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Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction of organophosphorus nerve agent degradation products from environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339261. [PMID: 34857147 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An emerging miniaturized high-throughput microextraction technique named Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) was, for the first time, investigated for the extraction of polar alkyl methylphosphonic acids (AMPAs) that are the degradation products of organophosphorus nerve agents. The effect of the key-parameters of the extraction method (nature of the membrane, of the extraction solvent, of the pH values of both donor and acceptor phases, agitation speed, extraction time, temperature and ionic strength) on the extraction recoveries was studied in spiked pure water samples. This led to extraction recoveries in the range of 25-102% for the 5 targeted analytes from water with enrichment factors in the range of 4.50-42.75. The developed PALME-LC-MS/MS method was first evaluated with spiked pure water. LOQs (S/N ≥ 10) were in the range of 0.009-1.141 ng mL-1, linearity above 0.9973 for all the AMPAs and with RSD values below 11%. This method was then applied on simulated waste water, river water and aqueous soil extracts. The achieved LOQs were in the range of 0.011-1.210, 0.013-1.196 and 0.016-6.810 ng mL-1, respectively. A detailed comparison of the performances of this PALME method with those of a previously developed hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction methods already applied to AMPAs was done thus allowing to demonstrate the easy transfer of methods from HF-LPME to PALME. Moreover, the high-throughput potential of PALME was revealed since 192 samples were processed in parallel during 120 min (37.5 s/sample).
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Witkiewicz Z, Neffe S, Sliwka E, Quagliano J. Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533075 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Slawomir Neffe
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Sliwka
- b Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuel , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Javier Quagliano
- c Applied Chemistry Department , Argentine Institute for Scientific and Technical Research for the Defense (CITEDEF) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Holmgren KH, Gustafsson T, Östin A. Screening of nerve agent markers with hollow fiber-chemosorption of phosphonic acids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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Kim D, Chung W, Kye Y. Liquid-phase Microextraction Pretreatment Techniques for Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Degradation Byproducts in Environmental Aqueous Samples. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2015.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Solid supported in situ derivatization extraction of acidic degradation products of nerve agents from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:325-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Sun H, Wang Y. Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of root exudate phenylamine compounds in hot pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5494-5499. [PMID: 23706116 DOI: 10.1021/jf4003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with derivatization was developed for the determination of three root exudate phenylamine compounds in hot pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The performance and applicability of the proposed procedure were evaluated through the extraction of 1-naphthylamine (1-NA), diphenylamine (DPA), and N-phenyl-2- naphthaleneamine (N-P-2-NA) in a recirculating hydroponic solution of hot pepper. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. The calibration curves showed a good linearity in the range of 0.1-10 μg mL(-1). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for the three compounds were 0.096, 0.074, and 0.057 μg mL(-1), respectively. The enrichment factors reached 174, 196, and 230 at the concentration of 5 μg mL(-1), and relative standard deviations (RSD) of 9.5, 8.6, and 7.8% and 8.4, 7.6, and 6.2% were obtained at concentrations of 2 and 5 μg mL(-1) for 1-NA, DPA, and N-P-2-NA, respectively. Recoveries ranging from 90.2 to 96.1% and RSDs below 9.1% were obtained when HF-LPME with in situ derivatization was applied to determine root exudate 1-NA, DPA, and N-P-2-NA after 15 and 30 days of culture solution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- Science Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Lin H, Wang J, Zeng L, Li G, Sha Y, Wu D, Liu B. Development of solvent micro-extraction combined with derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Park YK, Chung WY, Kim B, Kye YS, Shin MS, Kim D. Ion-Pair Single-Drop Microextraction Determinations of Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents in Water. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Desoubries C, Chapuis-Hugon F, Bossée A, Pichon V. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction of organophosphorous nerve agent degradation products from complex samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 900:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Pragney D, Vijaya Saradhi U. Sample-preparation techniques for the analysis of chemical-warfare agents and related degradation products. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Aleksenko SS. Liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection for the determination of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934812020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5345-403. [PMID: 21667946 DOI: 10.1021/cr100193y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Krylov VA, Krylov AV, Mosyagin PV, Matkivskaya YO. Liquid-phase microextraction preconcentration of impurities. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Determination of Trace Chloroanilines in Environmental Water Samples Using Hollow Fiber-Based Liquid Phase Microextraction. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aleksenko SS, Gareil P, Timerbaev AR. Analysis of degradation products of chemical warfare agents using capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2011; 136:4103-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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D'Agostino PA, Chenier CL. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents using ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1617-1624. [PMID: 20486257 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) has been applied to the direct analysis of sample media for target chemicals, including chemical warfare agents (CWA), without the need for additional sample handling. During the present study, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were used to sample the headspace above five organophosphorus CWA, O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin, GB), O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman, GD), O-ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate (tabun, GA), O-cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (cyclohexyl sarin, GF) and O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate (VX) spiked into glass headspace sampling vials. Following sampling, the SPME fibers were introduced directly into a modified ESI source, enabling rapid and safe DESI of the toxic compounds. A SYNAPT HDMS instrument was used to acquire time-aligned parallel (TAP) fragmentation data, which provided both ion mobility and MS(n) (n = 2 or 3) data useful for the confirmation of CWA. Unique ion mobility profiles were acquired for each compound and characteristic product ions of the ion mobility separated ions were produced in the Triwave transfer collision region. Up to six full scanning MS(n) spectra, containing the [M + H](+) ion and up to seven diagnostic product ions, were acquired for each CWA during SPME fiber analysis. A rapid screening approach, based on the developed methodology, was applied to several typical forensic media, including Dacron sampling swabs spiked with 5 microg of CWA. Background interference was minimal and the spiked CWA were readily identified within one minute on the basis of the acquired ion mobility and mass spectrometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A D'Agostino
- DRDC Suffield, P.O. Box 4000 Station Main, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada, T1A 8K6.
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20
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Subramaniam R, Astot C, Nilsson C, Ostin A. Combination of solid phase extraction and in vial solid phase derivatization using a strong anion exchange disk for the determination of nerve agent markers. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8452-9. [PMID: 19854444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are degradation products and chemical markers of organophosphorous (OP) nerve agents (chemical warfare agents). Anion exchange disk-based solid phase extraction (SPE) has been combined with in vial solid phase derivatization (SPD) and GC-MS analysis for the determination of APAs in aqueous samples. The optimization of critical method parameters, such as the SPD reaction, was achieved using statistical experimental design and multivariate data analysis. The optimized method achieved quantitative recoveries in the range from 83% to 101% (n=13, RSD from 4% to 10%). The method was sensitive, with LODs in SIM mode of 0.14 ppb, and demonstrated excellent linearity with an average R(2)>or=0.99 over the concentration range of 0.07-1.4 ppm in full scan mode and from 0.14 ppb to 14 ppb in SIM mode. For forensic applications, aqueous samples containing APAs at concentrations exceeding 14 ppb were concentrated and target analytes were successfully identified by spectral library and retention index matching. Method robustness was evaluated using aqueous samples from the official OPCW Proficiency Test (round 19) and all APAs present in the sample were conclusively identified. The SPE disk retained the underivatized APAs in a stable condition for extended periods of time. No significant losses of APAs from the disk were observed over a 36-day period. Overall, the method is well suited to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of degradation markers of OP nerve agents in aqueous matrices with simplicity, a low risk of cross-contamination and trace level sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Subramaniam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
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Liu W, Zhang L, Wei Z, Chen S, Chen G. Analysis of β-agonists and β-blockers in urine using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5340-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction of degradation products of nerve agents followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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24
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Chemical reactions in liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:701-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Xu L, Hauser PC, Lee HK. Electro membrane isolation of nerve agent degradation products across a supported liquid membrane followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Critical review on recent developments in solventless techniques for extraction of analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:809-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Lee HSN, Sng MT, Basheer C, Lee HK. Determination of basic degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in-situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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The Study on the Rapid Screening of Schedule Chemicals in Aqueous Solution Using SPE-ACF. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2008.52.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barri T, Jönsson JÅ. Advances and developments in membrane extraction for gas chromatography: Techniques and applications. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:16-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Kanaujia PK, Tak V, Pardasani D, Gupta A, Dubey D. Application of cation-exchange solid-phase extraction for the analysis of amino alcohols from water and human plasma for verification of Chemical Weapons Convention. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:167-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sun SH, Xie JP, Xie FW, Zong YL. Determination of volatile organic acids in oriental tobacco by needle-based derivatization headspace liquid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1179:89-95. [PMID: 18155225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A method coupling needle-based derivatization headspace liquid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-LPME/GC-MS) was developed to determine volatile organic acids in tobacco. The mixture of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and decane was utilized as the solvent for HS-LPME, resulting that extraction and derivatization were simultaneously completed in one step. The solvent served two purposes. First, it pre-concentrated volatile organic acids in the headspace of tobacco sample. Second, the volatile organic acids extracted were derivatized to form silyl derivatives in the drop. The main parameters affecting needle-based derivatization HS-LPME procedure such as extraction and derivatization reagent, microdrop volume, extraction and derivatization time, and preheating temperature and preheating time were optimized. The standard addition approach was essential to obtain accurate measurements by minimizing matrix effects. Good linearity (R(2)> or =0.9804) and good repeatability (RSDs< or =15.3%, n=5) for 16 analytes in spiked standard analytes sample were achieved. The method has the additional advantages that at the same time it is simple, fast, effective, sensitive, selective, and provides an overall profile of volatile organic acids in the oriental tobacco. This paper does offer an alternative approach to determine volatile organic acids in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Sun
- ZhengZhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, ZhengZhou 450001, China
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Lee HSN, Sng MT, Basheer C, Lee HK. Determination of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in-situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:8-15. [PMID: 17376465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) together with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was investigated for the analysis of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water samples. The degradation products studied were those of nerve and blister agents, and a psychotomimetic agent. Extractions were successfully performed coupled with in-situ derivatisation using a mixture of solvent and derivatising agent. The protection of the moisture-sensitive derivatising agent was afforded by the hollow fibre. Parameters such as extraction solvent, pH, salt concentration, stirring speed and extraction time were optimised using spiked deionised water samples. The linear range established was between 0.005 and 5 microg ml(-1) depending on analyte, with squared regression coefficients ranging from 0.9929 to 1.0000. Relative standard deviations ranged from 9% to 22%. As compared to those of solid-phase microextraction, the limits of detection (0.01-0.54 microg l(-1)) of the newly-developed approach were significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Sim Nancy Lee
- DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230, Singapore
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Pardasani D, Mazumder A, Gupta AK, Kanaujia PK, Tak V, Dubey DK. Determination of hydrolytic degradation products of nerve agents by injection port fluorination in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3109-14. [PMID: 17703510 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Retrospective detection and identification of markers of chemical warfare agents are important aspects of verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) and alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are important markers of nerve agents. We describe the development and optimization of a new gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) injection port fluorination method for the derivatization of AAPAs and APAs. The process involved the injection of acids with trifluoroacetic anhydride in GC/MS, where acids are converted into their corresponding volatile fluorides. Various reaction conditions such as fluorinating agent, injection port temperature and splitless time were optimized. The maximum reaction efficiency of the acids with trifluoroacetic anhydride was observed at 230 degrees C injection port temperature with a splitless time of 2 min. APAs showed best analytical efficiencies at 400 degrees C injection port temperature, while the other conditions were similar to those of AAPAs. The linearities of response for APAs and AAPAs were in the range of 1-25 and 5-100 microg mL(-1), respectively, with limits of detection ranging from 500 pg to 800 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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