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Song C, Qi Y, Wang C, Jin G, Wang S, Yu D, Guo Z, Liang X. Ordered mesoporous silica microspheres for supercritical fluid chromatography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38372355 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05690b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, silica microspheres with ordered mesopores are synthesized and applied as a stationary phase for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The excellent particle monodispersity and pore orderliness coupled with the rapid analytes diffusion of the supercritical fluid lead to an ultra-high column efficiency of 340 000 plate per m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Song
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Qi
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Gaowa Jin
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shengfu Wang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Dongping Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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2
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Lenčo J, Jadeja S, Naplekov DK, Krokhin OV, Khalikova MA, Chocholouš P, Urban J, Broeckhoven K, Nováková L, Švec F. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Peptides for Bottom-Up Proteomics: A Tutorial. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2846-2892. [PMID: 36355445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the current bottom-up liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses has undoubtedly been fueled by spectacular progress in mass spectrometry. It is thus not surprising that the MS instrument attracts the most attention during LC-MS method development, whereas optimizing conditions for peptide separation using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) remains somewhat in its shadow. Consequently, the wisdom of the fundaments of chromatography is slowly vanishing from some laboratories. However, the full potential of advanced MS instruments cannot be achieved without highly efficient RPLC. This is impossible to attain without understanding fundamental processes in the chromatographic system and the properties of peptides important for their chromatographic behavior. We wrote this tutorial intending to give practitioners an overview of critical aspects of peptide separation using RPLC to facilitate setting the LC parameters so that they can leverage the full capabilities of their MS instruments. After briefly introducing the gradient separation of peptides, we discuss their properties that affect the quality of LC-MS chromatograms the most. Next, we address the in-column and extra-column broadening. The last section is devoted to key parameters of LC-MS methods. We also extracted trends in practice from recent bottom-up proteomics studies and correlated them with the current knowledge on peptide RPLC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Denis K Naplekov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, WinnipegR3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria A Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Innovations in Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phase Supports. Anal Chem 2020; 93:257-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Codesido S, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Desmet G, Fekete S. Impact of particle size gradients on the apparent efficiency of chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:208-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Ali F, Malik AR, Cheong WJ, Rehman NUR. Demonstration of high separation efficiency for polystyrene-modified sub-1 µm particles originating from silica monolith under isocratic elution mode in liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1665539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Aamra Rafique Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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6
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Memon N, Qureshi T, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Recent Trends in Fast Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180912125155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liquid chromatography is the workhorse of analytical laboratories of pharmaceutical
companies for analysis of bulk drug materials, intermediates, drug products, impurities and
degradation products. This efficient technique is impeded by its long and tedious analysis procedures.
Continuous efforts of scientists to reduce the analysis time resulted in the development of three different
approaches namely, HTLC, chromatography using monolithic columns and UHPLC.
Methods:
Modern column technology and advances in chromatographic stationary phase including
silica-based monolithic columns and reduction in particle and column size (UHPLC) have not only
revolutionized the separation power of chromatographic analysis but also have remarkably reduced the
analysis time. Automated ultra high-performance chromatographic systems equipped with state-ofthe-
art software and detection systems have now spawned a new field of analysis, termed as Fast Liquid
Chromatography (FLC). The chromatographic approaches that can be included in FLC are hightemperature
liquid chromatography, chromatography using monolithic column, and ultrahigh performance
liquid chromatography.
Results:
This review summarizes the progress of FLC in pharmaceutical analysis during the period
from year 2008 to 2017 focusing on detecting pharmaceutical drugs in various matrices, characterizing
active compounds of natural products, and drug metabolites. High temperature, change in the mobile
phase, use of monolithic columns, new non-porous, semi-porous and fully porous reduced particle size
of/less than 3μm packed columns technology with high-pressure pumps have been extensively studied
and successively applied to real samples. These factors revolutionized the fast high-performance separations.
Conclusion:
Taking into account the recent development in fast liquid chromatography approaches,
future trends can be clearly predicated. UHPLC must be the most popular approach followed by the
use of monolithic columns. Use of high temperatures during analysis is not a feasible approach especially
for pharmaceutical analysis due to thermosensitive nature of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Qureshi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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7
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Ali A, Sun G, Kim JS, Cheong WJ. Polystyrene bound silica monolith particles of reduced size as stationary phase of excellent separation efficiency in high performance liquid chromatograhy. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Cain CN, Forzano AV, Rutan SC, Collinson MM. Experimental- and simulation-based investigations of coupling a mobile phase gradient with a continuous stationary phase gradient. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:237-245. [PMID: 31147155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work seeks to explore and understand the effects of column orientation and degree of modification of continuous stationary phase gradient columns under a mobile phase gradient using both simulations and experiments. Peak parameters such as retention times, peak widths and resolution are obtained for five phenolic compounds on a C18-silica gradient stationary phase. Simulations show that peak widths for the solutes are dependent upon the fractional composition of C18 and orientation of the stationary phase gradient when coupled to a mobile phase gradient. Also, when compared to a simulated uniform mixed-mode column, peak widths reach a minimum on the gradient column with a coverage higher than 50% C18 where the column is oriented to have the C18 dense region at the end. Experimentally, continuous stationary phase gradients were fabricated to have a total C18 composition of 78% of the original uniform column with an exponential profile using a previously described destructive controlled rate infusion method. Under gradient mobile phase conditions, experimental retention times for the gradient column showed a significant increase compared to the original 100% C18 column. Simulations with a similar C18 composition, however, predicted decreased retention times from the original C18 column. A statistical increase in the retention time of protocatechuic acid and decrease in the peak width of tyrosol, caffeic acid, and coumaric acid were noted when the gradient column was oriented to have the C18 dense region located near the detector. Collectively, combining gradients in both the mobile and stationary phases can yield interesting neighboring ligand effects and peak broadening/focusing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Cain
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA, 23284-2006, USA
| | - Anna V Forzano
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA, 23284-2006, USA
| | - Sarah C Rutan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA, 23284-2006, USA.
| | - Maryanne M Collinson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA, 23284-2006, USA.
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9
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The Way to Ultrafast, High-Throughput Enantioseparations of Bioactive Compounds in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102709. [PMID: 30347852 PMCID: PMC6222346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until less than 10 years ago, chiral separations were carried out with columns packed with 5 or 3 μm fully porous particles (FPPs). Times to resolve enantiomeric mixtures were easily larger than 30 min, or so. Pushed especially by stringent requirements from medicinal and pharmaceutical industries, during the last years the field of chiral separations by liquid chromatography has undergone what can be defined a “true revolution”. With the purpose of developing ever faster and efficient method of separations, indeed, very efficient particle formats, such as superficially porous particles (SPPs) or sub-2 μm FPPs, have been functionalized with chiral selectors and employed in ultrafast applications. Thanks to the use of short column (1–2 cm long), packed with these extremely efficient chiral stationary phases (CSPs), operated at very high flow rates (5–8 mL/min), resolution of racemates could be accomplished in very short time, in many cases less than 1 s in normal-, reversed-phase and HILIC conditions. These CSPs have been found to be particularly promising also to carry out high-throughput separations under supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions. The most important results that have been recently achieved in terms of ultrafast, high-throughput enantioseparations both in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography with particular attention to the very important field of bioactive chiral compounds will be reviewed in this manuscript. Attention will be focused not only on the latest introduced CSPs and their applications, but also on instrumental modifications which are required in some cases in order to fully exploit the intrinsic potential of new generation chiral columns.
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10
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Ismail OH, Antonelli M, Ciogli A, De Martino M, Catani M, Villani C, Cavazzini A, Ye M, Bell DS, Gasparrini F. Direct analysis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their counterions by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1576:42-50. [PMID: 30266236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work the simultaneous separation of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in salt form from their counterions has been performed by using different high-efficiency macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Not only a new zwitterionic vancomycin-based CSP has been prepared (similarly to what was done for teicoplanin) but macrocyclic selectors have also been bonded to sub-2 μm fully porous silica particles through traditional ureidic linkage to obtain versions of CSPs suitable for ultra-high performance applications. The direct separation of chiral APIs and counterions is particularly attracting since it simplifies the workflow traditionally used with reduction of analysis time and costs. The wide selection of macrocyclic antibiotics CSPs now available has allowed to manage different cases that can happen in the simultaneous separation of APIs and their counterions (either cations or anions). Indeed, while inorganic cations are retained on traditional vancomycin- and teicoplanin-based CSPs, inorganic anions are almost unretained (due to Donnan's effect). On the other hand, cations and anions can be both retained on the zwitterionic versions of these CSPs. Afterwards, zwitterionic CSPs allowed the separation of other compounds including N-derivative amino-acids, profens, polyols, sugar anomers, oligosaccharides and inorganic anions/cations opening new perspectives in the use of this family of CSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Ismail
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Antonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Michela De Martino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michael Ye
- Sigma-Aldrich/Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA, 16823, United States
| | - David S Bell
- Sigma-Aldrich/Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA, 16823, United States
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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11
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Wimalasinghe RM, Weatherly CA, Wahab MF, Thakur N, Armstrong DW. Geopolymers as a New Class of High pH Stable Supports with Different Chromatographic Selectivity. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8139-8146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Choyce A. Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Nimisha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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12
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Gritti F. A stochastic view on column efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Ciogli A, Ismail OH, Mazzoccanti G, Villani C, Gasparrini F. Enantioselective ultra high performance liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography: The race to the shortest chromatogram. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1307-1318. [PMID: 29319915 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing need for enantiomerically pure chiral compounds has greatly expanded the number of enantioselective separation methods available for the precise and accurate measurements of the enantiomeric purity. The introduction of chiral stationary phases for liquid chromatography in the last decades has revolutionized the routine methods to determine enantiomeric purity of chiral drugs, agrochemicals, fragrances, and in general of organic and organometallic compounds. In recent years, additional efforts have been placed on faster, enantioselective analytical methods capable to fulfill the high throughput requirements of modern screening procedures. Efforts in this field, capitalizing on improved chromatographic particle technology and dedicated instrumentation, have led to highly efficient separations that are routinely completed on the seconds time scale. An overview of the recent achievements in the field of ultra-high-resolution chromatography on column packed with chiral stationary phases, both based on sub-2 μm fully porous and sub-3 μm superficially porous particles, will be given, with an emphasis on very recent studies on ultrafast chiral separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Omar H Ismail
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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14
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Catani M, Felletti S, Ismail OH, Gasparrini F, Pasti L, Marchetti N, De Luca C, Costa V, Cavazzini A. New frontiers and cutting edge applications in ultra high performance liquid chromatography through latest generation superficially porous particles with particular emphasis to the field of chiral separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2457-2465. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Ahmed A, Skinley K, Herodotou S, Zhang H. Core-shell microspheres with porous nanostructured shells for liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:99-124. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haifei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
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16
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Sedimentation assisted preparation of ground particles of silica monolith and their C18 modification resulting in a chromatographic phase of improved separation efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1525:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Wahab MF, Patel DC, Wimalasinghe RM, Armstrong DW. Fundamental and Practical Insights on the Packing of Modern High-Efficiency Analytical and Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8177-8191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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18
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Rods-on-sphere silica particles for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1497:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Gritti F. Impact of straight, unconnected, radially-oriented, and tapered mesopores on column efficiency: A theoretical investigation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Patel DC, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW, Breitbach ZS. Advances in high-throughput and high-efficiency chiral liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:2-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Barhate CL, Wahab MF, Tognarelli DJ, Berger TA, Armstrong DW. Instrumental Idiosyncrasies Affecting the Performance of Ultrafast Chiral and Achiral Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8664-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan L. Barhate
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - M. Farooq Wahab
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Experimental evidence of the kinetic performance achievable with columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous particles of narrow particle size distribution. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Catani M, Ismail OH, Cavazzini A, Ciogli A, Villani C, Pasti L, Bergantin C, Cabooter D, Desmet G, Gasparrini F, Bell DS. Rationale behind the optimum efficiency of columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous particles of narrow particle size distribution. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Wei TC, Mack A, Chen W, Liu J, Dittmann M, Wang X, Barber WE. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a superficially porous particle with unique, elongated pore channels normal to the surface. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Müllner T, Unger KK, Tallarek U. Characterization of microscopic disorder in reconstructed porous materials and assessment of mass transport-relevant structural descriptors. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Ismail OH, Ciogli A, Villani C, De Martino M, Pierini M, Cavazzini A, Bell DS, Gasparrini F. Ultra-fast high-efficiency enantioseparations by means of a teicoplanin-based chiral stationary phase made on sub-2 μm totally porous silica particles of narrow size distribution. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1427:55-68. [PMID: 26687167 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new ultra-high performance teicoplanin-based stationary phase was prepared starting from sub-2 μm totally porous silica particles of narrow size distribution. Columns of different lengths were packed at high pressure and a deep and systematic evaluation of kinetic performance, in terms of van Deemter analysis, was performed under different elution conditions (HILIC, POM, RP and NP) by using both achiral and chiral probes. For the achiral probes, the efficiency of the columns at the minimum of the van Deemter curves were very high leading to some 278,000, 270,000, 262,000 and 232,000 plates/m in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), polar organic mode (POM), normal phase (NP) and reversed phase (RP) respectively. The lowest plate height, Hmin=3.59 μm (h(/)=1.89), was obtained under HILIC conditions at a flow rate of 1.4 mL/min. Efficiency as high as 200,000-250,000 plates/m (at the optimum flow rate) was obtained in the separation of the enantiomers of chiral probes under HILIC/POM conditions. N-protected amino acids, α-aryloxy acids, herbicides, anti-inflammatory agents were baseline separated on short (2-cm) and ultra-short (1-cm) columns, with analysis time in the order of 1 min. The enantiomers of N-BOC-d,l-methionine were successfully baseline separated in only 11s in HILIC mode. Several examples of fast and efficient resolutions in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography were also obtained for a range of chiral carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Ismail
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michela De Martino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - David S Bell
- Sigma-Aldrich/Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Tanaka N, McCalley DV. Core–Shell, Ultrasmall Particles, Monoliths, and Other Support Materials in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 88:279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David V. McCalley
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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28
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Barhate CL, Wahab MF, Breitbach ZS, Bell DS, Armstrong DW. High efficiency, narrow particle size distribution, sub-2 μm based macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases in HPLC and SFC. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 898:128-37. [PMID: 26526918 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
State of the art chiral chromatography still employs 3-5 μm bonded or immobilized chiral selectors in 10-25 cm columns. With the availability of 1.9 μm narrow particle size distribution (NPSD) silica, it is now possible to make ever shorter, high efficiency columns practical for sub-minute chiral separations. Three macrocyclic glycopeptides (teicoplanin, teicoplanin aglycone, and vancomycin) were bonded onto 1.9 μm NPSD particles. Such packed columns had ∼80% lower backpressure as compared to polydisperse (PD) 1.7 μm silica materials when using the same mobile phase. The decreased backpressure allowed for diminution of frictional heating and allowed for the use of the 1.9 μm NPSD particle based columns at high flow rates. The 1.9 μm NPSD particle based columns showed up to 190,000 plates m(-1) for chiral molecules and 210,000 plates m(-1) for achiral probes. Representative enantiomeric separations are shown for wide classes of compounds, including different types of amino acids, β-blockers, and pharmaceutically important heterocyclic compounds such as oxazolidinones. Applications in three liquid chromatography modes, namely, reversed phase, polar organic mode and normal phase chiral separations were shown with resolution values ranging from 1.5 to 5.7. Additionally, the same columns were used with supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for ultrafast separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan L Barhate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - David S Bell
- Sigma-Aldrich/Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA.
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29
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The quantitative impact of the mesopore size on the mass transfer mechanism of the new 1.9 μm fully porous Titan-C18 particles II – Analysis of biomolecules. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The quantitative impact of the mesopore size on the mass transfer mechanism of the new 1.9 μm fully porous Titan-C18 particles. I: Analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Evaluation of two sub-2μm stationary phases, core–shell and totally porous monodisperse, in the second dimension of on-line comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography, a case study: Separation of milk peptides after expiration date. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1375:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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32
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Horváth K, Lukács D, Sepsey A, Felinger A. Effect of particle size distribution on the separation efficiency in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The rationale for the optimum efficiency of columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous Titan-C18 particles-a detailed investigation of the intra-particle diffusivity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:164-78. [PMID: 24969087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, it was reported that columns packed with fully porous 1.9μm Titan-C18 particles provided a minimum reduced plate height as small as 1.7 for the most retained compound (n-octanophenone) under RPLC conditions. These particles are characterized by a relatively narrow size distribution with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of only 10%. A column packed with classical 5μm Symmetry-C18 particles, used as a reference RPLC column, generated a minimum reduced plate height of 2.1 for the same retained compound. This work demonstrates that this was due to an unusually low intra-particle diffusivity across these particles, which leads to a small longitudinal diffusion coefficient along the column. The demonstration is based on the combination of accurate measurements of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC), peak parking (PP), and minor disturbance method (MDM) experiments. The experimental results show that the reduced eddy dispersion HETP term (A=0.8 for a reduced velocity of 5), the internal particle porosity (ϵp=0.35), and the enrichment of acetonitrile in the pore volume (75% acetonitrile in the bulk, 85% inside the mesoporous volume) are identical on both the Titan-C18 and Symmetry-C18 columns. The difference between the internal structures of these two brands of RPLC-C18 fully porous particles lies in the values of the internal obstruction factor γp, which is 0.42 for the Symmetry-C18 but only 0.26 for the Titan-C18 particles. This is in part related to the diffusion hindrance due to the small average pore size of the Titan-C18 particles, around 59Å versus 77Å for Symmetry-C18 particles. A simple model of constriction along diffusion paths having the shape of a truncated cone suggests that the width of the pore size distribution (RSD of 30% and 20% for Titan-C18 and Symmetry-C18 particles) is mostly responsible for the difference in their obstruction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
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