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Onozato M, Shinohara W, Osaka Y, Sakamoto T, Umino M, Nishigaki A, Okoshi K, Fukushima T. Characterization of polychaetes inhabiting estuaries and inner bays by composition analysis of amino acids and lactate enantiomers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5494. [PMID: 38448449 PMCID: PMC10918092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the composition of free amino acids and lactate (Lac) in polychaetes in river estuaries and inner bays using chromatographic techniques. Both L-amino acids and D-amino acids (D-asparagine, D-alanine (D-Ala), D-serine, D-aspartic acid, and D-proline (D-Pro)) were detected, indicating that polychaetes contain some D-amino acids. Some polychaete species exhibited notable amino acid levels, such as glycine in Capitellidae sp. and Thelepus sp., D-Pro in Glycera sp., and β-Ala in Scoletoma nipponica and Scoletoma sp.. High D-Lac levels were detected in Tylorrhynchus osawai and Hediste diadroma, (691 and 797 μmol/100 g-wet, respectively), with the D-form exceeding 98%. T. osawai was dominant in the upper tidal-sensitive zone, wherein other organisms were less abundant because of low salinity (3-8 PSU). Seasonal differences in the concentrations of components in T. osawai were observed, particularly a significant increase in D-Lac in the reproductive period. Notably, the D-Lac concentrations of T. osawai were higher upstream than downstream. Thus, D-Lac might be involved in strategies underlying adaptations to low salinity and reproductive activity. These results suggest that both the D-form of Lac and amino acids may play certain physiological roles in the life of polychaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Wataru Shinohara
- Chiba Municipal Chiba High School, 9-46-1 Konakadai, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Osaka
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Maho Umino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nishigaki
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Okoshi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Sakamoto T, Onozato M, Sugasawa H, Fukushima T. Substituted kynurenic acid derivatives as fluorophore-based probes for D- and L-amino acid oxidase assays and their in vitro application in eels. Analyst 2023; 148:5991-6000. [PMID: 37876282 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
High levels of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, while L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) exhibits antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The enzymatic conversion of the non-fluorescent kynurenine (KYN) into the endogenous weak fluorescent kynurenic acid (KYNA) by the action of DAO has previously been reported. However, the fluorescence of KYNA can be improved by changing the substituents on the aromatic rings. In this study, we prepared different 6-phenyl-substituted KYNA derivatives and investigated their fluorescence properties. Among them, 2-MePh-KYNA showed the maximum fluorescence quantum yield of 0.881 at 340 nm excitation and 418 nm emission wavelengths. The effects of solvent properties (dielectric constant, pKa, viscosity, and proticity) on the fluorescence intensity (FLI) of the KYNA derivatives were explored. The FLI of 2-MePh-KYNA was significantly large in protic solvents. Subsequently, 2-MePh-D-KYN and 2-MePh-L-KYN were prepared with high enantiopurity (>99.25%) for the enzymatic conversion. 2-MePh-D-KYN exhibited high sensitivity (∼19 times that of a commercial DAO substrate and ∼60 times that of the previously reported MeS-D-KYN) and high selectivity, as it was not cross-reactive towards LAO, while 2-MePh-L-KYN was also converted into 2-MePh-KYNA by LAO. Furthermore, the 2-MePh-D-KYN probe successfully detected DAO in eel liver, kidney, and heparin-anticoagulated plasma in the in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugasawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Han CY, Ge L, Zhang C, Ding LN, Wang P, Yu F, Wang S, Zhu L, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Liu FL. Diazo probe-based chemical isotope labeling assisted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis for sensitive determination of amino acids in biofluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1223:123724. [PMID: 37148854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are important biomolecules and contribute to essential biological processes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) now is a powerful tool for the analysis of amino acid metabolites; however, the structural similarity and polarity of amino acids can lead to the poor chromatographic retention and low detection sensitivities. In this study, we used a pair of light and heavy isotopomers of diazo probes, d0/d5-2-(diazomethyl)-N-methyl-N-phenyl-benzamide (2-DMBA/d5 -2-DMBA) to label amino acids. The paired MS probes of 2-DMBA and d5 -2-DMBA carry diazo groups that can efficiently and specifically react with the carboxyl group on free amino acid metabolites under mild conditions. Benefiting from the transfer of the 2-DMBA/d5 -2-DMBA to carboxyl group on amino acids, the ionization efficiencies of amino acids presented great enhancement during LC-MS analysis. The results suggested that the detection sensitivities of 17 amino acids increased by 9-133-fold upon 2-DMBA labeling, and the obtained limits of detection (LODs) of amino acids on-column ranged from 0.011 fmol-0.057 fmol. With the application of the developed method, we successfully achieved the sensitive and accurate detection of the 17 amino acids in microliter level of serum sample. Moreover, the contents of most amino acids were different in the serum from normal and B16F10-tumour mice, demonstrating that endogenous amino acids may play important roles in the regulation of tumors development. This developed method of chemical labeling of amino acids with diazo probes assisted LC-MS analysis provides a potentially valuable tool to investigate the relationships between amino acids metabolism and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Ge
- Department of Pediatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li-Na Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Fei-Long Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Onozato M, Nakanoue H, Sakamoto T, Umino M, Fukushima T. Determination of d- and l-Amino Acids in Garlic Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041773. [PMID: 36838762 PMCID: PMC9965777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Black garlic is currently attracting interest as a health food and constituent of commercial supplements; however, no data regarding the d-amino acids within black garlic have been reported. Therefore, the amino acid compositions of methanol extracts from fresh and black garlic were compared herein. We investigated the contents of the d- and l-forms of amino acids in commercial fresh, black, and freeze-dried garlic foodstuffs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a pre-column chiral derivatization reagent, succinimidyl 2-(3-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-1-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl) acetate. Several d-amino acids, namely, the d-forms of Asn, Ala, Ser, Thr, Glu, Asp, Pro, Arg, Phe, Orn, Lys, and Tyr, were observed in the methanol extract of black garlic, whereas only d-Ala was detected in that of fresh garlic foodstuffs. These data suggest that several d-amino acids can be produced during fermentation for preparing black garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Haruna Nakanoue
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Maho Umino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi 274-8510, Japan
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Analyzing Citramalic Acid Enantiomers in Apples and Commercial Fruit Juice by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Pre-Column Derivatization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041556. [PMID: 36838544 PMCID: PMC9959191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Optically active citramalic acid (CMA) is naturally present as an acidic taste component in fruits, such as apples. The absolute configuration of CMA in such fruits was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following pre-column derivatization with a chiral reagent, benzyl 5-(2-aminoethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxylate. The developed LC-MS/MS method successfully separated the enantiomers of CMA using an octadecylsilica column with a resolution and separation factor of 2.19 and 1.09, respectively. Consequently, the R-form of CMA was detected in the peel and fruit of three kinds of apple at concentrations in the 1.24-37.8 and 0.138-1.033 mg/wet 100 g ranges, respectively. In addition, R- CMA was present in commercial apple juice, whereas no quantity was detected in commercial blueberry, perilla, or Japanese apricot juice.
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7
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Eid SM, Farag MA, Bawazeer S. Underivatized Amino Acid Chromatographic Separation: Optimized Conditions for HPLC-UV Simultaneous Quantification of Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Valine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine in Dietary Supplements. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31106-31114. [PMID: 36092579 PMCID: PMC9453785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are considered as the building blocks of life. Unlike nonessential AAs, the human body cannot synthesize essential AAs and should be supplied in food or dietary supplements. The aim of the work is simultaneous HPLC-UV determination of 10 structurally related AAs without pre- or postderivatization in powdered dietary supplements (PDSs). This was challenging, especially because PDS has no standardized procedures for its quality control. HPLC-UV chromatograms of the 10 AAs were recorded using a gradient elution of the mobile phase on a CLC-C18 column at 225 nm. The elution started with 100% of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 10 mM) for 10 min; then, the concentration of acetonitrile increased linearly to reach 50% for another 15 min at room temperature. Good separation was achieved within a 25 min run time without pre- or postderivatization. The method was carefully validated according to the ICH guidelines over the linearity range of 100-200, 50-200, 20-150, 50-400, 20-250, 75-175, 50-250, 50-250, 50-300, and 5-100 μg/mL for l-lysine, l-threonine, l-histidine, l-valine, l-methionine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tryptophan, respectively, with mean recoveries ranges between 98.91 and 100.77. The method was found to be precise, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be between 0.28 and 1.92 with recoveries between 97.91 and 101.11. The method was found to be robust that resists deliberate changes in pH, flow rate, and mobile-phase percentages. It was successfully applied for the analysis of PDSs. The proposed method could be very useful for the quality control of the 10 structurally related AAs during their synthesis and for testing raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M. Eid
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October
City 12511, Giza, Egypt
- ,
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Umm Al-Qura University,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia
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Xue P, Liu X, Jia H, Yuan H, Liu B, Zhang J, He Z. Environmental behavior of the chiral fungicide epoxiconazole in earthworm-soil system: Enantioselective enrichment, degradation kinetics, chiral metabolite identification, and biotransformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107442. [PMID: 35921772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of the chiral fungicide epoxiconazole and its chiral transformation products (TPs) on non-target organisms and the environment has become a significant concern due to its widespread use in agricultural practice. Enantioselectivity studies of parent contaminants cannot adequately assess the complexity of its chiral TPs in the environment. This study aimed to investigate the environmental behavior of epoxiconazole in an earthworm-soil system. 2S,3R-(-)-epoxiconazole was preferentially enriched in earthworms during the accumulation phase (p < 0.05), but no enantioselectivity was observed during the elimination phase. One methoxylated and four hydroxylated chiral TPs were identified in soil, earthworm, and excrement. The epoxy ring hydroxylated TP and methoxylated TP of epoxiconazole were discovered for the first time in the environment. The chemically specific enantioselectivity with enantiomer fraction (EF) > 0.8 was observed for the TPs in different matrices. The CYP450 monooxygenase of earthworm was significant activated. In vitro enzyme metabolism experiments (earthworm microsomes and recombinant CYP450 enzymes CYP2A6, CYP 2C9, and CYP 3A4) were carried out to further explain the biotransformation mechanism of epoxiconazole in earthworm. This study provides new evidence of enantiomeric biotransformation of chiral fungicide epoxiconazole in the earthworm-soil system and could provide valuable insights into their environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xue
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Haiyue Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zeying He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China.
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Umino M, Sakamoto T, Onozato M, Fukushima T. Preparation of imidazolidinone compounds as derivatization reagent for diastereomerization and chromatographic separation of chiral organic acids. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Calderón C, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114430. [PMID: 34757254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics strives to capture the entirety of the metabolites in a biological system by comprehensive analysis, often by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. A particular challenge thereby is the differentiation of structural isomers. Common achiral targeted and untargeted assays do not distinguish between enantiomers. This may lead to information loss. An increasing number of publications demonstrate that the enantiomeric ratio of certain metabolites can be meaningful biomarkers of certain diseases emphasizing the importance of introducing enantioselective analytical procedures in metabolomics. In this work, the state-of-the-art in the field of LC-MS based metabolomics is summarized with focus on developments in the recent decade. Methodologies, tagging strategies, workflows and general concepts are outlined. Selected biological applications in which enantioselective metabolomics has documented its usefulness are briefly discussed. In general, targeted enantioselective metabolomics assays are often based on a direct approach using chiral stationary phases (CSP) with polysaccharide derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, chiral crown ethers, chiral ion exchangers, donor-acceptor phases as chiral selectors. Rarely, these targeted assays focus on more than 20 analytes and usually are restricted to a certain metabolite class. In a variety of cases, pre-column derivatization of metabolites has been performed, especially for amino acids, to improve separation and detection sensitivity. Triple quadrupole instruments are the detection methods of first choice in targeted assays. Here, issues like matrix effect, absence of blank matrix impair accuracy of results. In selected applications, multiple heart cutting 2D-LC (RP followed by chiral separation) has been pursued to overcome this problem and alleviate bias due to interferences. Non-targeted assays, on the other hand, are based on indirect approach involving tagging with a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA). Besides classical CDAs numerous innovative reagents and workflows have been proposed and are discussed. Thereby, a critical issue for the accuracy is often neglected, viz. the validation of the enantiomeric impurity in the CDA. The majority of applications focus on amino acids, hydroxy acids, oxidized fatty acids and oxylipins. Some potential clinical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calderón
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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