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Omoladun-Tijani TA, Vish NL. Family and Neighborhood Resilience Are Associated with Children's Healthcare Utilization. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113543. [PMID: 37290587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of external factors of resilience, neighborhood, and family resilience with healthcare use. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted using data from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health. Children aged 4-17 years were included. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine aOR and 95% CIs for association between levels of family resilience, neighborhood resilience and outcome measures: presence of medical home, and ≥2 emergency department (ED) visits per year while adjusting for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), chronic conditions, and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS We included 58 336 children aged 4-17 years, representing a population of 57 688 434. Overall, 8.0%, 13.1%, and 78.9% lived in families with low, moderate, and high resilience, respectively; 56.1% identified their neighborhood as resilient. Of these children, 47.5% had a medical home and 4.2% reported ≥2 ED visits in the past year. A child with high family resilience had 60% increased odds of having a medical home (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.37-1.87), and a child with moderate family resilience or resilient neighborhood had a 30% increase (OR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.10-1.59] and OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.20-1.43], respectively). There was no association between resilience factors and ED use, although children with increased ACEs had increased ED use. CONCLUSIONS Children from resilient families and neighborhoods have an increased odds of receiving care in a medical home after adjusting for the effects of ACEs, chronic conditions, and sociodemographic factors, but no association was seen with ED use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora L Vish
- Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Fairborn; Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH.
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2
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Okwori G. Role of Individual, Family, and Community Resilience in Moderating Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Mental Health Among Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:e452-e462. [PMID: 35385422 PMCID: PMC9462133 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mental health outcomes such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavior disorders, anxiety, depression, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common disorders among children in the United States. Little is known on how potential resilient factors may moderate the relationship between exposure to ACEs and mental health outcomes. This study examines associations between ACEs and resilience on mental health outcomes using the 2018 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 26,572). METHOD Logistic regression and interactions examined the association between ACEs, resilience, and mental health outcomes. ACE exposure and low resiliency were associated with an increased likelihood of mental health outcomes. RESULTS There were significant interactions between exposure to ACEs and family resilience as well as significant interactions between ACE exposure and community resilience. On stratification, the presence of individual resilience and having all resilience measures decreased the odds of ADHD, behavioral disorders, anxiety, and depression and the presence of community resilience decreased the odds of depression among individuals who had experienced 4 or more ACEs. CONCLUSION These results illustrate the need to promote resilience measures for tackling mental health problems and reducing the negative effect of trauma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glory Okwori
- Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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Walsh TB, Paris R, Ribaudo J, Gilkerson L. Locating Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health at the Heart of Social Work. SOCIAL WORK 2021; 66:187-196. [PMID: 34179984 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infant and early childhood mental health (IECMH)-an interdisciplinary field dedicated to advancing understanding of early relationships, socioemotional development, and cultural and contextual influences on caregiving-offers essential tools for social workers to support the well-being of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their families. Even though social worker Selma Fraiberg was a founder of the field, and social workers are central to the work of assessment and intervention with young children and their caregivers in many settings, few schools of social work offer training in IECMH, and few social workers are familiar with its core principles, scholarship, and intervention approaches. In this article, faculty members from four U.S. social work programs address the vital role of IECMH in social work training, research, and practice as well as issue a call to the field to recover and renew commitment to a practice perspective and knowledge base with roots in social work. Twenty-five years ago, Social Work published a similar call, but the request has gone largely unheeded. The authors examine the changing landscape and argue that it is more important and timelier than ever for social workers to learn and integrate the relationship-based approach to promotion, prevention, intervention, and treatment offered by IECMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova B Walsh
- assistant professor, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin, 1350 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ruth Paris
- associate professor and chair, Clinical Practice Department, School of Social Work, Boston University
| | - Julie Ribaudo
- clinical professor, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and doctoral student, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit
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4
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Abstract
High levels of stress and low levels of support for parents have significant implications for child safety, particularly for families living in neighborhoods which are dangerous and disadvantaged. Building on this knowledge about the causes and correlates of child maltreatment, the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect (1993) recommended a neighborhood-based child protection strategy. This article describes Strong Communities for Children, a community-based child maltreatment prevention intervention designed to carry out the Board’s recommendations. During an initial period of development and evaluation (lasting more than 7 years) of the first such initiative (located in communities near Greenville, SC), Strong Communities added substantially to the knowledge base on the role of community factors in children’s safety. It also advanced understanding of ways to operationalize some of the ideas underlying the Board’s proposed strategy. This article (a) describes the conceptual foundation, the logic model, and the engagement strategies that comprise Strong Communities; (b) provides an overview of the results from the first comprehensive initiative; (c) discusses their significance; and (d) concludes with discussion of the possibilities for Strong Communities in the current context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B. Melton
- The Kempe Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- 419 Hazel Grove Lane, Crozet, VA 22932 USA
| | - Jill D. McLeigh
- The Kempe Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Rees-Jones Center for Foster Care Excellence, Children’s Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
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5
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Crouch E, Radcliff E, Hung P, Bennett K. Challenges to School Success and the Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Acad Pediatr 2019; 19:899-907. [PMID: 31401231 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), by multiple types and counts of ACEs, and challenges to school success. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health using the ACE module and 3 measures of challenges to school success: lack of school engagement, school absenteeism, and repeated grade. RESULTS In multivariable analysis adjusting for selected demographic and other characteristics, children with 4 or more ACEs had higher odds of nonengagement in school (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-3.07), reported school absenteeism (aOR 1.75; 95% CI, 1.12-2.73), and of repeating a grade (aOR 1.71; 95% CI, 1.19-2.47, Table 4) than children with exposure to less than 4 ACEs. Risk factors for all 3 challenges to school success included age of child and special health care needs, with older children and children with special health care needs more likely to have challenges to school success, across all 3 measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that ACEs can have an impact in childhood and adolescence, not just later in adulthood, as demonstrated by the association between ACEs and measures of school success. These findings further illuminate the connection between ACEs and childhood outcomes of education and health. Future research should examine frameworks that effectively support collaboration between educators, social service providers, and pediatricians as they seek to prevent or reduce the impact of ACEs and other childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Crouch
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center (E Crouch, E Radcliff, and P Hung), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
| | - Elizabeth Radcliff
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center (E Crouch, E Radcliff, and P Hung), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Peiyin Hung
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center (E Crouch, E Radcliff, and P Hung), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Kevin Bennett
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine (K Bennett), University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
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6
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Bethell CD, Solloway MR, Guinosso S, Hassink S, Srivastav A, Ford D, Simpson LA. Prioritizing Possibilities for Child and Family Health: An Agenda to Address Adverse Childhood Experiences and Foster the Social and Emotional Roots of Well-being in Pediatrics. Acad Pediatr 2017; 17:S36-S50. [PMID: 28865659 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A convergence of theoretical and empirical evidence across many scientific disciplines reveals unprecedented possibilities to advance much needed improvements in child and family well-being by addressing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), promoting resilience, and fostering nurturance and the social and emotional roots of healthy child development and lifelong health. In this article we synthesize recommendations from a structured, multiyear field-building and research, policy, and practice agenda setting process to address these issues in children's health services. METHODS Between Spring of 2013 and Winter of 2017, the field-building and agenda-setting process directly engaged more than 500 individuals and comprised 79 distinct agenda-setting and field-building activities and processes, including: 4 in-person meetings; 4 online crowdsourcing rounds across 10 stakeholder groups; literature and environmental scans, publications documenting ACEs, resilience, and protective factors among US children, and commissioning of this special issue of Academic Pediatrics; 8 in-person listening forums and 31 educational sessions with stakeholders; and a range of action research efforts with emerging community efforts. Modified Delphi processes and grounded theory methods were used and iterative and structured synthesis of input was conducted to discern themes, priorities, and recommendations. RESULTS Participants discerned that sufficient scientific findings support the formation of an applied child health services research and policy agenda. Four overarching priorities for the agenda emerged: 1) translate the science of ACEs, resilience, and nurturing relationships into children's health services; 2) cultivate the conditions for cross-sector collaboration to incentivize action and address structural inequalities; 3) restore and reward for promoting safe and nurturing relationships and full engagement of individuals, families, and communities to heal trauma, promote resilience, and prevent ACEs; and 4) fuel "launch and learn" research, innovation, and implementation efforts. Four research areas arose as central to advancing these priorities in the short term. These are related to: 1) family-centered clinical protocols, 2) assessing effects on outcomes and costs, 3) capacity-building and accountability, and 4) role of provider self-care to quality of care. Finally, we identified 16 short-term actions to leverage existing policies, practices, and structures to advance agenda priorities and research priorities. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to address the high prevalence and negative effects of ACEs on child health are needed, including widespread and concrete understanding and strategies to promote awareness, resilience, and safe, stable, nurturing relationships as foundational to healthy child development and sustainable well-being throughout life. A paradigm-shifting evolution in individual, organizational, and collective mindsets, policies, and practices is required. Shifts will emphasize the centrality of relationships and regulation of emotion and stress to brain development as well as overall health. They will elevate relationship-centered methods to engage individuals, families, and communities in self-care related to ACEs, stress, trauma, and building the resilience and nurturing relationships science has revealed to be at the root of well-being. Findings reflect a palpable hope for prevention, mitigation, and healing of individual, intergenerational, and community trauma associated with ACEs and provide a road map for doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Bethell
- Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Michele R Solloway
- Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md
| | - Stephanie Guinosso
- Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, California School-Based Health Alliance, Berkeley, Calif
| | - Sandra Hassink
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Division of Pediatric Weight Management, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Del
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Srivastav A, Fairbrother G, Simpson LA. Addressing Adverse Childhood Experiences Through the Affordable Care Act: Promising Advances and Missed Opportunities. Acad Pediatr 2017; 17:S136-S143. [PMID: 28865646 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) occur when children are exposed to trauma and/or toxic stress and may have a lifelong effect. Studies have shown that ACEs are linked with poor adult health outcomes and could eventually raise already high health care costs. National policy interest in ACEs has recently increased, as many key players are engaged in community-, state-, and hospital-based efforts to reduce factors that contribute to childhood trauma and/or toxic stress in children. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has provided a promising foundation for advancing the prevention, diagnosis, and management of ACEs and their consequences. Although the ACA's future is unclear and it does not adequately address the needs of the pediatric population, many of the changes it spurred will continue regardless of legislative action (or inaction), and it therefore remains an important component of our health care system and national strategy to reduce ACEs. We review ways in which some of the current health care policy initiatives launched as part of the implementation of the ACA could accelerate progress in addressing ACEs by fully engaging and aligning various health care stakeholders while recognizing limitations in the law that may cause challenges in our attempts to improve child health and well-being. Specifically, we discuss coverage expansion, investments in the health workforce, a family-centered care approach, increased access to care, emphasis on preventive services, new population models, and improved provider payment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Srivastav
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
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8
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Garner AS, Storfer-Isser A, Szilagyi M, Stein RE, Green CM, Kerker BD, O’Connor KG, Hoagwood KE, Horwitz SM. Promoting Early Brain and Child Development: Perceived Barriers and the Utilization of Resources to Address Them. Acad Pediatr 2017; 17:697-705. [PMID: 27890781 PMCID: PMC5443705 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Efforts to promote early brain and child development (EBCD) include initiatives to support healthy parent-child relationships, tools to identify family social-emotional risk factors, and referrals to community programs to address family risk factors. We sought to examine if pediatricians perceive barriers to implementing these activities, and if they utilize resources to address those barriers. METHODS Data were analyzed from 304 nontrainee pediatricians who practice general pediatrics and completed a 2013 American Academy of Pediatrics Periodic Survey. Sample weights were used to decrease nonresponse bias. Bivariate comparisons and multivariable regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS At least half of the pediatricians agreed that barriers to promoting EBCD include: a lack of tools to promote healthy parent-child relationships, a lack of tools to assess the family environment for social-emotional risk factors, and a lack of local resources to address family risks. Endorsing a lack of tools to assess the family environment as a barrier was associated with using fewer screening tools and community resources. Endorsing a lack of local resources as a barrier was associated with using fewer community resources and fewer initiatives to promote parent-child relationships. Interest in pediatric mental health was associated with using more initiatives to promote healthy parent-child relationships, screening tools, and community resources. CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of pediatricians perceive barriers to promoting EBCD, few are routinely using available resources to address these barriers. Addressing pediatricians' perceived barriers and encouraging interest in pediatric mental health may increase resource utilization and enhance efforts to promote EBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Garner
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Moira Szilagyi
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ruth E.K. Stein
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY
| | - Cori M. Green
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Bonnie D. Kerker
- Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Kimberly E. Hoagwood
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sarah McCue Horwitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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9
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Thompson RA. Social support and child protection: Lessons learned and learning. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 41:19-29. [PMID: 25043921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Social support has been a topic of research for nearly 50 years, and its applications to prevention and intervention have grown significantly, including programs advancing child protection. This article summarizes the central conclusions of the 1994 review of research on social support and the prevention of child maltreatment prepared for the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, and surveys advances in the field since its publication. Among the lessons learned twenty years ago are (a) the diversity of the social support needs of at-risk families and their association with child endangerment, (b) the need to supplement the emotionally affirmative aspects of social support with efforts to socialize parenting practices and monitor child well-being, (c) the desirability of integrating formal and informal sources of social support for recipients, and (d) the importance of considering the complex recipient reactions to receiving support from others. The lessons we are now learning derive from research exploring the potential of online communication to enhance social support, the neurobiology of stress and its buffering through social support, and the lessons of evaluation research that are identifying the effective ingredients of social support interventions.
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Kimbrough-Melton RJ, Melton GB. "Someone will notice, and someone will care": How to build Strong Communities for Children. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 41:67-78. [PMID: 25765816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Derived from the recommendations of the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, Strong Communities for Children is a universal community-wide approach to prevention of child maltreatment. It is intended to change community norms-to facilitate informal support for families and to strengthen parents' belief that they can improve the quality of life for their own and their neighbors' families. A phased intervention, Strong Communities begins with recruitment and mobilization of volunteers, initially to spread Strong Communities' messages and ultimately to provide direct assistance to families of young children. Principle-driven, Strong Communities uses assets in the community to expand and strengthen networks of supportive relationships and, in particular, to increase support to parents. At least in concept, Strong Communities appears to be applicable in highly disparate communities and societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary B Melton
- Colorado School of Public Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bethell CD, Newacheck P, Hawes E, Halfon N. Adverse Childhood Experiences: Assessing The Impact On Health And School Engagement And The Mitigating Role Of Resilience. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33:2106-15. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Bethell
- Christina D. Bethell is director of the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) and a professor of population, family, and reproductive health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Newacheck
- Paul Newacheck is a professor at the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies at the University of California, San Francisco
| | - Eva Hawes
- Eva Hawes is a research associate at CAHMI
| | - Neal Halfon
- Neal Halfon is a professor of pediatrics at the Geffen School of Medicine; a professor of health policy and management at the Fielding School of Public Health; and a professor of public policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs, all at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and is director of the UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities
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