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Singa PK, Rajamohan N, Isa MH, Azner Abidin CZ, Ibrahim AH. Remediation of carcinogenic PAHs from landfill leachate by Electro-Fenton process - Optimization and modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142248. [PMID: 38710412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PAHs is the group of emerging micro-pollutants present in most environmental matrices that has the tendency to bioaccumulate and cause carcinogenic effects to human health. The present research involved the quantification and treatment of leachate produced from secured landfill, to eliminate the PAHS. Electro-Fenton process, a class of advanced oxidation process, is adopted to degrade the PAHs using titanium electrodes as both anode and cathode. Artificial intelligence based statistical tool "Central Composite Design" a module of JMP -19 software was used to design the experiments and optimize the critical parameters involved in the research. It was observed that the value of P is significant (P < 0.05) for all the independent variables evidencing the significant correlation between experimental values and predicted values of the software. The value of R2 obtained was 0.96 and 0.97 for COD and PAHs respectively. The maximum removal efficiency of COD and PAH was found to be 84.24% and 90.78% respectively. The optimized conditions obtained from the central composite design were: pH = 5; Fe2+ = 0.1 g/L; H2O2 = 2 g/L; reaction time = 60 min; and electric intensity = 0.2 A. Additionally, optimized experimental conditions were used to study the removal efficiencies of individual 16 PAHs and are also reported. From the close proximity of experimental and predicted results of the software it can be proved that central composite design is efficient enough to be used as a statistical tool in design and analysis for treatment of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guru-Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, 585403, Karnataka, India; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Malaysia.
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, PC-311, Oman.
| | - Mohamed Hasnain Isa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
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Upadhyay V, Kumari A, Kumar S. From soil to health hazards: Heavy metals contamination in northern India and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141697. [PMID: 38484997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals contamination in soil is a global concern affecting the environment with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and the health of human beings. Heavy metals contamination of soil entails a significant threat to the environment and human health. This research paper focuses on the quantification of heavy metals contamination in soil in Kanpur district, a highly industrialized and densely populated region in India. The study was aimed to identify the sources of heavy metals, map their spatial distribution, and evaluate the potential implications on the environment and human well-being. The prime intent of the current study was quantification of heavy metals in the soil as well as the comparison of risk on the health of human being using two different methods i.e., US EPA methodology for risk assessment and epidemiological study-based risk assessment. Heavy metals like Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Cd were analyzed in agricultural samples of soil with the help of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. On the basis of epidemiological data, the attributable and relative risk came out to be 0.001 and 1.060, respectively. On the basis of the calculation of Cr alone, the values of carcinogenic risk for adults came out to be 3.87 × 10-7 and for children it was 3.01 × 10- 6. In conclusion, this research paper highlights the alarming levels of heavy metals contamination in the soil of Kanpur district, emphasizing the urgent need for remediation and mitigation efforts, thereby guiding policy makers and stakeholders in developing targeted strategies for soil protection and safeguarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Upadhyay
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India.
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Muthukumar B, Satheeshkumar A, Parthipan P, Laishram B, Duraimurugan R, Devanesan S, AlSalhi MS, Rajamohan R, Rajasekar A. Integrated approach of nano assisted biodegradation of anthracene by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and iron oxide nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117911. [PMID: 38104919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as hazardous compounds which causes serious threat to the environment dua to their more carcinogenic and mutagenic impacts. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 strain and synthesized iron nanoparticles were used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE %) of residual anthracene. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system (Anthracene + PP4+ FeNPs) was obtained about 67 %. The FTIR spectra result revealed the presence of functional groups (C-H, -CH3, CC, =C-H) in the residual anthracene. The FESEM and TEM techniques were used to determine the surface analysis of the synthesized FeNPs and the average size was observed by TEM around 5-50 nm. The crystalline nature of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was confirmed by the observed different respective peaks of XRD pattern. The various functional constituents (OH, C-H, amide I, CH3) were identified in the synthesized iron nanoparticles by FTIR spectrum. In conclusion, this integrated nano-bioremediation approach could be an promising and effective way for many environmental fields like cleanup of hydrocarbon rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Muthukumar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Azhagarsamy Satheeshkumar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Punniyakotti Parthipan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Bibek Laishram
- Department of Agronomy, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Ramanathan Duraimurugan
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajaram Rajamohan
- Organic Materials Synthesis Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India; Adjunct Faculty, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
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Qutob M, Rafatullah M, Muhammad SA, Alamry KA, Hussein MA. Tropical soil remediation from pyrene: Release the power of natural iron content in soil for the efficient oxidant's activation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120179. [PMID: 38295641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural soil minerals often contain numerous impurities, resulting in comparatively lower catalytic activity. Tropical soils are viewed as poor from soil organic matter, cations, and anions, which are considered the main impurities in the soil that are restricted to utilizing natural minerals as a catalyst. In this regard, the dissolved iron and hematite crystals that presented naturally in tropical soil were evaluated to activate oxidants and degrade pyrene. The optimum results obtained in this study were 73 %, and the rate constant was 0.0553 h-1 under experimental conditions [pyrene] = 300 mg/50 g, pH = 7, T = 55 °C, airflow = 260 mL/min, [Persulfate (PS)] = 1.0 g/L, and humic acid (HA) ( % w/w) = 0.5 %. The soil characterization analysis after the remediation process showed an increase in moieties and cracks of the soil aggregate, and a decline in the iron and aluminium contents. The scavengers test revealed that both SO4•- and O2•- were responsible for the pyrene degradation, while HO• had a minor role in the degradation process. In addition, the monitoring of by-products, degradation pathways, and toxicity assessment were also investigated. This system is considered an efficient, green method, and could provide a step forward to develop low-cost soil remediation for full-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Deng J, Wang H, Su Y, Shen K, Chen X, Zhou X, Hu X, Gao Y. Quantifying the roles of thermal volatilization and decomposition in microwave remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-polluted soil and modeling remediation effectiveness. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132884. [PMID: 37913658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Microwave irradiation is a promising technology for the remediation of soil contaminated by organic contaminants. However, the roles of volatilization and decomposition in microwave removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil have not yet been quantitatively determined. A model describing the removal efficiency of benz(a)anthracene (BaA) at different treatment times and varied conditions was constructed, wherein BaA removal efficiency was positively and linearly correlated with soil temperature. BaA removal in soil was attributed to thermal volatilization (97.8%) and decomposition (2.2%). Radicals such as ∙OH and ∙O 2- were found to initiate BaA decomposition, the pathway of which was elucidated through HPLC-MS analysis, revealing benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione as the main intermediate product. The new ideas and perspectives founded in this study offer theoretical support for microwave remediation of organic compound-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibao Deng
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hefei Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yan Su
- Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110167, PR China
| | - Ke Shen
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuwen Chen
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Chen S, Hu YH. Chemical recycling of plastic wastes with alkaline earth metal oxides: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167251. [PMID: 37741410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been widely used in daily life and industries due to their low cost and high durability, leading to huge production of plastics and tens of millions of plastic wastes every year. Chemical recycling can recycle contaminated and degraded plastics (that mechanical recycling cannot deal with) to obtain value-added products, which potentially solves the environmental problems caused by plastics and realizes a circular economy. Alkaline earth metal oxides, as a category of cost-effective and multi-functional materials, have been widely used in chemical recycling of common plastics, acting as three roles: catalyst, template, and absorbent. Among five commercial plastics, polyethylene terephthalate is suitable for pyrolysis and solvolysis. Polyethylene and polypropylene, which are ideal precursors for synthesis of carbon nanotubes, could be combined with biomass for co-pyrolysis. Polyvinyl chloride needs to be pretreated to reduce chloride content prior to pyrolysis. Depolymerization of polystyrene into monomers is attractive. This review summarized the chemical recycling approaches of commercial plastics and the strategies with alkaline earth metal oxides for the development of efficient recycling processes. It will aid understanding of the advances and challenges in the field and promote the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA.
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Satpati GG, Gupta S, Biswas RK, Choudhury AK, Kim JW, Davoodbasha M. Microalgae mediated bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Strategies, advancement and regulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140337. [PMID: 37797901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive in the atmosphere and are one of the emerging pollutants that cause harmful effects in living systems. There are some natural and anthropogenic sources that can produce PAHs in an uncontrolled way. Several health hazards associated with PAHs like abnormality in the reproductive system, endocrine system as well as immune system have been explained. The mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of hydrocarbons in living systems including algae, vertebrates and invertebrates have been discussed. For controlling PAHs, biodegradation has been suggested as an effective and eco-friendly process. Microalgae-based biosorption and biodegradation resulted in the removal of toxic contaminants. Microalgae both in unialgal form and in consortium (with bacteria or fungi) performed good results in bioaccumulation and biodegradation. In the present review, we highlighted the general information about the PAHs, conventional versus advanced technology for removal. In addition microalgae based removal and toxicity is discussed. Furthermore this work provides an idea on modern scientific applications like genetic and metabolic engineering, nanomaterials-based technologies, artificial neural network (ANN), machine learning (ML) etc. As rapid and effective methods for bioremediation of PAHs. With several pros and cons, biological treatments using microalgae are found to be better for PAH removal than any other conventional technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Gopal Satpati
- Department of Botany, Bangabasi Evening College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata- 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shalini Gupta
- University School of Environment and Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Delhi- 110078, India
| | - Rohan Kr Biswas
- Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, India
| | - Avik Kumar Choudhury
- Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, India
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Research Centre for Bio Material and Process Development, Incheon National Univeristy, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - MubarakAli Davoodbasha
- Research Centre for Bio Material and Process Development, Incheon National Univeristy, Republic of Korea; Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, 10540, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, India.
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Kaur R, Gupta S, Tripathi V, Chauhan A, Parashar D, Shankar P, Kashyap V. Microbiome based approaches for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A current perception. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139951. [PMID: 37652248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Globally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution is primarily driven by their release into the air through various combustion processes, including burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas in motor vehicles, power plants, and industries, as well as burning organic matter like wood, tobacco, and food in fireplaces, cigarettes, and grills. Apart from anthropogenic pollution sources, PAHs also occur naturally in crude oil, and their potential release during oil extraction, refining processes, and combustion further contributes to contamination and pollution concerns. PAHs are resistant and persistent in the environment because of their inherent features, viz., heterocyclic aromatic ring configurations, hydrophobicity, and thermostability. A wide range of microorganisms have been found to be effective degraders of these recalcitrant contaminants. The presence of hydrocarbons as a result of numerous anthropogenic activities is one of the primary environmental concerns. PAHs are found in soil, water, and the air, making them ubiquitous in nature. The presence of PAHs in the environment creates a problem, as their presence has a detrimental effect on humans and animals. For a variety of life forms, PAH pollutants are reported to be toxic, carcinogenic, mutation-inducing, teratogenic, and immune toxicogenics. Degradation of PAHs via biological activity is an extensively used approach in which diverse microorganisms (fungal, algal, clitellate, and protozoan) and plant species and their derived composites are utilized as biocatalysts and biosurfactants. Some microbes have the ability to transform and degrade these PAHs, allowing them to be removed from the environment. The goal of this review is to provide a critical overview of the existing understanding of PAH biodegradation. It also examines current advances in diverse methodologies for PAH degradation in order to shed light on fundamental challenges and future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vishal Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arjun Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Prem Shankar
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX-77555, USA
| | - Vivek Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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Agrahari S, Singh AK, Gautam RK, Tiwari I. Electrochemical oxidation and sensing of para benzoquinone using a novel SPE based disposable sensor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140078. [PMID: 37714484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Para-benzoquinone (PBQ) is an emerging micro-contaminant owing to its chronic toxicity to plants and animals as well as its potential to induce cytotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes and kidney cell injury. Hence, it is of utmost importance to monitor this contaminant in industrial wastewater and groundwater. In this article, we devised a unique disposable sensor that is based on a screen-printed electrode using MnO2@Co-Ni MOFs/fMWCNTs nanocomposite and is able to detect PBQ. The as-produced nanocomposite was prepared via ultrasonic assisted reflux condition and thoroughly examined by several physicochemical characterisation methods such as SEM, EDX, TEM, Raman, AFM, UV-visible, and FT-IR. Moreover, electrochemical methods like CV, DPV, EIS, and chronoamperometry were used for detecting PBQ on MnO2@Co-Ni MOFs/fMWCNTs/SPCE. Sensor performance has been investigated thoroughly and optimized to enhance the analytical potential of the fabricated sensor. DPV analysis was done on MnO2@Co-Ni MOFs/fMWCNTs that exhibit high selectivity, low peak potential, a broader linear detection range (0.005 mM-30 mM), and a LOD of 0.0027 ± 0.0005 mM. The designed electrode has shown remarkable reproducibility and excellent repeatability, with relative standard deviations of 0.12%, and 0.17%, respectively. Additionally, MnO2@Co-Ni MOFs/fMWCNTs/SPCE have been used to analyse PBQ in industrial wastewater samples, and the results have shown a significant level of recovery between 96.91 and 105.67%. Moreover, the PBQ sensor displays high applicability and was verified via the use of HPLC techniques. This disposable sensor is quick, easy, and cost-effective, so it can be useful in the future for analysing other phenolic contaminants present in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreanshi Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Ravindra Kumar Gautam
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Ida Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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