal of filters and increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system will lead to a reduction in pollution caused by tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Touran Feyzi Kamareh
- Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Morovati
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Farogh Kazembeigi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hossein Moein
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Hassani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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13
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Mandelli WG, Pestana BM, Choueri RB, Abessa DMS, Braga Castro Í, Buruaem Moreira L. Waterborne Toxicity to Neotropical Invertebrates and Hazard of Cigarette Butt Leachates in Marine Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:374-384. [PMID: 37933775 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most common type of beach litter worldwide and contain a complex mixture of chemicals. Given the recent interest in this emerging problem, it is important to assess the toxicity of CB leachates to a range of species from different regions, sensitivities, and ecological traits. We evaluated the waterborne toxicity of smoked CB to tropical invertebrates. Leachates were prepared in the laboratory and characterized for trace elements (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb), ammonia nitrogen, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Then a set of toxicity tests with marine invertebrates was performed as follows: the brine shrimp Artemia sp. (nontoxic); the amphipod Tiburonella viscana (median lethal concentration [LC50] of 0.038 CB/L); the tanaid Monokalliapseudes schubarti (LC50 of 0.126 CB/L); the copepods Tisbe biminiensis (median effect concentration [EC50] of 0.038 CB/L) and Nitokra sp. (EC50 of 0.009 CB/L); pluteus stage larvae of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (EC50 of 0.152 CB/L); the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata (EC50 of 0.054 CB/L); and D-stage larvae of the mussel Perna perna (EC50 of 0.005 CB/L). The predicted no-effect concentration was estimated using species sensitivity distribution, producing a 5th percentile hazard concentration of 0.015 CB/L. This preliminary threshold allowed us to estimate the potential impact of a single CB to 67 L of seawater via leaching, contributing to the advancement of knowledge regarding the contamination, toxicity, and ecological risks of cigarette waste. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:374-384. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa G Mandelli
- Institute of Marine Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Pestana
- Institute of Marine Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Choueri
- Institute of Marine Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Institute of Marine Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Buruaem Moreira
- Institute of Marine Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Taghipour H, Ghayebzadeh M, Mousavi SMS, Sharifi H, Payandeh A. Incidence and exposure to microplastics in table salt present in the Iran market. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:129-140. [PMID: 37520774 PMCID: PMC10372495 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics and microplastics (MPs) are toxic, pervasive and threatening the biotic and abiotic components of the earth, and they threaten food safety and food security by moving in the food chain. In this study, the amounts and characteristics of 40 table salt samples with different brands, including sea salt (No = 13), rock (No = 13), bulk (No = 8) and non-standard (No = 6), were investigated with a combination of sieving, filtration, observation and FTIR, Micro-Raman and SEM techniques. The results showed that all the salts were contaminated with MPs. In general, the abundance range of detected particles was 700-5470 MPs/kg. The abundance of MPs was higher in counterfeit and non-standard salts (1825 ± 1808 MPs/kg). Investigating the relationship between the effect of the purification process (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.841), the type of packaging (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.609), and the type of salt (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.942), on the abundance of MPs using a comparison test Kruskal-Wallis was not significant. However, the numerical difference was recognizable. The most identified polymer in the salts was cellulose acetate, which probably causes by unmanaged plastic litter in the environment (especially cigarette butts). The dominant form of particles was fragment-shaped, which is the most abundant form of identified MPs in the environment. Both environmental pollution and secondary pollution (during production and packaging), respectively, contribute to the contamination of salts with MPs. The estimated human dietary intake (EDI) and the amount of estimated annual intake (EAI) for different ages in Iran were obtained EDI = 5-59 MPs/capita/day and EAI = 1967-21563 MPs/capita/year. The surface morphology of the particles showed that the MPs were affected by continuous weathering, mechanical fracture and oxidation. MPs are a threat to human health due to the absorption and transmission of dangerous pollutants and their inherent toxicity. Therefore, a solution must be thought of to prevent the contamination of the food chain through salts by MPs, (with protective measures at the salt source, and by improving its production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Taghipour
- Health and Environment Research Center, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghayebzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Seyed Mousavi
- Health and Environment Research Center, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamze Sharifi
- Health and Environment Research Center, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abolfazl Payandeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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15
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Masjedi MR, Torkshavand Z, Arfaeinia H, Dobaradaran S, Soleimani F, Farhadi A, Rashidi R, Novotny TE, Dadipoor S, Schmidt TC. First report on BTEX leaching from waterpipe tobacco wastes (WTWs) into aquatic environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21946. [PMID: 38034754 PMCID: PMC10682136 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco wastes (WTWs) may contain considerable levels of hazardous contaminants such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m/p-xylene). However, no research has been carried out on BTEX levels in WTWs and the release of these pollutants into the water environment. This research examined the levels of BTEX in WTWs of flavored/local tobacco and also the release rate of these toxins into three kinds of water, including seawater (SW), tap water (TW), and distilled water (DW) with different leaching times (15, 30 min, 1.2, 4, 8 h, and 1, 2, and 4 days). The mean contents of BTEX in WTW samples of Al-Mahmoud, Al-Fakher, Mazaya, Al-Ayan brands, and local tobacco samples were 17.0 ± 4.14, 19.1 ± 4.65, 19.6 ± 4.19, 18.8 ± 4.14, and 3.16 ± 0.63 μg/kg, respectively. The mean BTEX levels in flavored tobacco samples were considerably greater than that of local tobacco (p < 0.05). The WTWs leaching experiments showed that the levels of BTEX ranged from 5.26 to 6.12, 5.02-5.60, and 3.83-5.46 μg/L in DW, TW, and SW, respectively. All target compounds were found for all exposure times in DW, TW, and SW samples. After adding sodium azide as an antibacterial agent to water samples (simulating biodegradation processes), higher levels of BTEX compounds were detected in SW. Further research is needed to address the potential environmental hazards due to WTWs leaching into aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Akram Farhadi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Roshana Rashidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Thomas E. Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Sara Dadipoor
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
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16
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Mghili B, Lamine I, Bouzekry A, Gunasekaran K, Aksissou M. Cigarette butt pollution in popular beaches of Morocco: Abundance, distribution, and mitigation measures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115530. [PMID: 37717497 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts pose a significant challenge in managing solid litter, with an estimated 4.5 trillion of them being discarded into the environment annually. This study investigated the pollution of eleven beaches along the Moroccan Mediterranean by cigarette butts compared to other types of marine litter between 2018 and 2023. Sampling was conducted using the visual survey technique according to a standardized protocol. A total of 50, 575 items were collected with cigarette butts (14.62 %) and plastic caps/lids drinks (10.93 %) being the most common. Our survey of eleven beaches revealed 7395 cigarette butts, giving an average density of 0.06/m2 comparable to other countries in the Mediterranean. The analysis of the results shows significant differences in the abundance cigarette butts according to the beach typology, seasonality, sediment type, and number of beach users. Moreover, the study discovered a decrease in beach pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, resulting in less litter collected compared to pre- and post-pandemic periods. The Cigarette Butt Pollution Index was categorized as very low pollution in M'diq and Kaa Asrass, low pollution in Ksar Sghir, Fnideq, Amsa, Oued Laou, significant pollution in Martil and Nador and sever pollution in Saidia and Sababia. The CBPI was higher during summer and winter, significantly associated with the density levels of beach users. The study recommends immediate action by the local administration to prevent the potential pollution of groundwater and sand by toxic substances leached from cigarette butts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Mghili
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - Imane Lamine
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Errachidia
| | - Assia Bouzekry
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Kannan Gunasekaran
- Centre for Aquaculture, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Mustapha Aksissou
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco
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17
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Díaz-Mendoza C, Arias Ordiales P, Bustos ML, Cervantes O, Palacios-Moreno M, Vera San-Martin T, Kloc Lopes G, Vallejo M, Mouthon-Bello J, Gutiérrez L. Abundance and distribution of cigarette butts on the sand of five touristic beaches in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115306. [PMID: 37506493 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CB) and cigarette butt fibers (CBF) are highly abundant and frequent residues on beach sand. Also, they are hazardous waste due to their significant toxicity and potential risk to the ecosystems' biota and the health of beach tourists. This study aimed to determine the abundance and density of CB and CBF found on the active, rest, and service zones of five pilot beaches in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico. The methodology involved collecting CB and CBF in 500 m2 transects of urban tourist beaches using a citizen science-adapted methodology between June 2021 and May 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The abundance and density of CB and CBF, and the Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) were calculated. The highest proportion of CB was found in service and rest areas. Bocagrande (CO) reported the highest generation of CB and CBF and a severe CBPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Díaz-Mendoza
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia.
| | | | | | - Omar Cervantes
- Faculty of Oceanography of the Universidad de Colima campus Manzanillo, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gisela Kloc Lopes
- Faculty of Engineering of the Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA), Cabo Frio, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo Gutiérrez
- Faculty of the Sea and Environment, Universidad Del Pacífico, Ecuador; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
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18
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Vanapalli KR, Sharma HB, Anand S, Ranjan VP, Singh H, Dubey BK, Mohanty B. Cigarettes butt littering: The story of the world's most littered item from the perspective of pollution, remedial actions, and policy measures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131387. [PMID: 37080035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarettes butt (CB) is one of the most littered items on the planet. This paper critically analyzes the factors responsible for CB littering, and associated environmental ramifications, and reviews all the possible technical, behavioural, and policy-based solutions. Even while smoking has declined globally, middle-income nations have seen an increase in consumption, which may be related to increased affordability and a lack of public awareness. The smokers' individual beliefs and habits, environmental ignorance, covert littering as a result of social taboos associated with smoking, and behavioural gaps between intention and action might all be contributing factors to CBs' littering behaviour. The low biodegradability of cellulose acetate filters and toxic chemical leaching from CBs are the most important aspects of CB environmental toxicity. The small size and low economic value of CB contribute to the inefficiencies of current waste collection and management systems. The current research on CB valorisation includes fired-clay bricks, asphalt concrete, biofilms, sound absorber, cellulose pulp, pesticides, and insecticides as downstream mitigation strategies. This study highlights the urgent need for policymakers to enforce regulations enabling innovative cigarette designs, the creation of deposit-refund schemes, extended producer responsibility and stringent waste collection mechanisms. Adopting gentler marketing strategies and non-confrontational behavioural nudges could result in an overall reduction in CB pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Raja Vanapalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mizoram, Aizawl, Mizoram 796012, India; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Hari Bhakta Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Rangpo, Sikkim 737136, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Shaivya Anand
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Ved Prakash Ranjan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Brajesh K Dubey
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Bijayananda Mohanty
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mizoram, Aizawl, Mizoram 796012, India
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19
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Masjedi MR, Arfaeinia H, Dobaradaran S, Keshtkar M, Soleimani F, Novotny TE, Torkshavand Z. Post-consumption waterpipe tobacco waste as an unrecognized source of toxic metal(loid)s leachates into aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163207. [PMID: 37011674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe is a common form of tobacco smoking, and recently, its use has been increasing globally. Therefore, concern arises regarding the large quantity of post-consumption waterpipe tobacco waste produced and released into the environment and which can contain high levels of dangerous pollutants such as toxic meta(loid)s. This study reports the concentrations of meta(loid)s in waste from fruit-flavoured and traditional tobacco smoking as well as the release rate of these pollutants from waterpipe tobacco waste into three types of water. These include distilled water, tap water, and seawater and contact times ranging from 15 min to 70 days. The mean concentration levels of Ʃmetal(loid)s in waste samples of Al-mahmoud, Al-Fakher, Mazaya, Al-Ayan brands and traditional tobacco brands were 212 ± 92.8, 198 ± 94.4, 197 ± 75.7, 214 ± 85.8 and 40.6 ± 16.1 μg/g, respectively. The concentration levels of Ʃmetal(loid)s in fruit-flavoured tobacco samples were significantly higher than for traditional tobacco samples (p < 0.05). It was found that waterpipe tobacco wastes leached toxic metal(loid)s into different water samples with similar trends. In addition distribution coefficients showed that most metal(loid)s are highly likely to enter the liquid phase. The concentration levels of these pollutants (except Ni and As) in deionized water and tap water exceeded the surface fresh water standards for sustaining aquatic life during long contact time (up to 70 days). In seawater, concentration levels of Cu and Zn exceeded the recommended standards for maintaining aquatic life in the sea. Therefore, due to the possibility of contamination by soluble metal(loid)s through disposal of waterpipe tobacco waste in wastewater, there is concern that these toxic chemicals might enter the human food chain. Appropriate regulatory measures for disposal of waterpipe tobacco waste are necessary to prevent environmental pollution due to discarded wastes into aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany.
| | - Mozhgan Keshtkar
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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20
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Arfaeinia H, Ghaemi M, Jahantigh A, Soleimani F, Hashemi H. Secondhand and thirdhand smoke: a review on chemical contents, exposure routes, and protective strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1. [PMID: 37306877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS: a mixture of sidestream and mainstream smoke) and thirdhand smoke (THS: made up of the pollutants that settle indoors after smoking in closed environments) are a significant public health concern. SHS and THS contain various chemicals which can be released into the air or settle on surfaces. At present, the hazards of SHS and THS are not as well documented. In this review, we describe the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, and protective strategies. The literature search was conducted for published papers on September 2022 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, protective strategies, and future researches on environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaemi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Anis Jahantigh
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Ortega F, Calero M, Rico N, Martín-Lara MA. COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) contamination in coastal areas of Granada, Spain. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114908. [PMID: 37086548 PMCID: PMC10080275 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of disposable personal protective equipment (PPE) as a control measure to avoid transmission against COVID-19 has generated a challenge to the waste management and enhances plastic pollution in the environment. The research aims to monitor the presence of PPE waste and other plastic debris, in a time interval where the use of face mask at specific places was still mandatory, on the coastal areas of Granada (Spain) which belongs to the Mediterranean Sea. Four beaches called La Rijana, La Charca, La Rábita and Calahonda were examined during different periods. The total amount of sampled waste was 17,558 plastic units. The abundance, characteristics and distribution of PPE and other plastic debris were determined. Results showed that the observed amount of total plastic debris were between 2.531·10-2 and 24.487·10-2 units per square meter, and up to 0.136·10-2 for PPE debris, where face masks represented the 92.22 % of the total PPE debris, being these results comparable to previous studies in other coastal areas in the world. On the other hand, total plastic debris densities were in the range from 2.457·10-2 to 92.219·10-2 g/m2 and densities were up to 0.732·10-2 for PPE debris. PPE debris supposed 0.79 % of the weight of total waste and the 0.51 % of total items. Concerning non-PPE plastic waste: cigarettes filters, food containers and styrofoam were the most abundant items (42.95, 10.19 and 16.37 % of total items, respectively). During vacation periods, total plastic debris amount increased 92.19 % compared to non-vacation periods. Regarding type of beaches, the presence of plastic debris was significantly higher on touristic/recreational than in fishing beaches. Data showed no significant differences between accessible and no-accessible beaches, but between periods with restrictive policy about mask face use and periods with non-restrictive policy data suggest significant differences between densities (g/m2) for PPE litter. The amount of PPEs debris is also correlated with the number of cigarettes filters (Person's r = 0.650), food containers (r = 0.782) and other debris (r = 0.63). Finally, although interesting results were provided in this study, further research is required to better understand the consequences of this type of pollution and to provide viable solutions to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ortega
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Calero
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - N Rico
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - M A Martín-Lara
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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22
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Shah G, Bhatt U, Soni V. A comprehensive review on triple R eco-management strategies to reduce, reuse and recycle of hazardous cigarette butts. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16642. [PMID: 37292331 PMCID: PMC10245253 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarettes are the globally consumed product that contributes to public health problems and is the source of the most prevalent form of litter in the world, Cigarette butts. Cigarette butts are a major source 4000 toxic chemicals, affecting the health of wildlife, humans, and the environment and their decomposition can take years due to the resistance of cellulose acetate to bacterial and fungal degradation. In 2016, the world production of cigarettes exceeded 5.7 trillion, with the majority of them consisting of cellulose acetate filters. Consequently, a massive amount of hazardous waste leaches out in the environment. Incineration and landfilling are methods of disposal, but they can result in the emission of harmful fumes and be costly. To combat this environmental issue, researchers have explored the recycling of cigarette butts in various materials, including asphalt concrete, fired clay bricks, and as a carbon source, among others. Various approaches can be used to reduce cigarette butts pollution, but efficient collection logistics by consumers remains a crucial factor for successful recycling. This paper provides innovative solutions to mitigate the cigarette butts litter problem and the feasibility of recycling methods. Despite recent progress in cigarette butts recycling solutions, there is still much room for research in this area.
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23
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Solomou N, Fernández E, Szafnauer R, Psillakis E. Total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in unused and operated heat-not-burn tobacco products and conventional cigarettes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139050. [PMID: 37247679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco product waste poses a global environmental issue, affecting urban and coastal areas alike. The present studies report, for the first time, the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in unused and operated heat-not-burn (HnBs) tobacco products. To enable direct comparisons, identical sets of studies were conducted using conventional cigarettes (CCs). Five low-molecular PAHs were determined in HnBs at total concentrations that were of the same order before and after operation (Σ5PAH = 47.37 ± 3.44 ng unit-1 and Σ5PAH = 69.36 ± 5.78 ng unit-1 in unused and used HnBs, respectively). The incomplete combustion of organics during smoking of CCs, yielded substantially higher amounts of PAHs with their sum (Σ10PAHs = 1449 ± 113 ng unit-1) being >20 times larger than those in HnBs. The tobacco and filter were the most contaminated parts in HnBs. In unused CCs, tobacco had the highest PAHs load and after smoking, the spent filter was the most contaminated part, containing ∼80% of the total amount of PAHs. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH detected in all tobacco products. Despite the high total PAH concentrations found in smoked CCs, the sums of the bioavailable PAH concentrations were of the same order in all tested tobacco products (Σ5PAH = 61.38 ± 1.79 ng unit-1 in unused HnBs, Σ5PAH = 70.87 ± 7.67 ng unit-1 in used HnBs, Σ4PAH = 66.92 ± 5.95 ng unit-1 in unused CCs, and Σ6PAH = 47.94 ± 1.26 ng unit-1 in smoked CCs). This finding was related to smoking affecting PAHs' leachability from CCs and delaying their desorption from the solid matrix. Adjusting the pH, salt and humic acids content at environmentally relevant values did not affect PAHs leaching at 24 h of soaking. Finally, the leaching behavior of PAHs in natural waters (river water, rainwater, and seawater) was found similar to that in ultrapure water, experimentally verifying the ability of tobacco product waste to leach PAHs into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Solomou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Fernández
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Rachael Szafnauer
- Markes International Ltd, 1000B Central Park, Western Avenue, CF31 3RT, Bridgend, United Kingdom
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece.
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24
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Shah G, Bhatt U, Soni V. Cigarette: an unsung anthropogenic evil in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59151-59162. [PMID: 37055684 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The world's population is growing steadily, and this trend is mirrored by a sharp rise in the number of people who smoke cigarettes. Instead of properly disposing of their cigarette waste, most people simply toss them aside, leading to serious environmental consequences. According to previous statistics, in 2012 alone, 6.25 trillion cigarettes were consumed by 967 million chain smokers. Past studies have shown that up to 30% of global litter is made up of cigarette waste. These discarded cigarette butts are non-biodegradable and contain over 7000 toxicants such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, nitrosamine ketone, N-Nitrosonornicotine, nicotine, formaldehyde, acrolein, ammonia, aniline, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various heavy metals. These toxicants have a negative impact on the habitats of wildlife and can cause serious health problems such as cancer, respiratory disorders, cardiac issues, and sexual dysfunction. Although it is still unclear how littered cigarettes affect plant growth, germination, and development, it is clear that they have the potential to harm plant health. Just like single-use plastic, trashed cigarette butts are a critical new rising form of pollution that requires scientific attention for effective recycling and disposal management. It is important to properly dispose of cigarette waste to protect the environment and wildlife, as well as to prevent harm to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garishma Shah
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Upma Bhatt
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vineet Soni
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India.
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