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Feng ZJ, Lai WF. Chemical and Biological Properties of Biochanin A and Its Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041105. [PMID: 37111591 PMCID: PMC10143291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone derived from various plants such as chickpea, red clover and soybean, is attracting increasing attention and is considered to have applications in the development of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and neuroprotective properties. To design optimised and targeted BCA formulations, on one hand there is a need for more in-depth studies on the biological functions of BCA. On the other hand, further studies on the chemical conformation, metabolic composition and bioavailability of BCA need to be conducted. This review highlights the various biological functions, extraction methods, metabolism, bioavailability, and application prospects of BCA. It is hoped that this review will provide a basis for understanding the mechanism, safety and toxicity of BCA and implementing the development of BCA formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jie Feng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Liberatore N, Viola R, Mengali S, Masini L, Zardi F, Elmi I, Zampolli S. Compact GC-QEPAS for On-Site Analysis of Chemical Threats. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:270. [PMID: 36616868 PMCID: PMC9824056 DOI: 10.3390/s23010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a compact, portable, and selective chemical sensor for hazardous vapors at trace levels, which is under development and validation within the EU project H2020 "RISEN". Starting from the prototype developed for a previous EU project, here, we implemented an updated two-stage purge and trap vapor pre-concentration system, a more compact MEMS- based fast gas-chromatographic separation module (Compact-GC), a new miniaturized quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) detector, and a new compact laser source. The system provides two-dimensional selectivity combining GC retention time and QEPAS spectral information and was specifically designed to be rugged, portable, suitable for on-site analysis of a crime scene, with accurate response in few minutes and in the presence of strong chemical background. The main upgrades of the sensor components and functional modules will be presented in detail, and test results with VOCs, simulants of hazardous chemical agents, and drug precursors will be reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luca Masini
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italian National Research Council CNR-IMM, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Zardi
- Prometehus srl., Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Elmi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italian National Research Council CNR-IMM, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zampolli
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italian National Research Council CNR-IMM, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Crucello J, de Oliveira AM, Sampaio NMFM, Hantao LW. Miniaturized systems for gas chromatography: Developments in sample preparation and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Cagliero C, Mastellone G, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P. Analytical strategies for in-vivo evaluation of plant volatile emissions - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:240-258. [PMID: 33485582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are metabolites emitted by living plants that have a fundamental ecological role since they influence atmospheric chemistry, plant communication and pollinator/herbivore behaviour, and human activities. Over the years, several strategies have been developed to isolate and identify them, and to take advantage of their activity. The main techniques used for in-vivo analyses include dynamic headspace (D-HS), static headspace (S-HS) and, more recently, direct contact (DC) methods in association with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The aim of this review is to provide insight into the in-vivo characterisation of plant volatile emissions with a focus on sampling, analysis and possible applications. This review first provides a critical discussion of the challenges associated with conventional approaches and their limitations and advantages. Then, it describes a series of applications of in-vivo volatilomic studies to enhance how the information they provide impact on our knowledge of plant behaviour, including the effects of abiotic (damage, flooding, climate) and biotic (insect feeding) stress factors in relation to the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mastellone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Engel KH. Chirality: An Important Phenomenon Regarding Biosynthesis, Perception, and Authenticity of Flavor Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10265-10274. [PMID: 32223150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chirality plays an important role in flavor research. This will be outlined using selected examples from the key areas analysis, authenticity assessment, biogenesis, and odor perception. Developments of analytical techniques, in particular the use of chiral stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography, enabled the determination of naturally occurring configurations of chiral volatiles at trace levels. Thus, knowledge of pathways and enzymes involved in the biogenesis of chiral substances was acquired, and enantioselective analysis has become a prominent tool in the authenticity assessment of flavorings. Increasing information is also available on structure-odor relationships of chiral flavor compounds and the influence of their configurations on odor thresholds and odor properties. A substantial extension of these data sets and a further understanding of the role of chirality in the perception of aroma compounds is expected from studies on the enantioselectivity of odorant receptor systems. Developments in these areas will be put into a historical perspective, recent progress will be emphasized, and data gaps will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Parallel Ionic Liquid Semi-Packed Microfabricated Columns for Complex Gas Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10635-10642. [PMID: 32640785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a parallel micro gas chromatography approach using three ionic liquid semipacked columns. Switching from single column to multiple parallel columns with different selectivity enhances the power of compound identification without increasing the analysis time. The columns are fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology containing an array of microfabricated pillars. The columns are 1 m-long and 240 μm-deep with four pillars per row. All columns were functionalized with ionic liquid stationary phases using a modified static coating technique and demonstrated the number of theoretical plates between 5000 and 8300 per meter. The chip performance was investigated with four different samples: (1) a mixture of C7-C30 saturated alkanes, (2) a multianalyte mixture consisting of 20 compounds ranging from 80 to 238 °C in boiling point, (3) a mixture of five organic chemicals with varying degrees of polarity, and (4) 46-compounds mixture containing all the chemicals in the first three samples. The individual columns separated 75%-100% of the first three samples but failed to distinguish all 46 compounds due to coeluting analytes; however, the parallel configuration provided more retention time information by which all the compounds in all samples were fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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A MEMS-Enabled Deployable Trace Chemical Sensor Based on Fast Gas-Chromatography and Quartz Enhanced Photoacousic Spectoscopy. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010120. [PMID: 31878138 PMCID: PMC6983083 DOI: 10.3390/s20010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on a portable selective chemical sensor for hazardous vapors at trace levels, which combines a two-stage purge and trap vapor pre-concentration system, a Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) based fast gas-chromatographic (FAST-GC) separation column and a miniaturized quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) detector. The integrated sensing system provides two-dimensional selectivity combining GC retention time and QEPAS spectral information, and was specifically designed to be rugged and suitable to be deployed on unmanned robotic ground vehicles. This is the first demonstration of a miniaturized QEPAS device used as spectroscopic detector downstream of a FAST-GC separation column, enabling real-world analyses in dirty environments with response time of a few minutes. The main modules of the GC/QEPAS sensor device will be described in detail together with the system integration, and successful test results will be reported and discussed.
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Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Zhu MZ, Chen GL, Wu JL, Li N, Liu ZH, Guo MQ. Recent development in mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques for the analysis of medicinal plants. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:365-374. [PMID: 29687660 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are gaining increasing attention worldwide due to their empirical therapeutic efficacy and being a huge natural compound pool for new drug discovery and development. The efficacy, safety and quality of medicinal plants are the main concerns, which are highly dependent on the comprehensive analysis of chemical components in the medicinal plants. With the advances in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, comprehensive analysis and fast identification of complex phytochemical components have become feasible, and may meet the needs, for the analysis of medicinal plants. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to provide an overview on the latest developments in MS and its hyphenated technique and their applications for the comprehensive analysis of medicinal plants. METHODOLOGY Application of various MS and its hyphenated techniques for the analysis of medicinal plants, including but not limited to one-dimensional chromatography, multiple-dimensional chromatography coupled to MS, ambient ionisation MS, and mass spectral database, have been reviewed and compared in this work. RESULTS Recent advancs in MS and its hyphenated techniques have made MS one of the most powerful tools for the analysis of complex extracts from medicinal plants due to its excellent separation and identification ability, high sensitivity and resolution, and wide detection dynamic range. CONCLUSION To achieve high-throughput or multi-dimensional analysis of medicinal plants, the state-of-the-art MS and its hyphenated techniques have played, and will continue to play a great role in being the major platform for their further research in order to obtain insight into both their empirical therapeutic efficacy and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Gui-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- The Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- The Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Ghosh A, Vilorio CR, Hawkins AR, Lee ML. Microchip gas chromatography columns, interfacing and performance. Talanta 2018; 188:463-492. [PMID: 30029402 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost four decades of investigations have opened up many avenues to explore the production and utilization of planar (i.e., microchip) gas chromatographic columns. However, there remain many practical constraints that limit their widespread commercialization and use. The main challenges arise from non-ideal column geometries, dead volume issues and inadequate interfacing technologies, which all affect both column performance and range of applications. This review reflects back over the years on the extensive developments in the field, with the goal to stimulate future creative approaches and increased efforts to accelerate microchip gas chromatography development toward reaching its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Carlos R Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Lussac E, Barattin R, Cardinael P, Agasse V. Review on Micro-Gas Analyzer Systems: Feasibility, Separations and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:455-68. [PMID: 26908000 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1150153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 years, portable systems for fast and reliable gas analysis are at the core of both academic and industrial research. Miniaturized systems can be helpful in several domains. The way to make it possible is to miniaturize the whole gas chromatograph. Micro-system conception by etching silicon channel is well known. The main objective is to obtain similar or superior efficiencies to those obtained from laboratory chromatographs. However, stationary phase coatings on silicon surface and micro-detector conception with a low limit of detection remain a challenge. Developments are still in progress to offer a large range of stationary phases and detectors to meet the needs of analytical scientists. This review covers the recent development of micro-gas analyzers. It focuses on injectors, stationary phases, column designs and detectors reported in the literature during the last three decades. A list of commercially available micro-systems and their performances will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lussac
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
| | - Regis Barattin
- b APIX Analytics, Miniparc Polytec , Immeuble Tramontane , Grenoble Cedex , France
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
| | - Valerie Agasse
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
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