1
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Peng X, McClements DJ, Liu X, Liu F. EGCG-based nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38520117 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2328184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a natural phenolic substance found in foods and beverages (especially tea) that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Its potential in cardiovascular and brain health has garnered significant attention. However, its clinical application remains limited due to its poor physicochemical stability and low oral bioavailability. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the stability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of EGCG by encapsulating it within nanoparticles. This article reviews the interactions of EGCG with various compounds, the synthesis of EGCG-based nanoparticles, the functional attributes of these nanoparticles, and their prospective applications in drug delivery, diagnosis, and therapy. The potential application of nanoencapsulated EGCG in functional foods and beverages is also emphasized. Top-down and bottom-up approaches can be used to construct EGCG-based nanoparticles. EGCG-based nanoparticles exhibit enhanced stability and bioavailability compared to free EGCG, making them promising candidates for biomedical and food applications. Notably, the non-covalent and covalent interactions of EGCG with other substances significantly contribute to the improved properties of these nanoparticles. EGCG-based nanoparticles appear to have a wide range of applications in different industries, but further research is required to enhance their efficacy and ensure their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuguo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Uppu JL, Challa VS, Syamprasad NP, Manepalli P, Naidu V, Syed A, Roshan S, Tazneem B, Almalki WH, Alharbi KS, Gupta G. Apoptosis-driven synergistic anti-cancer efficacy of ethyl acetate extract of Memecylon sisparense Gamble leaves and doxorubicin in in-vitro and in-vivo models of triple-negative breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155032. [PMID: 38176306 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In the spectrum of breast neoplasms, approximately 15 to 20% of all diagnosed cases are triple-negative breast carcinoma. TNBC grows and spreads faster than other invasive breast cancers and has a worse prognosis. The existing therapies and chemotherapeutic drugs have several limitations, so the development of safe and affordable treatment options is currently in demand. Hence, this research focuses on scientifically evaluating the therapeutic anticancer effect of ethyl acetate extract of MSG and its combined efficacy with doxorubicin against TNBC. MSG has shown an IC50 value of 48.40 ± 1.68 µg/ml on the MDA-MB-231 cell line, and the combination of MSG with Dox demonstrated the synergistic effect. Apoptotic changes such as membrane blebbing chromatin condensation were observed in MSG alone and in combination with doxorubicin treatments. Apoptosis was confirmed with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and increased apoptotic markers such as Cleaved caspase-3 Bax and decreased anti-apoptotic markers Bcl-2 by western blotting. The tumor burden significantly decreased in MSG and combination treatment groups while restoring their body weights. Meanwhile, the Dox-treated group indicated a decreased tumor burden combined with weight loss. The present investigation revealed that MSG and doxorubicin have a synergistic anticancer effect in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Lakshmi Uppu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Veerabhadra Swamy Challa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - N P Syamprasad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
| | - Pavanprasanth Manepalli
- Novartis, Salarpuria-Sattva Knowledge City, Inorbit Mall Rd, Durgam Cheruvu Rd, HITEC City, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vgm Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Asha Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - S Roshan
- Deccan School of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Tazneem
- Deccan School of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India.
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3
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Sandomierski M, Chojnacka M, Ratajczak M, Voelkel A. Zeolites with Divalent Ions as Carriers in the Delivery of Epigallocatechin Gallate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5322-5331. [PMID: 37540564 PMCID: PMC10498421 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a compound with very high therapeutic potential in the treatment of osteoporosis and cancer. The disadvantages of this compound are its low stability and low bioavailability. Therefore, carriers for EGCG are sought to increase its use. In this work, new carriers are proposed, i.e., zeolites containing divalent ions of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and zinc in their structure. EGCG is retained on the carrier surface by strong interactions with divalent ions. Due to the presence of strong interactions, EGCG is released in a controlled manner from the carrier-ion-EGCG drug delivery system. The results obtained in this work confirm the effectiveness of the preparation of new carriers. EGCG is released from the carriers depending on the pH; hence, it can be used both in osteoporosis and in the treatment of cancer. The divalent ion used affects the sorption and release of the drug. The obtained results indicate the great potential of the proposed carriers and their advantage over the carriers described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Chojnacka
- Institute
of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Ratajczak
- Institute
of Building Engineering, Poznan University
of Technology, ul. Piotrowo
5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute
of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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4
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Kumari M, Acharya A, Krishnamurthy PT. Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:912-926. [PMID: 37701520 PMCID: PMC10494237 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology provides effective methods for precisely delivering chemotherapeutics to cancer cells, thereby improving efficacy and reducing off-target side effects. The targeted delivery of nanoscale chemotherapeutics is accomplished by two different approaches, namely the exploitation of leaky tumor vasculature (EPR effect) and the surface modification of nanoparticles (NPs) with various tumor-homing peptides, aptamers, oligonucleotides, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Because of higher binding affinity and specificity, mAbs have received a lot of attention for the detection of selective cancer biomarkers and also for the treatment of various types of cancer. Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) are an effective targeted therapy for the efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics specifically to the targeted cancer cells. ACNPs combine the benefits of NPs and mAbs to provide high drug loads at the tumor site with better selectivity and delivery efficiency. The mAbs on the NP surfaces recognize their specific receptors expressed on the target cells and release the chemotherapeutic agent in a controlled manner. Appropriately designed and synthesized ACNPs are essential to fully realize their therapeutic benefits. In blood stream, ACNPs instantly interact with biological molecules, and a protein corona is formed. Protein corona formation triggers an immune response and affects the targeting ability of the nanoformulation. In this review, we provide recent findings to highlight several antibody conjugation methods such as adsorption, covalent conjugation, and biotin-avidin interaction. This review also provides an overview of the many effects of the protein corona and the theranostic applications of ACNPs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (H.P.) 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Marín V, Burgos V, Pérez R, Maria DA, Pardi P, Paz C. The Potential Role of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Breast Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10737. [PMID: 37445915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide, with an incidence of 47.8%. Its treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and antibodies giving a mortality of 13.6%. Breast tumor development is driven by a variety of signaling pathways with high heterogeneity of surface receptors, which makes treatment difficult. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a natural polyphenol isolated as the main component in green tea; it has shown multiple beneficial effects in breast cancer, controlling proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation, and demethylation of DNA. These properties were proved in vitro and in vivo together with synergistic effects in combination with traditional chemotherapy, increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. This review focuses on the effects of EGCG on the functional capabilities acquired by breast tumor cells during its multistep development, the molecular and signal pathways involved, the synergistic effects in combination with current drugs, and how nanomaterials can improve its bioavailability on breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Marín
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega, Temuco 02950, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Rebeca Pérez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | | | - Paulo Pardi
- Nucleo de Pesquisas NUPE/ENIAC University Center, Guarulhos 07012-030, Brazil
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
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Kumar P, Mangla B, Javed S, Ahsan W, Musyuni P, Sivadasan D, Alqahtani SS, Aggarwal G. A review of nanomaterials from synthetic and natural molecules for prospective breast cancer nanotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149554. [PMID: 37274111 PMCID: PMC10237355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer being one of the most frequent cancers in women accounts for almost a quarter of all cancer cases. Early and late-stage breast cancer outcomes have improved dramatically, with considerable gains in overall survival rate and disease-free state. However, the current therapy of breast cancer suffers from drug resistance leading to relapse and recurrence of the disease. Also, the currently used synthetic and natural agents have bioavailability issues which limit their use. Recently, nanocarriers-assisted delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs has been introduced to the breast cancer therapy which alienates the limitations associated with the current therapy to a great extent. Significant progress has lately been made in the realm of nanotechnology, which proved to be vital in the fight against drug resistance. Nanotechnology has been successfully applied in the effective and improved therapy of different forms of breast cancer including invasive, non-invasive as well as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), etc. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various nanoformulations prepared for the improved delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs alone or in combination showing better efficacy and pharmacokinetics. In addition to this, various ongoing and completed clinical studies and patents granted on nanotechnology-based breast cancer drug delivery are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharti Mangla
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Musyuni
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Durgaramani Sivadasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geeta Aggarwal
- Centre For Advanced Formulation and Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
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7
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Nanostrategies for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Targeting of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043455. [PMID: 36834867 PMCID: PMC9958678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanomedicine bring the attention of researchers to the molecular targets that can play a major role in the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for cancer management. The choice of a proper molecular target can decide the efficacy of the treatment and endorse the personalized medicine approach. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor, well known to be overexpressed in numerous malignancies including pancreatic, prostate, breast, lung, colon, cervical, and gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, many research groups express a deep interest in targeting GRPR with their nanoformulations. A broad spectrum of the GRPR ligands has been described in the literature, which allows tuning of the properties of the final formulation, particularly in the field of the ligand affinity to the receptor and internalization possibilities. Hereby, the recent advances in the field of applications of various nanoplatforms that are able to reach the GRPR-expressing cells are reviewed.
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8
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Talukdar D, Kumar P, Sharma D, Balaramnavar VM, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Alzarea SI, Gupta G, Gupta MM. Anticancer Phytochemical-Based Nanoformulations: Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer Cell Lines. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2023; 42:79-93. [PMID: 36734954 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2022044317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals have the potential to treat resistant cancer. They are delivered to the target site via nano-based carriers. Promising results are seen in preclinical and in vitro models, as phytochemical-based nanoformulations have improved cell cytotoxicity compared to single agents. They can synergistically inhibit cancer cell growth through p53 apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, synergic viability in reproducible glioma models at half inhibitory concentrations has been shown. Through caspase activation, phytochemical-based nanoformulations also increase cell death in 4T1 breast cancer cell lines. They have shown improved cytotoxicity at half inhibitory concentrations compared to single-agent drugs in cervical cancer. In terms of colorectal cancer, they have the potential to arrest cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and synergistically inhibit cell proliferation. In squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, they inhibit protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. This review reports on developments in the therapeutic management of various cancers using phytochemical-based nanoformulations, which have shown potential benefits in the clinical management of cancer patients, halting/slowing the progression of the disease and ameliorating chemotherapy-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Talukdar
- Department of Medical Research, Armenian Russian International University "Mkhitar Gosh," Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, SOMS, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
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9
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Hawthorne D, Pannala A, Sandeman S, Lloyd A. Sustained and targeted delivery of hydrophilic drug compounds: A review of existing and novel technologies from bench to bedside. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Talib WH, Abuawad A, Thiab S, Alshweiat A, Mahmod AI. Flavonoid-based nanomedicines to target tumor microenvironment. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Advancements in clinical translation of flavonoid nanoparticles for cancer treatment. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Solanki R, Jodha B, Prabina KE, Aggarwal N, Patel S. Recent advances in phytochemical based nano-drug delivery systems to combat breast cancer: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Malik Z, Parveen R, Abass S, Irfan Dar M, Husain SA, Ahmad S. Receptor-Mediated Targeting in Breast Cancer through Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Its Mechanism. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:800-817. [PMID: 35430962 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220416213639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have gained prominence in many areas and domains worldwide, such as metallic NP, carbon dots, quantum dots, polymeric NP, nano-suspension, nanocrystals, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), etc. and have been applied in the field of medicine as nanomedicine with promising results. Rise in cancer mortality rate has been an issue for a long time with female breast cancer as one of the most detected cancers. No permanent treatment has been developed till date could combat breast cancer with minimum side effects that are not long-lasting as there is no proper technique through which the anticancer drugs can recognize benign or malignant or normal cells that causes systematic toxicity. Advancement in technology has led to the discovery of many biological pathways and mechanisms. Tumor cells or cancer cells overexpress some high-affinity receptors that can be targeted to deliver the anticancer drugs at specific site using these pathways and mechanisms. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are among some of the excellent drug delivery systems, especially stealth SLN (sSLN). SLN, when conjugated with a ligand (called as sSLN), has affinity and specificity towards a specific receptor, and can deliver the drug in breast cancer cells overexpressing the receptors. Using this technique, various investigations have reported better anti-breast cancer activity than simple SLN (non-conjugated to ligand or no receptor targeting). This review includes the investigations and data on receptor-mediated targeting in breast cancer from 2010 to 2021 by searching different databases. Overall, information on SLN in different cancers is reviewed. In vivo investigations, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and stability are discussed to describe the efficacy of sSLN. Investigations included in this review demonstrate that sSLN delivers the drug by overcoming the biological barriers and shows enhanced and better activity than non-conjugated SLN which also verifies that a lesser concentration of drug can show anti-breast cancer activity. The efficacy of medicines could be increased with lower cancer deaths through stealth-SLN. Due to the low cost of synthesis, biocompatibility and easy to formulate, more study is needed in vitro and in vivo so that this novel technique could be utilized in the treatment of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Malik
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.,Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.,Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sageer Abass
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.,Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan Dar
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India.,Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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14
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Mohapatra P, Singh P, Singh D, Sahoo S, Sahoo SK. Phytochemical based nanomedicine: a panacea for cancer treatment, present status and future prospective. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Farabegoli F, Pinheiro M. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Delivery in Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: Potentiality and Perspectives for Future Applications in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:809706. [PMID: 35496283 PMCID: PMC9046542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.809706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention is a strategy aimed to not only reduce the risk but also delay the development or recurrence of cancer. An ideal chemopreventive agent is not dangerous and ought not to result in side effects or damage to human health. In this context, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is considered a suitable chemopreventive agent, but its clinical use is limited by many factors, namely, the difference in source, administration, individual metabolism, absorption, and distribution. Genetic and dietary differences greatly cause this variability, which has limited the rational use of EGCG in chemoprevention and, particularly, the definition of a safe and efficient concentration. In the present mini review, the main limitations to a complete understanding of the use of EGCG as a chemopreventive agent will be briefly illustrated. This review also indicates the introduction and trialing of lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a proper strategy to deliver EGCG at a well-defined concentration for better investigation of the chemopreventive activity. Finally, some examples of cancers that might benefit from EGCG treatment in different stages of the disease are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Farabegoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fulvia Farabegoli,
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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16
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Nanomedicine-Based Delivery Strategies for Breast Cancer Treatment and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052856. [PMID: 35269998 PMCID: PMC8911433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women globally. It is caused by mutations in the estrogen/progesterone receptors and conventional treatment methods are commonly utilized. About 70–80 percent of individuals with the early-stage non-metastatic disease may be cured. Conventional treatment is far less than the optimal ratio, as demonstrated through the high mortality rate of women with this cancer. However, conventional treatment methods like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are not as effective as expected and lead to concerns about low bioavailability, low cellular uptake, emerging resistance, and adverse toxicities. A nanomedicine-based approach is a promising alternative for breast cancer treatment. The present era is witnessing rapid advancements in nanomedicine as a platform for investigating novel therapeutic applications and modern intelligent healthcare management strategies. This paper focuses on nanomedicine-based therapeutic interventions that are becoming more widely accepted for improving treatment effectiveness and reducing undesired side effects in breast cancer patients. By evaluating the state-of-the-art tools and taking the challenges involved into consideration, various aspects of the proposed nano-enabled therapeutic approaches have been discussed in this review.
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Functionalized Liposome and Albumin-Based Systems as Carriers for Poorly Water-Soluble Anticancer Drugs: An Updated Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020486. [PMID: 35203695 PMCID: PMC8962385 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the available treatments, chemotherapy is one of the most used, but has several associated problems, namely the high toxicity to normal cells and the resistance acquired by cancer cells to the therapeutic agents. The scientific community has been battling against this disease, developing new strategies and new potential chemotherapeutic agents. However, new drugs often exhibit poor solubility in water, which led researchers to develop functionalized nanosystems to carry and, specifically deliver, the drugs to cancer cells, targeting overexpressed receptors, proteins, and organelles. Thus, this review is focused on the recent developments of functionalized nanosystems used to carry poorly water-soluble drugs, with special emphasis on liposomes and albumin-based nanosystems, two major classes of organic nanocarriers with formulations already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer therapeutics.
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Kaplan A. The nanocomposites designs of phytomolecules from medicinal and aromatic plants: promising anticancer-antiviral applications. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 35127958 PMCID: PMC8799966 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nowadays, researchers are moving toward a herbal approach to cancer treatment because of the harmful effects of synthetic anti-tumor drugs. The evaluation of active compounds with plant origin may help in the remedy of human illnesses in the future. These active compounds have direct or indirect curative efficacies on difficult to cure diseases such as cancer. Investigation of nanoforms of these active compounds is one of the curious topics of the scientific community.
Main body
Saffron and its components obtained from Crocus sativa, essential oils obtained from lavender, Syzygium aromaticum called cloves and Beta vulgaris are known for their anticancer effects. Nano-drugs are designed to increase the anticancer activity of plant-derived drugs. Herbal extracts operate very great in the production of nanoparticles. The aim is to ensure that only the nano-drug is delivered to the tumor site. Furthermore, nanoparticles have hazardous effects when analyzed at elevated doses, but this issue can be doped together with plant extracts.
Short conclusions
The nanocomposites (graphene oxide, solid lipid nano and nanoemulsion) of phytomolecules obtained from saffron, clove, lavender and red beet may be effective in minimizing these toxic effects. In the near future, detecting the anticancer molecular mechanisms of these naturally derived compounds and nanocomposites could contribute to further cancer research. Apart from these, these compounds and its nanocomposites could have antiviral effects against today's threat covid-19 virus. Consequently, more promising anticancer and antiviral agents would be discovered.
Graphical abstract
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Veselov VV, Nosyrev AE, Jicsinszky L, Alyautdin RN, Cravotto G. Targeted Delivery Methods for Anticancer Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030622. [PMID: 35158888 PMCID: PMC8833699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current main technological strategies for the delivery of anticancer drugs are discussed herein. This comprehensive review may help researchers design suitable delivery systems. Abstract Several drug-delivery systems have been reported on and often successfully applied in cancer therapy. Cell-targeted delivery can reduce the overall toxicity of cytotoxic drugs and increase their effectiveness and selectivity. Besides traditional liposomal and micellar formulations, various nanocarrier systems have recently become the focus of developmental interest. This review discusses the preparation and targeting techniques as well as the properties of several liposome-, micelle-, solid-lipid nanoparticle-, dendrimer-, gold-, and magnetic-nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Approaches for targeted drug delivery and systems for drug release under a range of stimuli are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V. Veselov
- Center of Bioanalytical Investigation and Molecular Design, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.V.); (A.E.N.)
| | - Alexander E. Nosyrev
- Center of Bioanalytical Investigation and Molecular Design, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.V.); (A.E.N.)
| | - László Jicsinszky
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Renad N. Alyautdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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Khodaverdi H, Zeini MS, Moghaddam MM, Vazifedust S, Akbariqomi M, Tebyanian H. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of the Anti-Cancer Drugs: A Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1012-1033. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220117102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Cancer is one of the main reasons for mortality worldwide. Chemotherapeutic agents have been effectively designed to increase certain patients' survival rates, but ordinarily designed chemotherapeutic agents necessarily deliver toxic chemotherapeutic drugs to healthy tissues, resulting in serious side effects. Cancer cells can often acquire drug resistance after repeated dosing of current chemotherapeutic agents, restricting their efficacy. Given such obstacles, investigators have attempted to distribute chemotherapeutic agents using targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs), especially nanotechnology-based DDSs. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles (LBNPs) are a large and complex class of substances that have been utilized to manage a variety of diseases, mostly cancer. Liposomes seem to be the most frequently employed LBNPs, owing to their high biocompatibility, bioactivity, stability, and flexibility; howbeit Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Non-structured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) have lately received a lot of interest. Besides that, there are several reports that concentrate on novel therapies via LBNPs to manage various forms of cancer. In the present research, the latest improvements in the application of LBNPs have been shown to deliver different therapeutic agents to cancerous cells and have been demonstrated LBNPs also can be a quite successful candidate in cancer therapy for subsequent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khodaverdi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shokrian Zeini
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mostafa Akbariqomi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Tebyanian
- School of Dentistry, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yao JJ, Ma QQ, Shen WW, Li LC, Hu D. Nano-enabled delivery of EGCG ameliorates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Toxicology 2022; 469:153114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ke DYJ, El-Sahli S, Wang L. The Potential of Natural Products in the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 22:388-403. [PMID: 34970954 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666211231140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that lacks receptors for targeted therapy. Consequently, chemotherapy is currently the mainstay of systemic treatment options. However, the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSC, a subpopulation with stem-cell characteristics and tumor-initiating propensity) promotes chemo-resistance and tumorigenesis, resulting in cancer recurrence and relapse. Furthermore, toxic side effects of chemotherapeutics reduce patient wellbeing. Natural products, specifically compounds derived from plants, have the potential to treat TNBC and target CSCs by inhibiting CSC signaling pathways. Literature evidence from six promising compounds were reviewed, including sulforaphane, curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, lycopene, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. These compounds have been shown to promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in TNBC cells. They also could inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that plays an important role in metastasis. In addition, those natural compounds have been found to inhibit pathways important for CSCs, such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Notch 1, Wnt/β-catenin, and YAP. Clinicals trials conducted on these compounds have shown varying degrees of effectiveness. Epidemiological case-control studies for the compounds commonly consumed in certain human populations have also been summarized. While in vivo and in vitro data are promising, further basic and clinical investigations are required. Likely, natural products in combination with other drugs may hold great potential to improve TNBC treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Yu Jia Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- The Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sara El-Sahli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- The Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- The Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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Yap KM, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Wu YS, Gan SH, Mat Rani NNI, Subramaniyan V, Kokare C, Lum PT, Begum MY, Mani S, Meenakshi DU, Sathasivam KV, Fuloria NK. Drug Delivery of Natural Products Through Nanocarriers for Effective Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7891-7941. [PMID: 34880614 PMCID: PMC8648329 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s328135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (BC), it remains a global health issue affecting millions of women annually. Poor prognosis in BC patients is often linked to drug resistance as well as the lack of effective therapeutic options for metastatic and triple-negative BC. In response to these unmet needs, extensive research efforts have been devoted to exploring the anti-BC potentials of natural products owing to their multi-target mechanisms of action and good safety profiles. Various medicinal plant extracts/essential oils and natural bioactive compounds have demonstrated anti-cancer activities in preclinical BC models. Despite the promising preclinical results, however, the clinical translation of natural products has often been hindered by their poor stability, aqueous solubility and bioavailability. There have been attempts to overcome these limitations, particularly via the use of nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs). This review highlights the tumour targeting mechanisms of NDDSs, the advantages and disadvantages of the major classes of NDDSs and their current clinical status in BC treatment. Besides, it also discusses the proposed anti-BC mechanisms and nanoformulations of nine medicinal plants' extracts/essential oils and nine natural bioactive compounds; selected via the screening of various scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, based on the following keywords: "Natural Product AND Nanoparticle AND Breast Cancer". Overall, these nanoformulations exhibit improved anti-cancer efficacy against preclinical BC models, with some demonstrating biocompatibility with normal cell lines and mouse models. Further clinical studies are, however, warranted to ascertain their efficacy and biocompatibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Min Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | | | - Chandrakant Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, 411041, India
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - M Yasmin Begum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Asir-Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankar Mani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, Karnataka, 571418, India
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Bukhari SZ, Zeth K, Iftikhar M, Rehman M, Usman Munir M, Khan WS, Ihsan A. Supramolecular lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for non-invasive cancer theranostics. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100067. [PMID: 34909685 PMCID: PMC8663983 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotheranostics is an emerging frontier of personalized medicine research particularly for cancer, which is the second leading cause of death. Supramolecular aspects in theranostics are quite allured to achieve more regulation and controlled features. Supramolecular nanotheranostics architecture is focused on engineering of modular supramolecular assemblies benefitting from their mutable and stimuli-responsive properties which confer an ultimate potential for the fabrication of unified innovative nanomedicines with controlled features. Amalgamation of supramolecular approaches to nano-based features further equip the potential of designing novel approaches to overcome limitations seen by the conventional theranostic strategies, for curing even the lethal diseases and endowing personalized therapeutics with optimistic prognosis, endorsing their clinical translation. Among many potential nanocarriers for theranostics, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown various promising advances in theranostics and their formulation can be tailored for several applications. Despite the great advancement in cancer nanotheranostics, there are still many challenges that need to be highlighted to fill the literature gap. For this purpose, herein, we have presented a systematic overview on the subject and proposed LNPs as the potential material to manage cancer via non-invasive approaches by highlighting the use of supramolecular approaches to make them robust for cancer theranostics. We have concluded the review by entailing the future perspectives of lipid nanotheranostics towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Zunaira Bukhari
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maryam Iftikhar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waheed S. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Sawanny R, Pramanik S, Agarwal U. Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Natural Swords Battling Cancer Cells. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666210106123255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy among ladies (around 30% of
newly diagnosed patients every year). To date, various modern treatment modalities for breast cancer,
such as radiotherapy, surgical method, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapeutic drug utilisation,
are available. However, adverse drug reactions, therapeutic resistance, metastasis, or cancer reoccurrence
chances remain the primary causes of mortality for breast cancer patients. To overcome
all the potential drawbacks, we need to investigate novel techniques and strategies that are not considered
previously to treat breast cancer effectively with safety and efficacy. For centuries, we
utilise phytochemicals to treat various diseases because of their safety, low-cost, and least or no
side effects. Recently, naturally produced phytochemicals gain immense attention as potential
breast cancer therapeutics because of their ideal characteristics; for instance, they operate via modulating
molecular pathways associated with cancer growth and progression. The primary mechanism
involves inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, increasing anti-oxidant
status, initiation of the arrest of the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Remedial viability gets effectively enhanced
when phytochemicals work as adjuvants with chemotherapeutic drugs. This comprehensive
review revolves around the latest chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, and chemoprotective treatments
with their molecular mechanisms to treat breast cancer by utilising phytochemicals such as
vinca alkaloids, resveratrol, curcumin, paclitaxel, silibinin, quercetin, genistein, and epigallocatechin
gallate. The authors wish to extend the field of phytochemical study for its scientific validity
and its druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sawanny
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201306, India
| | - Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-600036, India
| | - Unnati Agarwal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi, Grand Trunk Road, Phagwara, Punjab-144001, India
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Romano A, Martel F. The Role of EGCG in Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:883-898. [PMID: 33319659 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201211194445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Green tea has been studied for breast cancer chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic effects due to its high content in polyphenolic compounds, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). METHOD This review is based on literature research that included papers registered on the Medline® database. The research was conducted through PubMed, applying the following query: "EGCG"AND "breast cancer". The result was a total of 88 articles in which this review stands on. RESULTS In vitro, EGCG shows antioxidant or pro-oxidant properties, depending on the concentration and exposure time. EGCG blocks cell cycle progression and modulates signaling pathways that affect cell proliferation and differentiation. EGCG also induces apoptosis, negatively modulates different steps involved in metastasis, and targets angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF transcription. In vivo investigations have shown that oral administration of EGCG results in the reduction of tumor growth and in antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects in animal xenograft and allograft models. DISCUSSION Much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effects of EGCG on mammary carcinogenesis. In addition, more studies in vivo are necessary to determine the potential toxicity of EGCG at higher doses and to elucidate its interactions with other drugs. CONCLUSION A protective effect of EGCG has been shown in different experimental models and under different experimental conditions, suggesting clinical implications of EGCG for breast cancer prevention and therapy. The data presented in this review support the importance of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Romano
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biomedicine-Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao em Saude(i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chandra G, Patel S, Panchal M, Singh DV. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine Hydrolase: Its Inhibitory Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum and Development of Malaria Drugs. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:833-846. [PMID: 33342411 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666201218155321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasite Plasmodium falciparum is continuously giving a challenge to human beings by changing itself against most of the antimalarial drugs and its consequences can be seen in the form of a huge number of deaths each year especially in the poor and developing country. Due to its drug resistance ability, new drugs are regularly needed to kill the organism. Many new drugs have been developed based on different mechanisms. One of the potential mechanisms is to hamper protein synthesis by blocking the gene expression. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase is a NAD+ dependent tetrameric enzyme, which is responsible for the reversible hydrolysis of AdoHcy to adenosine and L-homocysteine, has been recognized as a new target for antimalarial agents since the parasite has a specific SAH hydrolase. The inhibition of SAH hydrolase causes the intracellular accumulation of S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine, elevating the ratio of SAH to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and inhibiting SAM-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of the capped structure at the 5'-terminus of mRNA, and other methylation reaction which is essential for parasite proliferation. In other words, S-Adenosyl-Lhomocysteine hydrolase regulates methyltransferase reactions. In this way, SAH hydrolase inhibitors can be used for the treatment of different diseases like malaria, cancer, viral infection, etc. by ultimately stopping the synthesis of protein. Many antiviral drugs have been synthesized and marketed which are based on the inhibition of SAH hydrolase. This review summarises the development of SAH inhibitors developed over the last 20 years and their potentiality for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Samridhi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Manoj Panchal
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Durg Vijay Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Recent Advances in Nanotechnology with Nano-Phytochemicals: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073571. [PMID: 33808235 PMCID: PMC8036762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) containing polymers, lipids (liposomes and micelles), dendrimers, ferritin, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, ceramic, magnetic materials, and gold/silver have contributed to imaging diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy. However, only some NP drugs, including Doxil® (liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin), Abraxane® (albumin-bound paclitaxel), and Oncaspar® (PEG-Asparaginase), have emerged on the pharmaceutical market to date. By contrast, several phytochemicals that were found to be effective in cultured cancer cells and animal studies have not shown significant efficacy in humans due to poor bioavailability and absorption, rapid clearance, resistance, and toxicity. Research to overcome these drawbacks by using phytochemical NPs remains in the early stages of clinical translation. Thus, in the current review, we discuss the progress in nanotechnology, research milestones, the molecular mechanisms of phytochemicals encapsulated in NPs, and clinical implications. Several challenges that must be overcome and future research perspectives are also described.
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Kundu M, Majumder R, Das CK, Mandal M. Natural products based nanoformulations for cancer treatment: Current evolution in Indian research. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33621207 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe8f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants is as ancient as human civilization. The development of phytochemistry and pharmacology facilitates the identification of natural bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action, including against cancer. The efficacy and the safety of a bioactive compound depend on its optimal delivery to the target site. Most natural bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, tannins, etc.) are unable to reach their target sites due to their low water solubility, less cellular absorption, and high molecular weight, leading to their failure into clinical translation. Therefore, many scientific studies are going on to overcome the drawbacks of natural products for clinical applications. Several studies in India, as well as worldwide, have proposed the development of natural products-based nanoformulations to increase their efficacy and safety profile for cancer therapy by improving the delivery of natural bioactive compounds to their target site. Therefore, we are trying to discuss the development of natural products-based nanoformulations in India to improve the efficacy and safety of natural bioactive compounds against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Kundu
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Cancer biology lab, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, INDIA
| | - Ranabir Majumder
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Cancer biology lab, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, INDIA
| | - Chandan Kanta Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Cancer biology lab, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, INDIA
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- SMST, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Cancer biology lab, Kharagpur, 721302, INDIA
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Zafar A, Alruwaili NK, Imam SS, Alharbi KS, Afzal M, Alotaibi NH, Yasir M, Elmowafy M, Alshehri S. Novel nanotechnology approaches for diagnosis and therapy of breast, ovarian and cervical cancer in female: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Moody TW, Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Iordanskaia T, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Bombesin Receptor Family Activation and CNS/Neural Tumors: Review of Evidence Supporting Possible Role for Novel Targeted Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:728088. [PMID: 34539578 PMCID: PMC8441013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.728088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are increasingly being considered as possible therapeutic targets in cancers. Activation of GPCR on tumors can have prominent growth effects, and GPCRs are frequently over-/ectopically expressed on tumors and thus can be used for targeted therapy. CNS/neural tumors are receiving increasing attention using this approach. Gliomas are the most frequent primary malignant brain/CNS tumor with glioblastoma having a 10-year survival <1%; neuroblastomas are the most common extracranial solid tumor in children with long-term survival<40%, and medulloblastomas are less common, but one subgroup has a 5-year survival <60%. Thus, there is an increased need for more effective treatments of these tumors. The Bombesin-receptor family (BnRs) is one of the GPCRs that are most frequently over/ectopically expressed by common tumors and is receiving particular attention as a possible therapeutic target in several tumors, particularly in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. We review in this paper evidence suggesting why a similar approach in some CNS/neural tumors (gliomas, neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas) should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samuel A. Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert T. Jensen,
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Harwansh RK, Bahadur S, Deshmukh R, Rahman MA. Exciting Potential of Nanoparticlized Lipidic System for Effective Treatment of Breast Cancer and Clinical Updates: A Translational Prospective. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1191-1205. [PMID: 32003686 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200131101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial disease and becoming a major health issue in women throughout the globe. BC is a malignant type of cancer which results from transcriptional changes in proteins and genes. Besides the availability of modern medicines and detection tools, BC has become a topmost deadly disease and its cure still remains challenging. Nanotechnology based approaches are being employed for the diagnosis and treatment of BC at clinical stages. Nanosystems have a significant role in the study of the interaction of malignant cells with their microenvironment through receptor-based targeted approach. Nowadays, lipid-based nanocarriers are being popularized in the domain of pharmaceutical and medical biology for cancer therapy. Lipidic nanoparticlized systems (LNPs) have proven to have high loading efficiency, less toxicity, improved therapeutic efficacy, enhanced bioavailability and stability of the bioactive compounds compared to traditional drug delivery systems. In the present context, several LNPs based formulations have been undertaken in various phases of clinical trials in different countries. This review highlights the importance of chemotherapeutics based lipidic nanocarriers and their anticipated use for the treatment of BC. Furthermore, the clinical trials and future prospective of LNPs have been widely elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit K Harwansh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Shiv Bahadur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Md A Rahman
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif - 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Kurmi BD, Patel P, Paliwal R, Paliwal SR. Molecular approaches for targeted drug delivery towards cancer: A concise review with respect to nanotechnology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lipid Nanoarchitectonics for Natural Products Delivery in Cancer Therapy. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41842-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hoppenz P, Els‐Heindl S, Beck‐Sickinger AG. Identification and stabilization of a highly selective gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor agonist. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3224. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoppenz
- Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
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Bioactive Compounds: Multi-Targeting Silver Bullets for Preventing and Treating Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101563. [PMID: 31618928 PMCID: PMC6826729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Each cell in our body is designed with a self-destructive trigger, and if damaged, can happily sacrifice itself for the sake of the body. This process of self-destruction to safeguard the adjacent normal cells is known as programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cancer cells outsmart normal cells and evade apoptosis and it is one of the major hallmarks of cancer. The cardinal quest for anti-cancer drug discovery (bioactive or synthetic compounds) is to be able to re-induce the so called “programmed cell death” in cancer cells. The importance of bioactive compounds as the linchpin of cancer therapeutics is well known as many effective chemotherapeutic drugs such as vincristine, vinblastine, doxorubicin, etoposide and paclitaxel have natural product origins. The present review discusses various bioactive compounds with known anticancer potential, underlying mechanisms by which they induce cell death and their preclinical/clinical development. Most bioactive compounds can concurrently target multiple signaling pathways that are important for cancer cell survival while sparing normal cells hence they can potentially be the silver bullets for targeting cancer growth and metastatic progression.
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Pooja D, Gunukula A, Gupta N, Adams DJ, Kulhari H. Bombesin receptors as potential targets for anticancer drug delivery and imaging. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rajitha B, Malla RR, Vadde R, Kasa P, Prasad GLV, Farran B, Kumari S, Pavitra E, Kamal MA, Raju GSR, Peela S, Nagaraju GP. Horizons of nanotechnology applications in female specific cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:376-390. [PMID: 31301361 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Female-specific cancers are the most common cancers in women worldwide. Early detection methods remain unavailable for most of these cancers, signifying that most of them are diagnosed at later stages. Furthermore, current treatment options for most female-specific cancers are surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Although important milestones in molecularly targeted approaches have been achieved lately, current therapeutic strategies for female-specific cancers remain limited, ineffective and plagued by the emergence of chemoresistance, which aggravates prognosis. Recently, the application of nanotechnology to the medical field has allowed the development of novel nano-based approaches for the management and treatment of cancers, including female-specific cancers. These approaches promise to improve patient survival rates by reducing side effects, enabling selective delivery of drugs to tumor tissues and enhancing the uptake of therapeutic compounds, thus increasing anti-tumor activity. In this review, we focus on the application of nano-based technologies to the design of novel and innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the context of female-specific cancers, highlighting their potential uses and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balney Rajitha
- Department of Pathology, WellStar Hospital, Marietta, GA, 30060, USA
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, AP, 530045, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, AP, 516003, India
| | - Prameswari Kasa
- Dr. LV Prasad Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Khairtabad, Hyderabad, TS, 500004, India
| | | | - Batoul Farran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Seema Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, AP, 530045, India
| | - Eluri Pavitra
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujatha Peela
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, AP, 532410, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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