1
|
Belay C, Shifrovitch A, Prihed H, Madmon M, Blanca M, Shamai Yamin T, Weissberg A. Ethanolysis of nitrogen mustards: A novel strategy for nitrogen mustard identification in environmental matrices by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9701. [PMID: 38355882 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are blistering chemical warfare agents. The ability to detect NMs in environmental samples is very important for obtaining forensic evidence. The most common analytical techniques for NM detection are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which detects NMs in their intact form but is disadvantaged by high limits of detection (LODs), and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) of their hydrolysis products, which do not provide robust evidence to support NM use. METHODS We developed a novel approach to detect and identify NMs using LC/ESI-MS/MS after chemical derivatization. The method is based on ethoxide-promoted ethanolysis prior to analysis. The effects of reaction time, temperature, ethoxide concentration and chromatography behavior were studied and optimized. In the developed procedure, 0.1% (v/v) sodium ethoxide solution is added to the NMs in ethanol and agitated for 2 h at 50°C, followed by LC/ESI-MS/MS, without any other pretreatment. RESULTS The ethanolysis reaction efficiencies were evaluated in ethanolic extracts from soil, asphalt, and ethanol contaminated with 0.5% (v/v) diesel fortified with NMs at a five-point calibration curve. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-1 ng/mL, with an R2 value of 0.99, and were similar to those of LC/MS-grade ethanol, with almost no observable matrix effects. The derivatization products were stable at room temperature, with LODs of 10 pg/mL, in all investigated extracts. CONCLUSIONS Through this newly developed strategy, the derivatization of active NMs by ethanolysis was achieved for the first time, and these derivatization products can serve as specific indicators for the use and presence of NMs. The methodology can also verify trace levels of NM chemical warfare agents collected in war or terror scenarios in forensic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Belay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Shifrovitch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Moran Madmon
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Merav Blanca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Shamai Yamin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aleksenko SS, Novikova IV, Novikov RI, Smirnova ZV, Kondrat’ev VB. Amino Alcohols: Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Derivatives of Nitrogen-Containing Toxic Chemicals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822070024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Witkiewicz Z, Neffe S, Sliwka E, Quagliano J. Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533075 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Slawomir Neffe
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Sliwka
- b Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuel , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Javier Quagliano
- c Applied Chemistry Department , Argentine Institute for Scientific and Technical Research for the Defense (CITEDEF) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pal Anagoni S, Kauser A, Maity G, Upadhyayula VVR. Quantitative determination of acidic hydrolysis products of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals from aqueous and soil samples using ion-pair solid-phase extraction and in situ butylation. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:689-696. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pal Anagoni
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Asma Kauser
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Gopal Maity
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sassolini A, Brinchi G, Di Gennaro A, Dionisi S, Dominici C, Fantozzi L, Onofri G, Piazza R, Guidotti M. Evaluation of Molecular Markers and Analytical Methods Documenting the Occurrence of Mustard Gas and Arsenical Warfare Agents in Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:432-438. [PMID: 27385368 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemicals warfare agents (CWAs) are an extremely toxic class of molecules widely produced in many industrialized countries for decades, these compounds frequently contained arsenic. The plants where the CWAs have been produced or the plants where they have been demilitarized after the Second World War with unacceptable techniques can represent a serious environmental problem. CWAs standards are difficult to find on market so in present work an environmental assessment method based on markers has been proposed. Triphenylarsine, phenylarsine oxide and thiodiglycol have been selected as markers. Three reliable analytical methods based on gaschromatography and mass detection have been proposed and tested for quantitative analysis of markers. Methods performance have been evaluated testing uncertainty, linearity, recovery and detection limits and also comparing detection limits with exposure limits of reference CWAs. Proposed assessment methods have been applied to a case study of a former industrial plant sited in an area characterized by a high background of mineral arsenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sassolini
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Brinchi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Gennaro
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Simone Dionisi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Carola Dominici
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Luca Fantozzi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Onofri
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Rosario Piazza
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guidotti
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Via Salaria per L'Aquila 6-8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Single vial sample preparation of markers of nerve agents by dispersive solid-phase extraction using magnetic strong anion exchange resins. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1395:48-56. [PMID: 25863924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sample preparation method involving extraction, enrichment and derivatization of acidic degradation products of nerve agents was developed using magnetic strong anion exchange resins (MSAX). The method was performed in a single vial involving magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction (MDSPE). Analytes were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) in the presence of resins. MSAX were custom synthesized using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as core, 4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene as polymer shell and quaternary pyridinium function as anion-exchanger. Hydroxide ions were the counter-anions of MSAX to effectively capture the acidic alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) and alkylphosphonic acids (APAs). Quantitative measurements of analytes were performed in the selected ion monitoring mode of GC-MS. Full scan mode of analysis was followed for identifications. Under the optimized conditions analytes were recovered in the range of 39.7-98.8% (n=3, relative standard deviations (RSD) from 0.3 to 6.5%). Limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.1-1.1ngmL(-1); and the linear dynamic range was 5-1000ngmL(-1) with r(2) of 0.9977-0.9769. Applicability of the method was tested with rain-, tap-, muddy-water and Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Proficiency Test samples.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chinthakindi S, Purohit A, Singh V, Dubey D, Pardasani D. On-matrix derivatization extraction of chemical weapons convention relevant alcohols from soil. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Garg P, Purohit A, Tak VK, Kumar A, Dubey DK. Liquid-liquid-solid microextraction and detection of nerve agent simulants by on-membrane Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 751:71-8. [PMID: 23084054 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A coupling of novel liquid-liquid-solid microextraction (LLSME) technique based on porous hydrophobic membrane and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy has been presented for the detection, identification and quantification of markers and simulants of nerve agents. Two isomers O,O'-dihexyl methylphosphonate (DHMP) and O,O'-dipentyl isopropylphosphonate (DPIPP) were chosen as model analytes for the study. In the present technique, organic phase was immobilised within the pores of membrane after fixing it in an assembly, which was then immersed into aqueous sample of target analytes for extraction. The analytes were directly determined on the surface of membrane by FTIR spectroscopy without elution. On comparison with solid phase microextraction (SPME), LLSME was found to be much more efficient. The method was optimised and quantitative analyses were performed using calibration curves obtained via Beer's law and employing processing of spectra obtained, via a multivariate calibration technique partial least square (PLS). Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intraday repeatability and interday reproducibility were found to be in the range of 0.20-0.50% and 0.20-0.60%, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) was achieved up to 15 ng mL(-1). Applicability of the method was tested with an unknown real sample obtained in an international official proficiency test (OPT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Garg
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
On-matrix derivatization for dynamic headspace sampling of nonvolatile surface residues. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
10
|
Pragney D, Vijaya Saradhi U. Sample-preparation techniques for the analysis of chemical-warfare agents and related degradation products. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
11
|
Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
Collapse
|
12
|
Palit M, Mallard G. Dispersive derivatization liquid–liquid extraction of degradation products/precursors of mustards and V-agents from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Subramaniam R, Astot C, Juhlin L, Nilsson C, Ostin A. Direct derivatization and rapid GC-MS screening of nerve agent markers in aqueous samples. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7452-9. [PMID: 20701266 DOI: 10.1021/ac101604n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid screening and identification method based on derivatization and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed for the detection of alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), the degradation products of organophosphorus nerve agents. The novel method described involves rapid (5 min) and direct derivatization of 25 microL aqueous sample using highly fluorinated phenyldiazomethane reagents (e.g., 1-(diazomethyl)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene). The APA derivatives are then screened by GC-MS negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) and identified by electron ionization (EI) mode. The conditions for the derivatization were optimized using statistical experimental design and multivariate data analysis. Method robustness was evaluated using aqueous samples from an official OPCW Proficiency Test and all APAs present in the sample were conclusively identified. Limits of detection for rapid screening using SIM NICI were between 5 and 10 ng/mL APA in aqueous sample, and for identification using full scan EI 100 ng/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Subramaniam
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Garg P, Pardasani D, Mazumder A, Purohit A, Dubey DK. Dispersive solid-phase extraction for in-sorbent Fourier-transform infrared detection and identification of nerve agent simulants in analysis for verification of chemical weapon convention. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:955-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Terzic O. Screening of degradation products, impurities and precursors of chemical warfare agents in water and wet or dry organic liquid samples by in-sorbent tube silylation followed by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4987-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Røen BT, Unneberg E, Tørnes JA, Lundanes E. Headspace-trap gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of sulphur mustard and related compounds in soil. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Kenar L, Alp O. Comparison of Organic Solvents Used for the Determination of Mustard Gas Hydrolysis Products in Urine Samples Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903402564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Garg P, Purohit A, Tak VK, Dubey D. Enhanced detectability of fluorinated derivatives of N,N-dialkylamino alcohols and precursors of nitrogen mustards by gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis for verification of chemical weapons convention. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7906-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
19
|
Subramaniam R, Astot C, Nilsson C, Ostin A. Combination of solid phase extraction and in vial solid phase derivatization using a strong anion exchange disk for the determination of nerve agent markers. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8452-9. [PMID: 19854444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are degradation products and chemical markers of organophosphorous (OP) nerve agents (chemical warfare agents). Anion exchange disk-based solid phase extraction (SPE) has been combined with in vial solid phase derivatization (SPD) and GC-MS analysis for the determination of APAs in aqueous samples. The optimization of critical method parameters, such as the SPD reaction, was achieved using statistical experimental design and multivariate data analysis. The optimized method achieved quantitative recoveries in the range from 83% to 101% (n=13, RSD from 4% to 10%). The method was sensitive, with LODs in SIM mode of 0.14 ppb, and demonstrated excellent linearity with an average R(2)>or=0.99 over the concentration range of 0.07-1.4 ppm in full scan mode and from 0.14 ppb to 14 ppb in SIM mode. For forensic applications, aqueous samples containing APAs at concentrations exceeding 14 ppb were concentrated and target analytes were successfully identified by spectral library and retention index matching. Method robustness was evaluated using aqueous samples from the official OPCW Proficiency Test (round 19) and all APAs present in the sample were conclusively identified. The SPE disk retained the underivatized APAs in a stable condition for extended periods of time. No significant losses of APAs from the disk were observed over a 36-day period. Overall, the method is well suited to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of degradation markers of OP nerve agents in aqueous matrices with simplicity, a low risk of cross-contamination and trace level sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Subramaniam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
On-line high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet–nuclear magnetic resonance method of the markers of nerve agents for verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Xu L, Hauser PC, Lee HK. Electro membrane isolation of nerve agent degradation products across a supported liquid membrane followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Xu L, Gong XY, Lee HK, Hauser PC. Ion-pair liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction of nerve agent degradation products followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Kanaujia PK, Tak V, Pardasani D, Gupta A, Dubey D. Application of cation-exchange solid-phase extraction for the analysis of amino alcohols from water and human plasma for verification of Chemical Weapons Convention. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:167-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Papousková B, Bednár P, Frysová I, Stýskala J, Hlavác J, Barták P, Ulrichová J, Jirkovský J, Lemr K. Mass spectrometric study of selected precursors and degradation products of chemical warfare agents. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:1550-1561. [PMID: 18085550 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Selected precursors and degradation products of chemical warfare agents namely N,N-dialkylaminoethane-2-ols, N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides and some of related N-quaternary salts were studied by means of electrospray ionization-multiple tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). Proposed structures were confirmed with accurate mass measurement. General fragmentation patterns of these compounds are discussed in detail and suggested processes are confirmed using deuterated standards. The typical processes are elimination of alkene, hydrogen chloride, or water, respectively. Besides, elimination of ethene from propyl chain under specific conditions was observed and unambiguously confirmed using exact mass measurement and labelled standard. The potential of mass spectrometry to distinguish the positional isomers occurring among the studied compounds is reviewed in detail using two different MS instruments (i.e. ion trap and hybrid quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) analyzer). A new microcolumn liquid chromatography (microLC)/MS(n) method was designed for the cases where the resolution based solely on differences in fragmentation is not sufficient. Low retention of the derivatives on reversed phase (RP) was overcome by using addition of less typical ion pairing agent (1 mM/l, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) to the mobile phase (mixture water : acetonitrile).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Papousková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Trída Svobody 8, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee HSN, Sng MT, Basheer C, Lee HK. Determination of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in-situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:8-15. [PMID: 17376465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) together with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was investigated for the analysis of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water samples. The degradation products studied were those of nerve and blister agents, and a psychotomimetic agent. Extractions were successfully performed coupled with in-situ derivatisation using a mixture of solvent and derivatising agent. The protection of the moisture-sensitive derivatising agent was afforded by the hollow fibre. Parameters such as extraction solvent, pH, salt concentration, stirring speed and extraction time were optimised using spiked deionised water samples. The linear range established was between 0.005 and 5 microg ml(-1) depending on analyte, with squared regression coefficients ranging from 0.9929 to 1.0000. Relative standard deviations ranged from 9% to 22%. As compared to those of solid-phase microextraction, the limits of detection (0.01-0.54 microg l(-1)) of the newly-developed approach were significantly improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Sim Nancy Lee
- DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pardasani D, Kanaujia PK, Gupta AK, Tak V, Shrivastava RK, Dubey DK. In situ derivatization hollow fiber mediated liquid phase microextraction of alkylphosphonic acids from water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:151-7. [PMID: 17174319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), particularly the methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl- and n-propyl-phosphonic acids are important markers of extremely toxic nerve agents. Hence, their detection and identification is of vital importance to verification of chemical weapons convention (CWC). Verification analysis of CWC requires development of fast, reliable, simple and reproducible sample preparation methods of water and soil samples. Present investigation is focused on the optimization of alkylation of APAs in water with subsequent extraction of alkylated acids by hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME). This simple and sensitive sample preparation of APAs from water offered better recoveries in comparison to conventionally used extraction technique. Under optimized conditions, the APAs were detected at the concentration of 0.5-0.75 microg/mL with S/N ratio > or = 5, whereas the LODs for alkyl APAs (monobasic APAs) were achieved up to 0.1 microg/mL. The developed method was finally tested with water samples supplied in 19th official proficiency test conducted by the OPCW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pardasani D, Palit M, Gupta AK, Kanaujia PK, Sekhar K, Dubey DK. Microemulsion mediated in situ derivatization–extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of alkylphosphonic acids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:166-75. [PMID: 16455095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection and identification of environmental signatures of chemical warfare agents is an important aspect of verification program of Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are ultimate and persistent degradation products of nerve agents. Their identification in a sample submitted for off-site analysis infers possible indication of contamination with nerve agents. This paper describes the development of a new sample preparation method which involves 'in situ derivatization and extraction' (INDEX) of acids from water. Derivatization is performed by alkylation of APAs with alkylbromides in surfactant less microemulsion (SLME). The derivatized analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The developed method involves simultaneous derivatization (alkylation) and extraction of acidic analytes mediated by surfactant less microemulsion. Various derivatization-extraction parameters such as solvent, reaction time and temperature, base and alkyl bromides were optimized. Pentyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate and diisopropylamine at 100 degrees C derivatized the selected acids efficiently. Kinetic data for alkylation of methylphosphonic acids and some carboxylic acids were obtained to assess their relative susceptibility for alkylation in microemulsion. Methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid took 140-150 min to reach completion while carboxylic acids took 100 min to complete the reaction. INDEX could be successfully performed even in the presence of interfering Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|