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Farajzadeh MA, Rahimzadeh S, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Bakhshizadeh Aghdam M. A fast and simple procedure for the synthesis of a zinc and 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid metal-organic framework and its evaluation as a sorbent for dispersive micro solid phase extraction of pesticide residues. RSC Adv 2024; 14:28035-28043. [PMID: 39228764 PMCID: PMC11369889 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, Zn-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate metal-organic framework was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process and used in dispersive micro solid phase extraction of some pesticide from various fruit juice and water samples. Seven widely consumed pesticides in agriculture (chlorpyrifos, haloxyfop-R-methyl, oxadiazon, diniconazole, clodinafop-propargyl, fenpropathrin, and fenaxoprop-p-ethyl) were selected as target analytes. In this work, dispersive micro solid phase extraction was followed by a liquid phase microextraction method to achieve more enrichment of the analytes, and the enriched analytes were quantified using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The sorbent was authenticated by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscope imaging. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the developed method were investigated, and the validation of the method under the optimized extraction conditions presented satisfactory results for precision and trueness, with limits of detection and quantification in the ranges of 0.50-0.90 and 1.5-2.7 μg L-1, respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 239-392% and 47-78%, respectively. One river water and some fruit and vegetable juice samples were analyzed by the recommended method, and the obtained recoveries were between 90% and 102%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 4133340191 +98 4133393084
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University 99138 Nicosia Mersin 10 North Cyprus Turkey
| | - Sakineh Rahimzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 4133340191 +98 4133393084
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mehri Bakhshizadeh Aghdam
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 4133340191 +98 4133393084
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Budetić M, Kopf D, Dandić A, Samardžić M. Review of Characteristics and Analytical Methods for Determination of Thiabendazole. Molecules 2023; 28:3926. [PMID: 37175335 PMCID: PMC10179875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a fungicide and anthelmintic drug commonly found in food products. Due to its toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, its determination in various samples is important for public health. Different analytical methods can be used to determine the presence and concentration of TBZ in samples. Liquid chromatography (LC) and its subtypes, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), are the most commonly used methods for TBZ determination representing 19%, 18%, and 18% of the described methods, respectively. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and fluorimetry are two more methods widely used for TBZ determination, representing 13% and 12% of the described methods, respectively. In this review, a number of methods for TBZ determination are described, but due to their limitations, there is a high potential for the further improvement and development of each method in order to obtain a simple, precise, and accurate method that can be used for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mirela Samardžić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (A.D.)
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Bosco CD, De Cesaris MG, Felli N, Lucci E, Fanali S, Gentili A. Carbon nanomaterial-based membranes in solid-phase extraction. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:175. [PMID: 37022492 PMCID: PMC10079727 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have some excellent properties that make them ideal candidates as sorbents for solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, practical difficulties related to their handling (dispersion in the atmosphere, bundling phenomena, reduced adsorption capability, sorbent loss in cartridge/column format, etc.) have hindered their direct use for conventional SPE modes. Therefore, researchers working in the field of extraction science have looked for new solutions to avoid the above-mentioned problems. One of these is the design of CNM-based membranes. These devices can be of two different types: membranes that are exclusively composed of CNMs (i.e. buckypaper and graphene oxide paper) and polysaccharide membranes containing dispersed CNMs. A membrane can be used either as a filter, operating under flow-through mode, or as a rotating device, operating under the action of magnetic stirring. In both cases, the main advantages arising from the use of membranes are excellent results in terms of transport rates, adsorption capability, high throughput, and ease of employment. This review covers the preparation/synthesis procedures of such membranes and their potential in SPE applications, highlighting benefits and shortcomings in comparison with conventional SPE materials (especially, microparticles carbonaceous sorbents) and devices. Further challenges and expected improvements are addressed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nina Felli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Lucci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15 37129, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Hydro-Eco Research Centre, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J. Miniaturized green sample preparation approaches for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114405. [PMID: 34653744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of green sample preparation procedures is an extremely important research field in which more and more applications are constantly being proposed in different areas, including pharmaceutical analysis. This review article is aimed at providing a general overview of the development of miniaturized green analytical sample preparation procedures in the pharmaceutical analysis field, with special focus on the works published between January 2017 and July 2021. Particular attention has been paid to the application of environmentally friendly solvents and sorbents as well as nanomaterials or high extraction capacity sorbents in which the solvent volumes and reagents amounts are drastically reduced, with their subsequent advantages from the sustainability point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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Dal Bosco C, Bonoli F, Gentili A, Fanali C, D’Orazio G. Chiral Nano-Liquid Chromatography and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Antifungal Drugs in Milk. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237094. [PMID: 34885676 PMCID: PMC8659161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel chromatographic application in chiral separation by using the nano-LC technique is here reported. The chiral recognition of 12 antifungal drugs was obtained through a 75 µm I.D. fused-silica capillary, which was packed with a CSP-cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate (CDCPC), by means of a lab-made slurry packing procedure. The mobile phase composition and the experimental conditions were optimized in order to find the optimum chiral separation for some selected racemic mixtures of imidazole and triazole derivatives. Some important parameters, such as retention faction, enantioresolution, peak efficiency, and peak shape, were investigated as a function of the mobile phase (pH, water content, type and concentration of both the buffer and the organic modifier, and solvent dilution composition). Within one run lasting 25 min, at a flow rate of approximately 400 nL min-1, eight couples of enantiomers were baseline-resolved and four of them were separated in less than 25 min. The method was then applied to milk samples, which were pretreated using a classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique preceded by protein precipitation. Finally, the DLLME-nano-LC-UV method was validated in a matrix following the main FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Flavia Bonoli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0690672256
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Preparation of porous carbon nanomaterials and their application in sample preparation: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes for Solid-Phase Extraction of Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168374. [PMID: 34445079 PMCID: PMC8395051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to LC/MS/MS analysis is a valid approach for the determination of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in liquid samples. To remove the greatest number of OMPs from environmental matrices, the development of innovative sorbent materials is crucial. Recently, much attention has been paid to inorganic nanosystems such as graphite-derived materials. Graphene oxide has been employed in water-purification processes, including the removal of several micropollutants such as dyes, flame retardants, or pharmaceutical products. Polysaccharides have also been widely used as convenient media for the dispersion of sorbent materials, thanks to their unique properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and low cost. In this work, chitosan-graphene oxide (CS_GO) composite membranes containing different amounts of GO were prepared and used as sorbents for the SPE of pesticides. To improve their dimensional stability in aqueous medium, the CS_GO membranes were surface crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The composite systems were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, swelling degree, contact angle, and mechanical measurements. As the GO content increased, a decrease in surface homogeneity, an improvement of mechanical properties, and a reduction of thermal stability of the CS-based membranes were observed. The increased dimensional stability in water, together with the presence of high GO amounts, made the prepared composite membranes more efficacious than the ones based just on CS in isolating and preconcentrating different hydrophilic/hydrophobic pollutants.
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Bakhshizadeh Aghdam M, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. Partially carbonized cellulose filter paper as a green adsorbent for the extraction of pesticides from fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462220. [PMID: 33992997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new solid phase extraction method based on the use of a low-cost funnel-shaped partially carbonized cellulose filter paper as a sorbent has been developed. The sorbent is easily prepared by heating the folded filter paper wetted with sulfuric acid solution and can be reused for several times. It is combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and used for the extraction of some pesticide residues from fruit juice samples prior to their analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. In this work, limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.30-0.61 and 1.0-2.0 µg L-1, respectively, and relative standard deviations ranged between 3 and 6% for intra- (n=5) and inter-day (n=5) precisions at a concentration of 25 µg L-1 of each pesticide. The enrichment factors of 452-751 were achieved. Extraction recoveries were in the range of 45-75%. The calibration curves had wide linear ranges with a good linearity (coefficient of determination ≥ 0.994). Finally, efficiency of the method was apprised by determining the analytes in fruit juice samples and relative recoveries were found to be in the range of 85-101%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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