1
|
Qin Y, Li J, Kuang J, Shen S, Zhou X, Zhao X, Huang B, Han B. Okadaic Acid Detection through a Rapid and Sensitive Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:501. [PMID: 37624258 PMCID: PMC10467062 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a marine biotoxin produced by microalgae, poses a significant threat to mariculture, seafood safety, and human health. The establishment of a novel, highly sensitive detection method for OA would have significant practical and scientific implications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an innovative approach for OA detection. A competitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (AlphaLISA) was developed using the principle of specific antigen-antibody binding based on the energy transfer between chemiluminescent microspheres. The method was non-washable, sensitive, and rapid, which could detect 2 × 10-2-200 ng/mL of OA within 15 min, and the detection limit was 4.55 × 10-3 ng/mL. The average intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2.54% and 6.26%, respectively. Detection of the actual sample results exhibited a good correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography. In conclusion, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate AlphaLISA method was established for detecting OA and is expected to significantly contribute to marine biotoxin research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (B.H.); (B.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; (J.L.); (J.K.); (S.S.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bingnan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; (J.L.); (J.K.); (S.S.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costa CQV, Afonso II, Lage S, Costa PR, Canário AVM, Da Silva JP. Quantitation Overcoming Matrix Effects of Lipophilic Toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis by Liquid Chromatography-Full Scan High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis (LC-HR-MS). Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020143. [PMID: 35200672 PMCID: PMC8880440 DOI: 10.3390/md20020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of marine lipophilic toxins in shellfish products still represents a challenging task due to the complexity and diversity of the sample matrix. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the technique of choice for accurate quantitative measurements in complex samples. By combining unambiguous identification with the high selectivity of tandem MS, it provides the required high sensitivity and specificity. However, LC-MS is prone to matrix effects (ME) that need to be evaluated during the development and validation of methods. Furthermore, the large sample-to-sample variability, even between samples of the same species and geographic origin, needs a procedure to evaluate and control ME continuously. Here, we analyzed the toxins okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTX-1 and DTX-2), pectenotoxin (PTX-2), yessotoxin (YTX) and azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1). Samples were mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), both fresh and processed, and a toxin-free mussel reference material. We developed an accurate mass-extracted ion chromatogram (AM-XIC) based quantitation method using an Orbitrap instrument, evaluated the ME for different types and extracts of mussel samples, characterized the main compounds co-eluting with the targeted molecules and quantified toxins in samples by following a standard addition method (SAM). An AM-XIC based quantitation of lipophilic toxins in mussel samples using high resolution and accuracy full scan profiles (LC-HR-MS) is a good alternative to multi reaction monitoring (MRM) for instruments with HR capabilities. ME depend on the starting sample matrix and the sample preparation. ME are particularly strong for OA and related toxins, showing values below 50% for fresh mussel samples. Results for other toxins (AZA-1, YTX and PTX-2) are between 75% and 110%. ME in unknown matrices can be evaluated by comparing their full scan LC-HR-MS profiles with those of known samples with known ME. ME can be corrected by following SAM with AM-XIC quantitation if necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Q. V. Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - Inês I. Afonso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - Sandra Lage
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelino V. M. Canário
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - José P. Da Silva
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leyva V, Maruenda H. Assessment of the Presence of Lipophilic Phycotoxins in Scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) Farmed along Peruvian Coastal Waters. J Food Prot 2021; 84:204-212. [PMID: 32977333 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Some harmful algal blooms produce lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) such as okadaic acid (OA; and its analogs dinophysistoxins [DTXs]), yessotoxins (YTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), and azaspiracids (AZAs), all of which may accumulate in filter-feeding bivalve mollusks. European health regulations stipulate a limit of 160 μg/kg for OA or DTXs, PTXs, and AZAs and 3.75 mg/kg for YTXs. Argopecten purpuratus is a valuable commercial marine bivalve exploited in Peru. Despite its importance and the periodic reports of the presence of harmful algal blooms in Peruvian coastal waters, information regarding potential contamination of these scallops by LMTs is lacking. We evaluated LMTs in 115 samples of A. purpuratus collected between November 2013 and March 2015 from 18 production areas distributed along the Peruvian coast. The hepatopancreas, which accumulates most of the toxins in the scallop, was analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify OA in its free form, YTX, AZA-1, and PTX-2. Baseline separation was achieved in 19 min. Linearity (R2 > 0.997), precision (coefficient of variation < 15%), and limits of quantification (0.155 to 0.479 ng/mL) were satisfactory. YTX was found in 72 samples, and PTX-2 was found in 17 samples, but concentrations of both biotoxins were below the regulatory limits. Free OA and AZA-1 were not detected in the scallop samples. This atypical profile (i.e., presence of PTX-2 and absence of OA) may be linked to the presence of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata. The production of YTX could be associated with the phytoplankton Gonyaulax spinifera and Protoceratium reticulatum. This is the first systematic assessment of the four types of LMTs in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters. The results suggest low prevalence of LMTs in Peruvian bay scallops but support continued surveillance and analysis of LMTs in Peru. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´
| | - Helena Maruenda
- Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-156X [H.M.])
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oller-Ruiz A, Campillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Gilabert J, Viñas P. Monitoring Lipophilic Toxins in Seawater Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010057. [PMID: 33451113 PMCID: PMC7828625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is proposed for the preconcentration of thirteen lipophilic marine toxins in seawater samples. For this purpose, 0.5 mL of methanol and 440 µL of chloroform were injected into 12 mL of sample. The enriched organic phase, once evaporated and reconstituted in methanol, was analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. A central composite design multivariate method was used to optimize the interrelated parameters affecting DLLME efficiency. The absence of any matrix effect in the samples allowed them to be quantified against aqueous standards. The optimized procedure was validated by recovery studies, which provided values in the 82–123% range. The detection limits varied between 0.2 and 5.7 ng L−1, depending on the analyte, and the intraday precision values were in the 0.1–7.5% range in terms of relative standard deviation. Ten water samples taken from different points of the Mar Menor lagoon were analyzed and were found to be free of the studied toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Oller-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Javier Gilabert
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vale P. Shellfish contamination with marine biotoxins in Portugal and spring tides: a dangerous health coincidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41143-41156. [PMID: 32809126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs can acquire marine biotoxins by filter-feeding upon certain toxin-producing microalgae. The two most common syndromes observed in temperate coastal waters have been diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). While DSP is a non-fatal gastrointestinal syndrome, PSP is a neurological syndrome which can lead to death by respiratory paralysis in high intoxication scenarios. In Portugal, the presence of both DSP and PSP toxins leads to recurrent seasonal bans of bivalve harvesting. On a few occasions, the bans were not placed in time, not properly disseminated to the public or were disregarded by recreational harvesters. Several cases of poisonings have been studied in collaboration between health authorities and the laboratory in charge of the biotoxin monitoring programme. Some of the outbreaks have even called the attention of the local media. In several of these recorded cases, a common trait has emerged throughout the years: bivalve harvest had often been done during very low tides attributed to either new or full moons. These tides expose intertidal bivalves more widely, increase harvesting time, and allow picking of larger-sized specimens. In some occasions, the consumers were extremely unfortunate because a noxious coincidence had occurred: larger-sized specimens were available but had attained the highest toxin content of the toxic season. This review alerts that despite costly monitoring programmes have been perfected through the years, human poisonings still take place due to the rapid increase in toxin levels and/or disrespect of harvest bans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Sea and Marine Resources Department, The Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), R. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu J, Chen H, Ji Y, Li T, Li A. Evaluation of different strategies to minimize the matrix effects on LC-MS/MS analysis of multiple lipophilic shellfish toxins in both acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions. Toxicon 2020; 188:16-26. [PMID: 33039366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) accumulated by shellfish pose a potential threat to consumer health. A mandatory routine monitoring of LSTs has been adopted for seafood products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in many countries. In this study, two methods developed on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions were assessed for the determination of multiple LSTs. Different strategies including matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid phase extraction (SPE) and sample dilution were applied and evaluated the matrix effects of mussel, scallop, clam, and oyster samples on the signal response of mass spectrometry. Results showed that the alkaline method achieved a lower limit of detection (LOD) and more robust compared to the acidic method. The obvious signal suppression of OA and DTX1 (55%-76%) and signal enhancement of PTX2 (27%-34%) occurred in the crude extracts of shellfish under acidic chromatography. In the alkaline method, no remarkable matrix effects of crude extracts were found except for the scallop matrix on the signal intensity of DTX1, AZA3 and GYM-A (121%-130%). Clean-up methods MSPD, SPE and sample dilution obviously reduced the inhibition of shellfish matrices on the signal response of OA and DTX1, however, which were still subject to signal inhibition under acidic condition. Sample dilution was more effective than SPE and MSPD in minimizing the matrix interference in both acidic and alkaline methods. Furthermore, sample dilution in combination with the alkaline chromatography was the most effective method. Bivalve mollusks harvested from Beibu Bay, South China Sea, were generally contaminated by GYM-A and SPX1 at low concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huidan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianshen Li
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Screening Tool for the Direct Analysis of Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Organic SPATT Extracts from the Chesapeake Bay. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050322. [PMID: 32414148 PMCID: PMC7290987 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many detection methods for phycotoxins, bioactive compounds produced by harmful algae, focus on one compound or a class of related compounds. Multiple harmful algal species often co-occur in the environment, however, emphasizing the need to analyze for the presence of multiple groups of marine and freshwater phycotoxins in environmental samples, e.g., extracts from solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). Two methods were developed to screen for 13 phycotoxins (microcystin-RR, -LR, -YR, azaspiracid-1, -2, karlotoxin 3, goniodomin A, brevetoxin-2, yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2, dinophysistoxin-1, -2, and okadaic acid) in organic SPATT extracts using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) equipped with a trapping dimension (trap) and at-column dilution (ACD). The performance of each compound under 36 combinations of chromatographic conditions was characterized, and two final methods, acidic and basic, were selected based on peak shapes, signal intensities, resolution, and the separation in time of positive and negative MS ionization modes. Injection volumes of up to 1 mL were possible through trap/ACD technology, resulting in limits of detection between 0.001 and 0.05 µg/L across the analytes. Benefits highlighted in this study, beyond the improved detection limits and co-detection of multiple toxin groups, include the ability to inject samples of 100% organic solvent, ensuring analyte stability and streamlining workflow through the elimination of laborious sample preparation steps.
Collapse
|
8
|
He X, Chen J, Wu D, Wang J, Xin M, Liu L, Sun P, Wang B. Occurrence, distribution, source, and influencing factors of lipophilic marine algal toxins in Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110789. [PMID: 31910528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition, distribution, origin, and influencing factors of lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) in surface seawater and phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay, China, were comprehensively investigated for the first time. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX2 SA) were discovered in surface seawater, whereas PTX2, OA, 7-epi-PTX-2 SA, DTX1, PTX2 SA, PTX11, and DTX2 were found in phytoplankton in a decreasing concentration order. ∑LMAT concentrations in seawater and phytoplankton were 1.08-35.66 ng/L (mean: 7.31 ng/L) and 0-3609.75 ng/L (mean: 191.38 ng/L), respectively. LMAT contents in seawater and phytoplankton exhibited the highest levels in the southeastern mouth of Laizhou Bay and decreased toward the inner and outer bays. Dinophysis fortii, D. acuminata, D. rotundata, Procentrum lima, and P. minimum were identified as the potential origins of LMATs in Laizhou Bay. Moreover, increased nutrient level and decreased pH in seawater could increase LMAT content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Danni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yarita T, Inagaki S, Miyamoto A, Yamazaki T, Kawaguchi M, Uchida H, Takatsu A, Suzuki T. Characterization of scallop midgut gland certified reference material for quantification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Food Chem 2019; 298:125011. [PMID: 31261011 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A scallop midgut gland certified reference material, NMIJ CRM 7520-a, was developed for validation and quality assurance during the inspection of shellfish for diarrhetic shellfish toxins. The candidate material was prepared by using naturally-toxic and nontoxic boiled midgut glands spiked with okadaic acid (OA). The homogeneity and stability of the material were found to be appropriate. For the characterization of OA and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), nine participants were involved in a co-laboratory study based on the Japanese Official Testing Method, where the compounds were assayed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following alkaline hydrolysis. The analytical values were obtained by the standard addition method with a standard spiking solution calibrated using the standard-solution certified reference materials OA and DTX1. The certified concentrations with expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2, approximate 95% confidence interval) were determined to be (0.205 ± 0.061) mg/kg for OA and (0.45 ± 0.11) mg/kg for DTX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yarita
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan; College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Inagaki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Ayano Miyamoto
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Taichi Yamazaki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Migaku Kawaguchi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
| | - Akiko Takatsu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen J, Tan Z, Wu H, Peng J, Zhai Y, Guo M. Selective enrichment and quantification of okadaic acid in shellfish using an immunomagnetic-bead-based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1423-1431. [PMID: 30667151 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid is a marine biotoxin that primarily occurs in shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning in humans. When analyzing biological samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, the presence of complex matrices is a major issue. Thus, it is crucial to selectively and simply extract the target analyte from samples and minimize matrix effects simultaneously. To meet this need, an immunomagnetic-bead-based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to detect okadaic acid in shellfish. Magnetic beads bound to monoclonal antibody against okadaic acid were used as affinity probes to specifically enrich okadaic acid in samples, which effectively eliminated matrix effects. A magnetic separator was used to aggregate and separate magnetic particles from sample matrices, and methanol was used to elute okadaic acid from the magnetic beads. Standard solution prepared with methanol was employed directly for quantitative analysis. Several experimental conditions were optimized to improve performance. The method is of interest as a rapid (10 min) sample clean-up and selective enrichment tool, and it showed good linearity and sensitivity, with reported limits of detection and quantitation of 3 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. Fifty-three shellfish samples from an aquatic products market were tested using this method, and four samples positive for okadaic acid were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Determination of lipophilic marine toxins in fresh and processed shellfish using modified QuEChERS and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 272:427-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090375. [PMID: 30223487 PMCID: PMC6162736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When considering the geographical expansion of marine toxins, the emergence of new toxins and the associated risk for human health, there is urgent need for versatile and efficient analytical methods that are able to detect a range, as wide as possible, of known or emerging toxins. Current detection methods for marine toxins rely on a priori defined target lists of toxins and are generally inappropriate for the detection and identification of emerging compounds. The authors describe the implementation of a recent approach for the non-targeted analysis of marine toxins in shellfish with a focus on a comprehensive workflow for the acquisition and treatment of the data generated after liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. First, the study was carried out in targeted mode to assess the performance of the method for known toxins with an extended range of polarities, including lipophilic toxins (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, cyclic imines, brevetoxins) and domoic acid. The targeted method, assessed for 14 toxins, shows good performance both in mussel and oyster extracts. The non-target potential of the method was then challenged via suspects and without a priori screening by blind analyzing mussel and oyster samples spiked with marine toxins. The data processing was optimized and successfully identified the toxins that were spiked in the blind samples.
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Yu RC, Kong FZ, Li C, Dai L, Chen ZF, Zhou MJ. Lipophilic marine toxins discovered in the Bohai Sea using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:380-388. [PMID: 28554022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates can produce lipophilic marine toxins, which pose potent threats to seafood consumers. In the Bohai Sea, an important semi-closed inland sea with intensive mariculture industry in China, there is little knowledge concerning lipophilic marine toxins and their potential threats. In this study, net-concentrated phytoplankton samples were periodically collected from 5 typical mariculture zones around the Bohai Sea, including Laishan (LS), Laizhou (LZ), Hangu (HG), Qinhuangdao (QHD) and Huludao (HLD) in 2013 and 2014, and a method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a Q-Trap mass spectrometer was applied to analyze seven representative lipophilic marine toxins, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), gymnodimine (GYM), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (desMeC). The method had high sensitivity and repeatability, and exhibited satisfactory recoveries for most of the lipophilic marine toxins (92.1-108%) except for AZA1 (65.8-68.9%). Nearly all the lipophilic marine toxins could be detected in phytoplankton samples from the Bohai Sea. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 were predominant components and present in most of the phytoplankton samples. The maximum content of lipophilic marine toxin in phytoplankton samples concentrated from seawater (OA 464 pg L-1; DTX1 783 pg L-1; YTX 86.6 pg L-1; desMeC 15.6 pg L-1; PTX2 1.11 × 103 pg L-1) appeared in June 2014. Based on toxins present in phytoplankton samples, it is implied that seafood in the Bohai Sea is more likely to be contaminated by OA group and PTX group toxins, and spring is the high-risk season for toxin contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Li Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Zhen-Fan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Suzuki T. Regulatory Levels, Monitoring System of Shellfish Toxins and Instrumental Analyses. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2016; 57:117-131. [PMID: 27784862 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.57.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Chen J, Gao L, Li Z, Wang S, Li J, Cao W, Sun C, Zheng L, Wang X. Simultaneous screening for lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in marine harmful algae using a serially coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation system with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 914:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Wang XZ, Cheng Y, Li N, Wen HM, Liu R, Shan CX, Chai C, Wu H. Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Lipophilic Marine Toxins in Commercial Clam Species along the Coast of Jiangsu, China. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 8:E8. [PMID: 26712791 PMCID: PMC4728530 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have examined lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in shellfish and toxic algae worldwide, but the occurrence and seasonal variations of LMTs in commercial clams (including Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Meretrix meretrix, and Cyclina sinensis) at their major culturing area in Jiangsu, China, remain largely unexplored. In this study, a new solid phase extraction (SPE) in combination with an ultra-fast liquid chromatography and triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UFLC-TQ-MS) method was developed to determine the presence of 10 typical LMTs (okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxins (YTXs), azaspiracids (AZA1-3), pectenotoxins (PTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), dinophysistoxins (DTX1&2), and spirolides (SPX1)) in the aforementioned four clam matrices. After confirmation of its sensitivity and precision, this method was used to evaluate the amounts of LMTs in clam samples harvested in five aquaculture zones of the Jiangsu coastal area. Monthly variations of GYM, PTX2, OA, and DTX1&2 in 400 clam samples from the sample areas were determined from January 2014 through August 2015. Peak values were observed during May and August. This is the first systematic report of LMTs detected in clam samples harvested in Jiangsu. Follow-up research and the implementation of protective measures are needed to ensure the safety of clams harvested in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Marine Drug Research and Development Center of Jiangsu Province, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Na Li
- Marine Drug Research and Development Center of Jiangsu Province, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chen-Xiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chuan Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Marine Drug Research and Development Center of Jiangsu Province, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Davidson K, Baker C, Higgins C, Higman W, Swan S, Veszelovszki A, Turner AD. Potential Threats Posed by New or Emerging Marine Biotoxins in UK Waters and Examination of Detection Methodologies Used for Their Control: Cyclic Imines. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7087-112. [PMID: 26703628 PMCID: PMC4699231 DOI: 10.3390/md13127057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic imines (CIs) are a group of phytoplankton produced toxins related to shellfish food products, some of which are already present in UK and European waters. Their risk to shellfish consumers is poorly understood, as while no human intoxication has been definitively related to this group, their fast acting toxicity following intraperitoneal injection in mice has led to concern over their human health implications. A request was therefore made by UK food safety authorities to examine these toxins more closely to aid possible management strategies. Of the CI producers only the spirolide producer Alexandrium ostenfeldii is known to exist in UK waters at present but trends in climate change may lead to increased risk from other organisms/CI toxins currently present elsewhere in Europe and in similar environments worldwide. This paper reviews evidence concerning the prevalence of CIs and CI-producing phytoplankton, together with testing methodologies. Chemical, biological and biomolecular methods are reviewed, including recommendations for further work to enable effective testing. Although the focus here is on the UK, from a strategic standpoint many of the topics discussed will also be of interest in other parts of the world since new and emerging marine biotoxins are of global concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Clothilde Baker
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Cowan Higgins
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Wendy Higman
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Sarah Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Andrea Veszelovszki
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stivala CE, Benoit E, Aráoz R, Servent D, Novikov A, Molgó J, Zakarian A. Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:411-35. [PMID: 25338021 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From a small group of exotic compounds isolated only two decades ago, Cyclic Imine (CI) toxins have become a major class of marine toxins with global distribution. Their distinct chemical structure, biological mechanism of action, and intricate chemistry ensures that CI toxins will continue to be the subject of fascinating fundamental studies in the broad fields of chemistry, chemical biology, and toxicology. The worldwide occurrence of potent CI toxins in marine environments, their accumulation in shellfish, and chemical stability are important considerations in assessing risk factors for human health. This review article aims to provide an account of chemistry, biology, and toxicology of CI toxins from their discovery to the present day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Stivala
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zendong Z, McCarron P, Herrenknecht C, Sibat M, Amzil Z, Cole RB, Hess P. High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:10-21. [PMID: 26363951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of marine algal toxins has traditionally focussed on shellfish monitoring while, over the last decade, passive sampling has been introduced as a complementary tool for exploratory studies. Since 2011, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been adopted as the EU reference method (No. 15/2011) for detection and quantitation of lipophilic toxins. Traditional LC-MS approaches have been based on low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), however, advances in instrument platforms have led to a heightened interest in the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for toxin detection. This work describes the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling as a progressive approach to marine algal toxin surveys. Experiments focused on comparison of LRMS and HRMS for determination of a broad range of toxins in shellfish and passive samplers. Matrix effects are an important issue to address in LC-MS; therefore, this phenomenon was evaluated for mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and passive samplers using LRMS (triple quadrupole) and HRMS (quadrupole time-of-flight and Orbitrap) instruments. Matrix-matched calibration solutions containing okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxin, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, domoic acid, pinnatoxins, gymnodimine A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C were prepared. Similar matrix effects were observed on all instruments types. Most notably, there was ion enhancement for pectenotoxins, okadaic acid/dinophysistoxins on one hand, and ion suppression for yessotoxins on the other. Interestingly, the ion selected for quantitation of PTX2 also influenced the magnitude of matrix effects, with the sodium adduct typically exhibiting less susceptibility to matrix effects than the ammonium adduct. As expected, mussel as a biological matrix, quantitatively produced significantly more matrix effects than passive sampler extracts, irrespective of toxin. Sample dilution was demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce matrix effects for all compounds, and was found to be particularly useful for the non-targeted approach. Limits of detection and method accuracy were comparable between the systems tested, demonstrating the applicability of HRMS as an effective tool for screening and quantitative analysis. HRMS offers the advantage of untargeted analysis, meaning that datasets can be retrospectively analyzed. HRMS (full scan) chromatograms of passive samplers yielded significantly less complex data sets than mussels, and were thus more easily screened for unknowns. Consequently, we recommend the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling for studies investigating emerging or hitherto uncharacterized toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Pearse McCarron
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z 1, Canada
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reverté L, Soliño L, Carnicer O, Diogène J, Campàs M. Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: biosensors, biochemical assays and cell-based assays. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5719-63. [PMID: 25431968 PMCID: PMC4278199 DOI: 10.3390/md12125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins in water and seafood may have a considerable impact on public health. Although the tendency in Europe is to consolidate, when possible, official reference methods based on instrumental analysis, the development of alternative or complementary methods providing functional or toxicological information may provide advantages in terms of risk identification, but also low cost, simplicity, ease of use and high-throughput analysis. This article gives an overview of the immunoassays, cell-based assays, receptor-binding assays and biosensors that have been developed for the screening and quantification of emerging marine toxins: palytoxins, ciguatoxins, cyclic imines and tetrodotoxins. Their advantages and limitations are discussed, as well as their possible integration in research and monitoring programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Olga Carnicer
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu H, Guo M, Tan Z, Cheng H, Li Z, Zhai Y. Liquid chromatography quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry for multiclass screening and identification of lipophilic marine biotoxins in bivalve mollusks. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
Huang H, Lin H, Li X, Zhang Z. Determination of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin-1 in Mussels by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.898153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Orellana G, Vanden Bussche J, Van Meulebroek L, Vandegehuchte M, Janssen C, Vanhaecke L. Validation of a confirmatory method for lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish using UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5303-12. [PMID: 24939136 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins are produced by harmful microalgae and can accumulate in edible filter feeders such as shellfish, leading to an introduction of toxins into the human food chain, causing different poisoning effects. During the last years, analytical methods, based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been consolidated by interlaboratory validations. However, the main drawback of LC-MS/MS methods remains the limited number of compounds that can be analyzed in a single run. Due to the targeted nature of these methods, only known toxins, previously considered during method optimization, will be detected. Therefore in this study, a method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS) was developed. Its quantitative performance was evaluated for confirmatory analysis of regulated lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish flesh according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), yessotoxin (YTX), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) were quantified using matrix-matched calibration curves (MMS). For all compounds, the reproducibility ranged from 2.9 to 4.9 %, repeatability from 2.9 to 4.9 %, and recoveries from 82.9 to 113 % at the three different spiked levels. In addition, confirmatory identification of the compounds was effectively performed by the presence of a second diagnostic ion ((13)C). In conclusion, UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS permitted more accurate and faster detection of the target toxins than previously described LC-MS/MS methods. Furthermore, HRMS allows to retrospectively screen for many analogues and metabolites using its full-scan capabilities but also untargeted screening through the use of metabolomics software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Orellana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fang L, Yao X, Wang L, Li J. Solid-Phase Extraction-Based Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Four Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Bivalves by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:373-9. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Determination of lipophilic marine toxins in mussels. Quantification and confirmation criteria using high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1328:16-25. [PMID: 24444801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A multitoxin method has been developed for quantification and confirmation of lipophilic marine biotoxins in mussels by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), using an Orbitrap-Exactive HCD mass spectrometer. Okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin, azaspiracid-1, gymnodimine, 13-desmethyl spirolide C, pectenotoxin-2 and Brevetoxin B were analyzed as representative compounds of each lipophilic toxin group. HRMS identification and confirmation criteria were established. Fragment and isotope ions and ion ratios were studied and evaluated for confirmation purpose. In depth characterization of full scan and fragmentation spectrum of the main toxins were carried out. Accuracy (trueness and precision), linearity, calibration curve check, limit of quantification (LOQ) and specificity were the parameters established for the method validation. The validation was performed at 0.5 times the current European Union permitted levels. The method performed very well for the parameters investigated. The trueness, expressed as recovery, ranged from 80% to 94%, the precision, expressed as intralaboratory reproducibility, ranged from 5% to 22% and the LOQs range from 0.9 to 4.8pg on column. Uncertainty of the method was also estimated for OA, using a certified reference material. A top-down approach considering two main contributions: those arising from the trueness studies and those coming from the precision's determination, was used. An overall expanded uncertainty of 38% was obtained.
Collapse
|
26
|
High-throughput receptor-based assay for the detection of spirolides by chemiluminescence. Toxicon 2013; 75:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Shen Q, Gong L, Baibado JT, Dong W, Wang Y, Dai Z, Cheung HY. Graphene based pipette tip solid phase extraction of marine toxins in shellfish muscle followed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Talanta 2013; 116:770-5. [PMID: 24148472 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a novel carbonic material with great potentials for the use as sorbent due to its ultrahigh surface area. Herein, we report the use of graphene as sorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE) using pipette tip as cartridge namely GPT-SPE, together with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), for the analysis of lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs), including yessotoxins (YTX), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), gymnodimine (GYM), spirolides-1 (SPX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) in shellfish. The GPT-SPE procedure was optimized and the performance of graphene was fully validated. Results with high-sensitivity and good reproducibility was obtained and compared with that of other sorbents like C18 silica, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), commercial Oasis HLB, and Strata-X for the extraction of LMTs, which showed superiority and advantages of graphene, such as good recoveries, stability and compatibility with various solvents. In order to exhibit the potentials of graphene as an excellent sorbent material, 67 mussel samples from six coastal cities of China were analyzed. OA was found to be the dominant contaminant, while YTX was also detected with low level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen T, Xu X, Wei J, Chen J, Miu R, Huang L, Zhou X, Fu Y, Yan R, Wang Z, Liu B, He F. Food-borne disease outbreak of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning due to toxic mussel consumption: the first recorded outbreak in china. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65049. [PMID: 23724121 PMCID: PMC3660377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This investigation was undertaken in response to an outbreak of suspected shellfish poisoning in Zhejiang Province, China. The objectives of this project were to confirm the outbreak and to identify the aetiology, source and mode of transmission. METHODS A probable case was defined as an individual with diarrhea (≥3 times/day) plus at least one of the following symptoms: fever (≥37.5°C), vomiting, or abdominal pain after consuming seafood between May 23(rd) and May 28(th), 2011. Using a case-control study design, we compared exposures to suspected seafood items and cooking methods between 61 probable cases and 61 controls. RESULTS Over 220 suspected or probable cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) were identified (incidence of 18 cases per 100,000). The case control study revealed that 100% of cases and 18% of controls had eaten mussels during the exposure period (OR = ∞, χ(2) = 84.72,P = 0.000). The number of mussels consumed was related to DSP risk (P = 0.004, χ2 test for trend). Consumption of other seafood items was not associated with disease. The frequency of diarrhea and vomiting were positively correlated with the number of mussels consumed (r = 0.424 and r = 0.562, respectively). The frequency of vomiting and the incubation period were significantly correlated with the total time the mussels were boiled (r = 0.594 and r = -0.336, respectively). Mussels from 3 food markets and one family contained Okadaic acid (OA) and Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). CONCLUSIONS This outbreak was attributed to the consumption of mussels contaminated by DSP-toxins (OA and DTX-1) which are produced by different species of dinoflagellates (toxic microalgae) from the genus Dinophysis or Prorocentrum. Suspension of mussel sales and early public announcements were highly effective in controlling the outbreak, although oversight of seafood quality should be a priority to prevent future contamination and outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingrui Chen
- Cangnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cangnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuqing Xu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao Wei
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Renchao Miu
- Cangnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cangnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Huang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Fu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyao Liu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan He
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodríguez LP, Vilariño N, Molgó J, Aráoz R, Louzao MC, Taylor P, Talley T, Botana LM. Development of a solid-phase receptor-based assay for the detection of cyclic imines using a microsphere-flow cytometry system. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2340-7. [PMID: 23343192 PMCID: PMC3597463 DOI: 10.1021/ac3033432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active macrocycles containing a cyclic imine were isolated for the first time from aquaculture sites in Nova Scotia, Canada, during the 1990s. These compounds display a "fast-acting" toxicity in the traditional mouse bioassay for lipophilic marine toxins. Our work aimed at developing a receptor-based detection method for spirolides using a microsphere/flow cytometry Luminex system. For the assay, two alternatives were considered as binding proteins, the Torpedo marmorata nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the Lymnaea stagnalis acetylcholine binding protein (Ls-AChBP). A receptor-based inhibition assay was developed using the immobilization of nAChR or Ls-AChBP on the surface of carboxylated microspheres and the competition of cyclic imines with biotin-α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) for binding to these proteins. The amount of biotin-α-BTX bound to the surface of the microspheres was quantified using phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled streptavidin, and the fluorescence was analyzed in a Luminex 200 system. AChBP and nAChR bound to 13-desmethyl spirolide C efficiently; however, the cross-reactivity profile of the nAChR for spirolides and gymnodimine more closely matched the relative toxic potencies reported for these toxins. The nAChR was selected for further assay development. A simple sample preparation protocol consisting of an extraction with acetone yielded a final extract with no matrix interference on the nAChR/microsphere-based assay for mussels, scallops, and clams. This cyclic imine detection method allowed the detection of 13-desmethyl spirolide C in the range of 10-6000 μg/kg of shellfish meat, displaying a higher sensitivity and wider dynamic range than other receptor-based assays previously published. This microsphere-based assay provides a rapid, sensitive, and easily performed screening method that could be multiplexed for the simultaneous detection of several marine toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura P. Rodríguez
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jordi Molgó
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement UPR3294, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rómulo Aráoz
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement UPR3294, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Carmen Louzao
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Todd Talley
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
García-Altares M, Diogène J, de la Iglesia P. The implementation of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the official control of lipophilic toxins in seafood: Single-laboratory validation under four chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1275:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Aráoz R, Ramos S, Pelissier F, Guérineau V, Benoit E, Vilariño N, Botana LM, Zakarian A, Molgó J. Coupling the Torpedo microplate-receptor binding assay with mass spectrometry to detect cyclic imine neurotoxins. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10445-53. [PMID: 23131021 PMCID: PMC4118673 DOI: 10.1021/ac3027564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic imine neurotoxins constitute an emergent family of neurotoxins of dinoflagellate origin that are potent antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We developed a target-directed functional method based on the mechanism of action of competitive agonists/antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors for the detection of marine cyclic imine neurotoxins. The key step for method development was the immobilization of Torpedo electrocyte membranes rich in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of microplate wells and the use of biotinylated-α-bungarotoxin as tracer. Cyclic imine neurotoxins competitively inhibit biotinylated-α-bungarotoxin binding to Torpedo-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a concentration-dependent manner. The microplate-receptor binding assay allowed rapid detection of nanomolar concentrations of cyclic imine neurotoxins directly in shellfish samples. Although highly sensitive and specific for the detection of neurotoxins targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a class, the receptor binding assay cannot identify a given analyte. To address the low selectivity of the microplate-receptor binding assay, the cyclic imine neurotoxins tightly bound to the coated Torpedo nicotinic receptor were eluted with methanol, and the chemical nature of the eluted ligands was identified by mass spectrometry. The immobilization of Torpedo electrocyte membranes on the surface of microplate wells proved to be a high-throughput format for the survey of neurotoxins targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors directly in shellfish matrixes with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rómulo Aráoz
- Centre de Recherche CNRS de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut Fédératif de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard FR2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement UPR 3294, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Suzanne Ramos
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Franck Pelissier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Centre de Recherche CNRS de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut Fédératif de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard FR2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement UPR 3294, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Centre de Recherche CNRS de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut Fédératif de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard FR2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement UPR 3294, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Zhang Z. Development of a Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Enzyme Immunoassay with Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin2 in Shellfish Samples. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.675498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
33
|
Garcia C, Rodriguez-Unda N, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N. Lipophilic toxin profiles detected in farmed and benthic mussels populations from the most relevant production zones in Southern Chile. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.662704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Nelson Rodriguez-Unda
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Cristóbal Contreras
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- b CEPEDEQ , Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmaceúticas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Néstor Lagos
- a Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana , Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gerssen A, van den Top HJ, van Egmond HP. Comment on “Effect of Uncontrolled Factors in a Validated Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method Question Its Use As a Reference Method for Marine Toxins: Major Causes for Concern”. Anal Chem 2011; 84:476-7; discussion 481-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2022663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester J. van den Top
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans P. van Egmond
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Paz B, Riobó P, Franco JM. Preliminary study for rapid determination of phycotoxins in microalgae whole cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3627-3639. [PMID: 22095512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive methods for identification of several phycotoxins produced by microalgae species such as yessotoxins (YTXs) for Protoceratium reticulatum, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) for Prorocentrum spp. and Dinophysis spp., Palytoxins (PLTXs) for Ostreopsis spp., ciguatoxins (CTXs) for Gambierdiscus spp. or domoic acid (DA) for Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are of great importance to the shellfish and fish industry. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used to detect several phycotoxins in whole cells of some microalgae which are known as toxin producers. To achieve an appropriate MALDI matrix and a sample preparation method, several matrices and solvent mixtures were tested. The most appropriate matrix system for toxin detection was obtained with 10 µg μL(-1) of DHB in 0.1% TFA/ACN (3:7, v/v) by mixing the intact cells with the matrix solution directly on the MALDI target (dried-droplet technique). Toxin detection by this procedure is much faster than current procedures based on solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. This method allowed the rapid detection of main phycotoxins in some dinoflagellate cells of genus Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Protoceratium, Gambierdiscus, Dinophysis and diatoms from Pseudo-nitzschia genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Servicio Determinación Estructural, Proteómica y Genómica, Unidad de proteómica, Centro de Apoio Científico e Tecnolóxico á Investigación (CACTI), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rodríguez LP, Vilariño N, Molgó J, Aráoz R, Antelo A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Solid-Phase Receptor-Based Assay for the Detection of Cyclic Imines by Chemiluminescence, Fluorescence, or Colorimetry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5857-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200423s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura P. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jordi Molgó
- CNRS, Institut Fédératif de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard—FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement—UPR3294, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | - Rómulo Aráoz
- CNRS, Institut Fédératif de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard—FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement—UPR3294, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | - Alvaro Antelo
- CIFGA Laboratorio, Plaza de Santo Domingo, 20, 5a planta, 27001 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Otero P, Alfonso A, Alfonso C, Rodríguez P, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Effect of uncontrolled factors in a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method question its use as a reference method for marine toxins: major causes for concern. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5903-11. [PMID: 21651235 DOI: 10.1021/ac200732m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry is the method of choice to replace the mouse bioassay (MBA) to detect marine toxins. This paper evaluates the influence of different parameters such as toxin solvents, mass spectrometric detection method, mobile-phase-solvent brands and equipment on okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2) quantification. In addition, the study compares the results obtained when a toxin is quantified against its own calibration curve and with the calibration curve of the other analogues. The experiments were performed by liquid chromatography (LC) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry detection (MS/MS). Three acetonitrile brands and two toxin solvents were employed, and three mass spectrometry detection methods were checked. One method that contains the transitions for azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2), azaspiracid-3(AZA-3), gimnodimine (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), OA, DTX-1, DTX-2, yessotoxin (YTX), homoYTX, and 45-OH-YTX was compared in both instruments. This method operated in simultaneous positive and negative ionization mode. The other two mass methods operated only in negative ionization mode, one contains transitions to detect DTX-1, OA DTX-2, YTX, homoYTX, and 45-OH-YTX and the other only the transitions for the toxins under study OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2. With dependence on the equipment and mobile phase used, the amount of toxin quantified can be overestimated or underestimated, up to 44% for OA, 46% for DTX-1, and 48% for DTX-2. In addition, when a toxin was quantified using the calibration curve of the other analogues, the toxin amount obtained is different. The maximum variability was obtained when DTX-2 was quantified using either OA or a DTX-1 calibration curve. In this case, the overestimation was up to 88% using the OA calibration curve and up to 204% using the DTX-1 calibration curve. In summary, the correct quantification of DSP toxins by MS detection depends on multiple factors. Since these factors are not taken into account in a validated protocol, these results question the convenience of having MS/MS as a reference method for protecting consumers of marine toxins, moreover if toxicity of each group is considered independently and total toxicity is not summed anymore as it is in the MBA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Regueiro J, Rossignoli AE, Álvarez G, Blanco J. Automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish. Food Chem 2011; 129:533-540. [PMID: 30634263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for fast determination of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish samples. The direct coupling of an on-line SPE column to LC-MS/MS was accomplished using column switching techniques. Suitable chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column under alkaline conditions (pH 11). The selected reversed-phase C18 SPE column allowed rapid and efficient on-line desalting of hydrolysed shellfish samples, avoiding signal suppression during mass spectrometry detection. Furthermore, the on-line SPE procedure allowed reducing matrix effects observed in raw and hydrolysed shellfish extracts. The proposed method was evaluated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection (LODs). Quantitative recovery (97-102%) and satisfactory inter-day precision (RSD<8%) were achieved for all target compounds. LODs in the sub-μgkg-1 level (0.37-0.68μgkg-1) were obtained for all toxins except for okadaic acid, which showed a value of 2.75μgkg-1. Several mussel samples from North-western Spain were finally analysed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Okadaic acid was the predominant toxin in all samples, although other lipophilic toxins were also detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Regueiro
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apartado 13, E-36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Araceli E Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apartado 13, E-36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apartado 13, E-36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apartado 13, E-36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 2: liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, sample extraction and quantitation procedures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:835-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
40
|
A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 1: design and preparation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:821-33. [PMID: 21416167 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of multi-analyte methods for lipophilic shellfish toxins based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry permits rapid screening and analysis of samples for a wide variety of toxins in a single run. Validated methods and appropriate certified reference materials (CRMs) are required to ensure accuracy of results. CRMs are essential for accurate instrument calibration, for assessing the complete analytical method from sample extraction to data analysis and for verifying trueness. However, CRMs have hitherto only been available for single toxin groups. Production of a CRM containing six major toxin groups was achieved through an international collaboration. Preparation of this material, CRM-FDMT1, drew on information from earlier studies as well as improved methods for isolation of toxins, handling bulk tissues and production of reference materials. Previous investigations of stabilisation techniques indicated freeze-drying to be a suitable procedure for preparation of shellfish toxin reference materials and applicable to a wide range of toxins. CRM-FDMT1 was initially prepared as a bulk wet tissue homogenate containing domoic acid, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxin-2, yessotoxin and 13-desmethylspirolide C. The homogenate was then freeze-dried, milled and bottled in aliquots suitable for distribution and analysis. The moisture content and particle size distribution were measured, and determined to be appropriate. A preliminary toxin analysis of the final material showed a comprehensive toxin profile.
Collapse
|
41
|
Blay P, Hui JPM, Chang J, Melanson JE. Screening for multiple classes of marine biotoxins by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:577-85. [PMID: 21347673 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins pose a significant food safety risk when bioaccumulated in shellfish, and adequate testing for biotoxins in shellfish is required to ensure public safety and long-term viability of commercial shellfish markets. This report describes the use of a benchtop Orbitrap system for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) screening of multiple classes of biotoxins commonly found in shellfish. Lipophilic toxins such as dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxins, and azaspiracids were separated by reversed phase LC in less than 7 min prior to MS data acquisition at 2 Hz with alternating positive and negative scans. This approach resulted in mass accuracy for analytes detected in positive mode (gymnodimine, 13-desmethyl spirolide C, pectenotoxin-2, and azaspiracid-1, -2, and -3) of less than 1 ppm, while those analytes detected in negative mode (yessotoxin, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 and -2) exhibited mass errors between 2 and 4 ppm. Hydrophilic toxins such as domoic acid, saxitoxin, and gonyautoxins were separated by hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) in less than 4 min, and MS data was collected at 1 Hz in positive mode, yielding mass accuracy of less than 1 ppm error at a resolving power of 100,000 for the analytes studied (m/z 300-500). Data were processed by extracting 5 ppm mass windows centered around the calculated masses of the analytes. Limits of detection (LOD) for the lipophilic toxins ranged from 0.041 to 0.10 μg/L (parts per billion) for the positive ions, 1.6-5.1 μg/L for those detected in negative mode, while the domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins yielded LODs ranging from 3.4 to 14 μg/L. Toxins were detected in mussel tissue extracts free of interference in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Blay
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gerssen A, Mulder PPJ, de Boer J. Screening of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish and algae: development of a library using liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 685:176-85. [PMID: 21168567 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Most liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometric (MS) methods used for routine monitoring of lipophilic marine toxins focus on the analysis of the 13 toxins that are stated in European Union legislation. However, to date over 200 lipophilic marine toxins have been described in the literature. To fill this gap, a screening method using LC coupled to high resolution (HR) orbitrap MS (resolution 100000) for marine lipophilic toxins has been developed. The method can detect a wide variety of okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin (YTX), azaspiracid (AZA) and pectenotoxin (PTX) group toxins. To build a library of toxins, shellfish and algae samples with various toxin profiles were obtained from Norway, Ireland, United Kingdom, Portugal and Italy. Each sample extract was analyzed with and without collision induced dissociation fragmentation. Based on their mass and specific fragmentation pattern, 85 different toxins were identified comprising 33 OA, 26 YTX, 18 AZA and 8 PTX group toxins. A major complication of full scan HRMS is the huge amount of data generated (file size), which restricts the possibility of a fast search. A software program called metAlign was used to reduce the orbitrap MS data files. The 200-fold reduced data files were screened using an additional software tool for metAlign: 'Search_LCMS'. A search library was constructed for the 85 identified toxins. The library contains information about compound name, accurate mass, mass deviation (<5 ppm), retention time (min) and retention time deviation (<0.2 min). An important feature is that the library can easily be exchanged with other instruments as the generated metAlign files are not brand-specific. The developed screening procedure was tested by analyzing a set of known positive and blank samples, processing them with metAlign and searching with Search_LCMS. A toxin profile was determined for each of the contaminated samples. No toxins were found in the blank sample, which is in line with the results obtained for this sample in the routine monitoring program (rat bioassay and tandem LC-MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kilcoyne J, Fux E. Strategies for the elimination of matrix effects in the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the lipophilic toxins okadaic acid and azaspiracid-1 in molluscan shellfish. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
44
|
Marrouchi R, Dziri F, Belayouni N, Hamza A, Benoit E, Molgó J, Kharrat R. Quantitative determination of gymnodimine-A by high performance liquid chromatography in contaminated clams from Tunisia coastline. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:579-585. [PMID: 19997768 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed for gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), a phycotoxin responsible for the contamination of Tunisian clams. This study demonstrates a rapid and reproducible HPLC-ultraviolet (UV) method for extraction, detection and quantification of GYM-A in toxic clams. The extraction of GYM-A from the digestive gland of clams in acetone, subsequent clean-up with diethyl ether and extraction with dichloromethane is the more valid protocol. Chromatography analyses were performed using a gradient of acetonitrile-water (10:90 to 90:10), containing trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%) for 20 min at 1 mL/min rate with a C18 column. Recovery rates exceeded 96%, and limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng/mL and 8 ng/g digestive gland, respectively. Repeatability and reproducibility were tested for various samples containing different levels of GYM-A. A significant correlation was observed between toxicity level of samples and the determined amount of GYM-A. Also, the persistence of GYM-A in contaminated clams from Boughrara lagoon was demonstrated. The kinetics discharge study of GYM-A in controlled medium, during 1 month, showed that the process of depuration was biphasic with an exponential discharge of 75% of the total amount of sequestered GYM-A during the first 12 days followed by a slow discharge (>10%) for the subsequent days up to the seventeenth day. This is the first time that a quantitative study of GYM-A in clams from Tunisian coasts is performed through the development of a new method for detection and quantify of this phycotoxin. We found HPLC-UV a reliable and suitable alternative to the mouse bioassay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Marrouchi
- Laboratoire des Toxines Alimentaires, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, B.P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dubois M, Demoulin L, Charlier C, Singh G, Godefroy SB, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Delahaut P. Development of ELISAs for detecting domoic acid, okadaic acid, and saxitoxin and their applicability for the detection of marine toxins in samples collected in Belgium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:859-68. [PMID: 20486002 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003662881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid, a diarrhetic shellfish poison, domoic acid, an amnesic shellfish poison, and saxitoxin, a paralytic shellfish poison, are three of the best-known marine biotoxins. The mouse bioassay is the method most widely used to detect many of these toxins in shellfish samples, but animal welfare concerns have prompted researchers to seek alternative methods of detection. In this study, three direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), each based on antibodies raised in rabbits against a conjugate of the analyte of interest, were developed for marine biotoxin detection in mussel, oyster, and scallop. One assay was for okadaic acid, one for saxitoxin, and one for domoic acid usually detected and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet light (HPLC-UV). All three compounds and a number of related toxins were extracted quickly and simply from the shellfish matrices with a 9 : 1 mixture of ethanol and water before analysis. The detection capabilities (CCbeta values) of the developed ELISAs were 150 microg kg(-1) for okadaic acid, 50 microg kg(-1) for domoic acid, and 5 microg kg(-1) or less for saxitoxin. The assays proved satisfactory when used over a 4-month period for the analysis of 110 real samples collected in Belgium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dubois
- Departement Sante, CERgroupe, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Furey A, O'Doherty S, O'Callaghan K, Lehane M, James KJ. Azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish: Toxicological and health considerations. Toxicon 2010; 56:173-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
47
|
Dominguez HJ, Paz B, Daranas AH, Norte M, Franco JM, Fernández JJ. Dinoflagellate polyether within the yessotoxin, pectenotoxin and okadaic acid toxin groups: Characterization, analysis and human health implications. Toxicon 2010; 56:191-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
In-house validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish using matrix-matched calibration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3079-88. [PMID: 20552174 PMCID: PMC2906727 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish extracts (mussel, oyster, cockle and clam) was validated in-house using European Union (EU) Commission Decision 2002/657/EC as a guideline. The validation included the toxins okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin (YTX), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and 13-desmethyl spirolide-C (SPX1). Validation was performed at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 times the current EU permitted levels, which are 160 µg kg-1 for OA, AZA1 and PTX2 and 1,000 µg kg-1 for YTX. For SPX1, 400 µg kg-1 was chosen as the target level as no legislation has been established yet for this compound. The method was validated for determination in crude methanolic shellfish extracts and for extracts purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Extracts were also subjected to hydrolysis conditions to determine the performance of the method for OA and dinophysistoxin esters. The toxins were quantified against a set of matrix-matched standards instead of standard solutions in methanol. To save valuable standard, methanolic extract instead of the homogenate was spiked with the toxin standard. This was justified by the fact that the extraction efficiency is high for all relevant toxins (above 90%). The method performed very well with respect to accuracy, intraday precision (repeatability), interday precision (within-laboratory reproducibility), linearity, decision limit, specificity and ruggedness. At the permitted level the accuracy ranged from 102 to 111%, the repeatability from 2.6 to 6.7% and the reproducibility from 4.7 to 14.2% in crude methanolic extracts. The crude extracts performed less satisfactorily with respect to the linearity (less than 0.990) and the change in LC-MS/MS sensitivity during the series (more than 25%). SPE purification resulted in greatly improved linearity and signal stability during the series. Recently the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has suggested that to not exceed the acute reference dose the levels should be below 45 µg kg-1 OA equivalents and 30 µg kg-1 AZA1 equivalents. A single-day validation was successfully conducted at these levels. If the regulatory levels are lowered towards the EFSA suggested values, the official methods prescribed in legislation (mouse and rat bioassay) will no longer be sensitive enough. The validated LC-MS/MS method presented has the potential to replace these animal tests.
Collapse
|
49
|
Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish – Cyclic imines (spirolides, gymnodimines, pinnatoxins and pteriatoxins). EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
50
|
Biological methods for marine toxin detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1673-81. [PMID: 20458470 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of marine toxins in seafood poses a health risk to human consumers which has prompted the regulation of the maximum content of marine toxins in seafood in the legislations of many countries. Most marine toxin groups are detected by animal bioassays worldwide. Although this method has well known ethical and technical drawbacks, it is the official detection method for all regulated phycotoxins except domoic acid. Much effort by the scientific and regulatory communities has been focused on the development of alternative techniques that enable the substitution or reduction of bioassays; some of these have recently been included in the official detection method list. During the last two decades several biological methods including use of biosensors have been adapted for detection of marine toxins. The main advances in marine toxin detection using this kind of technique are reviewed. Biological methods offer interesting possibilities for reduction of the number of biosassays and a very promising future of new developments.
Collapse
|