Green analytical method development for statin analysis

Development of an eco-friendly and fast HPLC method for quantitative analysis of four nucleosides in Cordyceps and related products

An eco-friendly and fast HPLC method was developed for the determination of adenosine, inosine, guanosine and uridine in Cordyceps and related products (fermented mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis andPaecilomyces hepiali). The sample was ultrasonically extracted using 0.5% phosphoric acid solutions for 2.5 min. Sample separation was performed on a Poroshell SB-Aq column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) using eco-friendly mobile phase consisting of formic acid and ammonium formate aqueous solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The detection wavelength was 260 nm. The developed HPLC method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients of 1.0000 in the test range. Good precision, repeatability and stability of this method were also observed (RSD ≤ 2.81%). The recovery ranged from 91.84%-105.19% (RSD ≤ 2.59%). Compared with reported methods, the current method did not use harmful organic solvent and took only 10.5 min. It obtained a high eco-score of 91 by the "Analytical Eco-Scale" tool. The developed method is eco-friendly and fast, which is suitable for the quality evaluation of Cordyceps and related products.

Development of a green HPLC method for the analysis of artesunate and amodiaquine impurities using Quality by Design

Greening analytical methods has become of great interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to protect both the operators' health and the environment. In this work, an innovative methodology combining Quality-by-Design (QbD) and Green Chemistry principles was followed to develop a single, green and robust RP-HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of impurities of both artesunate and amodiaquine drugs. Ethanol was selected as the best ecofriendly alternative solvent in substitution to the commonly used organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol. To achieve method objectives, resolutions between the 10 peaks were chosen as critical method attributes (CMAs) to be optimized through QbD approach. Based on a quality risk assessment, pH, temperature, and gradient slope were then selected as critical method parameters (CMPs) and a three level full factorial design was used to model the CMAs as function of the CMPs. Response surface methodology associated to Monte Carlo simulations allowed to determine the method operable domain region (MODR), i.e., the multidimensional combination of CMPs where CMAs simultaneously satisfied specifications (Rs ≥ 1.5) with a probability at least equal to 95 %. Inside the MODR, the working point was chosen based on green criteria, involving a mobile phase composed of ethanol and 10 mM acetic acid only as pH modifier. The method was successfully validated for all impurities using accuracy profile methodology, which was fully compliant with the ICH Q2(R1) requirements. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of amodiaquine and artesunate impurities in raw materials and formulations.

Green Analytical Methods of Antimalarial Artemether-Lumefantrine Analysis for Falsification Detection Using a Low-Cost Handled NIR Spectrometer with DD-SIMCA and Drug Quantification by HPLC

Two green analytical approaches have been developed for the analysis of antimalarial fixed dose tablets of artemether and lumefantrine for quality control. The first approach consisted of investigating the qualitative performance of a low-cost handheld near-infrared spectrometer in combination with the principal component analysis as an exploratory tool to identify trends, similarities, and differences between pharmaceutical samples, before applying the data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) as a one-class classifier for proper drug falsification detection with 100% of both sensitivity and specificity in the studied cases. Despite its limited spectral range and low resolution, the handheld device allowed detecting falsified drugs with no active pharmaceutical ingredient and identifying specifically a pharmaceutical tablet brand name. The second approach was the quantitative analysis based on the green and fast RP-HPLC technique using ethanol as a green organic solvent and acetic acid as a green pH modifier. The optimal separation was achieved in 7 min using a mobile phase composed of ethanol 96% and 10 mM of acetic acid pH 3.35 (63:37, v/v). The developed method was validated according to the total error approach based on an accuracy profile, was applied to the analysis of tablets, and allowed confirming falsified drugs detected by spectroscopy.

A green liquid chromatography method for rapid determination of ergosterol in edible fungi based on matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and a core-shell column

Developing a green analytical method for the analysis of components in food samples is an important research aspect of liquid chromatography (LC). The traditional LC method usually consumes a lot of toxic solvent for sample extraction and LC separation. In the current study, a green analytical method for the rapid determination of ergosterol in edible fungi was established. The sample was extracted and purified by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) with a green solution (ethanol and water). The LC separation was performed using a Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (4.6 × 30 mm, 2.7 μm) column with a green mobile phase (94% ethanol) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 283 nm. The calibration curve of ergosterol showed good linearity (R = 0.9999) within the test range (4.21-25.27 μg mL-1). The RSD of precision was less than 2.0% and the recovery was 100.4% (RSD = 3.23%). The developed method was successfully applied to quantitative analysis of ergosterol in six edible fungi and the contents of ergosterol were in the range of 1.68-4.02 mg g-1. Only 11.5 mL ethanol water solution was used in the sample extraction and LC separation in the newly developed method, and no toxic organic solvents were used. The total analysis time was less than 15.5 min, about 12-14 min for sample extraction and 1.5 min for LC analysis. This method was environmentally friendly and time-saving, which is helpful to improve the quality evaluation of edible fungi.

Reversed phase HPLC with high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases as a green alternative method for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients

High temperature ethanol/water was explored as a green eluent in the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic approximation of pure water retention (log k_w) and subsequent estimation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) via the Collander equation and the Leave-One-Out method. As part of this work, linear solvation energy relationships were employed to compare the log k_w extrapolated systems based on high temperature ethanol/water, ambient acetonitrile/water, and ambient methanol/water mobile phases. Based on the comparisons of the three organic modifiers, high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases were observed to provide the best estimation of log P. This conclusion is based on a high log P correlation of 0.968 R² and a near unity cos θ value of 0.997 between LSER coefficient vectors of ethanol/water estimated log P and octanol/water log P systems. The method employed in this work, further, provided high correlation for the hydrogen-bonding basicity term between the two systems.

Application of the Principles of Green Chemistry for the Development of a New and Sensitive Method for Analysis of Ertapenem Sodium by Capillary Electrophoresis

An innovative method is validated for the analysis of ertapenem sodium by capillary electrophoresis using potassium phosphate buffer 10 mM pH 7 and 15 kV voltage, in the concentration range of 70 to 120 μg mL⁻¹. Ertapenem had a migration time of 3.15 minutes and the linearity curve was y = 2281.7 x - 24495 with a R² = 0.9994. Thus, we propose a routine analysis method that meets the principles of green analytical chemistry for the routine analysis of ertapenem sodium by capillary electrophoresis.

Greening Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Methods Using Alternative Solvents for Pharmaceutical Analysis

The greening of analytical methods has gained increasing interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to reduce environmental impacts and improve the health safety of analysts. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most widely used analytical technique involved in pharmaceutical drug development and manufacturing, such as the quality control of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the analysis of drugs in biological samples. However, RP-HPLC methods commonly use large amounts of organic solvents and generate high quantities of waste to be disposed, leading to some issues in terms of ecological impact and operator safety. In this context, greening HPLC methods is becoming highly desirable. One strategy to reduce the impact of hazardous solvents is to replace classically used organic solvents (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) with greener ones. So far, ethanol has been the most often used alternative organic solvent. Others strategies have followed, such as the use of totally aqueous mobile phases, micellar liquid chromatography, and ionic liquids. These approaches have been well developed, as they do not require equipment investments and are rather economical. This review describes and critically discusses the recent advances in greening RP-HPLC methods dedicated to pharmaceutical analysis based on the use of alternative solvents.