Synthesis of carbon dots-based covalent organic nanomaterial as stationary phase for open tubular capillary electrochromatography

Recent Advances in the Construction and Applications of Monolithic and Open-tubular Capillary Electrochromatography (2022-2024)

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has attracted significant attention and gained considerable recognition in the field of separation science owing to its excellent separation efficiency. While numerous reviews on CEC have been published in recent years, a comprehensive and systematic summary of the typical synthesis strategies for electrochromatographic stationary phases and their state-of-the-art applications in CEC remains lacking. This review highlights recent advances (over the past 3 years) and representative applications (including chiral separation, microextraction-coupled analysis, metabolomics, enzyme analysis, and food analysis) of monolithic and open-tubular stationary phases in CEC. The advantages and limitations of each methodology are critically analyzed to present a balanced evaluation. Additionally, this work outlines future prospects regarding the development trends in electrochromatographic stationary phase preparation methods and the evolving applications of CEC.

A Review of Different Synthesis Approaches to Nanoparticles: Bibliometric Profile

Nanomaterials are currently one of the most popular emerging materials used in different applications such as drug delivery, water treatment, cancer treatment, electronic, food preservations, and production of pesticide. This is due to their interesting features including size-dependent properties, lightweight, biocompatibility, amphiphilicity and biodegradability. They offer wide possibilities for modification and are used in multiple functions with enormous possibilities. Some of them are medically suitable which has opened new opportunities for medical improvement especially for human health. These characteristics also make nanomaterials one of the pioneers in green materials for various needs, especially in environmental engineering and energy sectors. In this review, several synthesis approaches for nanoparticles mainly physical, chemical, and biological have been discussed extensively. Furthermore, bibliometric analysis on the synthesis of nanoparticles was evaluated. About 117,162 publications were considered, of which 92% are journal publications. RSC Advances is the most published outlet on the synthesis of nanoparticles and China has the highest number of researchers engaged in the synthesis of nanoparticles. It was noted in the evaluation of synthesis approach that biological approach is the savest method but with a low yield, while the chemical approach offers a high yield with some level of hazardous effect. Also, the bibliometric analysis revealed that the field of nanotechnology is a trending and hot ground for research.

Monomer-mediated growth of β-cyclodextrin-based microporous organic network as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography

CD-MONs (β-cyclodextrin-based microporous organic networks), derived from β-cyclodextrin, possess notable hydrophobic characteristics, a considerable specific surface area, and remarkable stability, rendering them highly advantageous in separation science. This research aimed to investigate the utility of CD-MONs in chromatography separation. Through a monomer-mediated technique, we fabricated an innovative CD-MON modified capillary column for application in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The CD-MON-based stationary phase on the capillary's inner surface was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We assessed the performance of the CD-MON modified capillary column for separation purposes. The microstructure and pronounced hydrophobicity of CD-MON contributed to enhanced selectivity and resolution in separating diverse hydrophobic analytes, such as alkylbenzenes, halogenated benzenes, parabens, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The maximum column efficiency achieved was 1.5 × 105 N/m. Additionally, the CD-MON modified capillary column demonstrated notably high column capacity, with a methylbenzene mass loading capacity of up to 197.9 pmol, surpassing that of previously reported porous-material-based capillaries. Furthermore, this self-constructed column was effectively utilized for PAHs determination in actual environmental water samples, exhibiting spiked recoveries ranging from 93.2 to 107.9% in lake water samples. These findings underscore the potential of CD-MON as an effective stationary phase in separation science.

Green synthesis of N-rich carbon dot-derived crosslinked covalent organic nanomaterial for multipurpose chromatographic applications

Carbon dots (CDs) derived crosslinked covalent organic nanomaterials (CONs) possessing high specific surface area and abundant surface functional groups are considered to be potential candidates for multimodal chromatographic separations. Typically, the synthesis of CDs and CONs requires harsh reaction conditions and toxic organic solvents, hence, the pursuit of facile and mild preparation strategies is the goal of researchers. In this work, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and D-glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively, to prepare amino-CDs (AmCDs) by rapid low-temperature polymerization rather than the common high-temperature and high-pressure reaction. Then, surface functionalization of the aminated silica gel was carried out in a deep eutectic solvent by using hydrophilic AmCDs and 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (TFB) as the functional monomers. Consequently, a novel N-rich CDs derived CON surface-functionalized silica gel (AmCDs-CON@SiO2) was obtained under mild reaction conditions. The combination of AmCDs and TFB created an ideal CON based chromatographic stationary phase. The incorporation of TFB not only contributed to the successful construction of a crosslinked CON, but also enhanced the interaction forces. The developed AmCDs-CON@SiO2 has a great potential for versatile applications in liquid chromatography. This study proposes a simple stationary phase preparation strategy by the surface modification of silica gel with CDs-based CON. Moreover, this study verified the application potential of CDs derived CON in chromatographic separation. This not only promotes the development of CDs in the field of liquid chromatographic stationary phase, but also provides some reference value for the wide application of cross-linked CON.

Recent progress in the synthesis and applications of covalent organic framework-based composites

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have historically been of interest to researchers in different areas due to their distinctive characteristics, including well-ordered pores, large specific surface area, and structural tunability. In the past few years, as COF synthesis techniques developed, COF-based composites fabricated by integrating COFs and other functional materials including various kinds of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks, silica, polymers, enzymes and carbon nanomaterials have emerged as a novel kind of porous hybrid material. Herein, we first provide a thorough summary of advanced strategies for preparing COF-based composites; then, the emerging applications of COF-based composites in diverse fields due to their synergistic effects are systematically highlighted, including analytical chemistry (sensing, extraction, membrane separation, and chromatographic separation) and catalysis. Finally, the current challenges associated with future perspectives of COF-based composites are also briefly discussed to inspire the advancement of more COF-based composites with excellent properties.

Tetraethylenepentamine-derived carbon dots and tetraethylenepentamine co-immobilized silica stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography

In this work, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) was used as precursor and reaction medium to prepare tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized carbon dots (TEPACDs), the resultant mixture was subsequently silanized and then grafted on the surface of bare silica. The obtained tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized carbon dots and tetraethylenepentamine co-modified silica stationary phase (Sil-TEPA/CDs) was characterized by multiple ways, such as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis and transmission electron microscope, which revealed the successful preparation of the mixed stationary phase and higher density of functional groups on co-modified stationary phase than precursor single-modified stationary phase. The synergistic effect of TEPACDs and TEPA was proved by comparing the separation performance of Sil-TEPA/CDs and Sil-TEPA toward amino acids, nucleosides, and nucleobases, which distinctly enhanced the selectivity of Sil-TEPA/CDs. Thus, 12 nucleosides and nucleobases and 11 amino acids was nicely separated on Sil-TEPA/CDs. By study the influences of the changes of mobile phase composition, mobile phase buffer concentration and buffer pH on the retention behaviors of Sil-TEPA and Sil-TEPA/CDs, it was found that both hydrophilic partitioning and adsorption of analytes on Sil-TEPA/CDs were enhanced benefit from the co-existence of TEPA and TEPACDs, which provided the analytes better separation performance. By comparing the column quality of Sil-TEPA/CDs with four commercially available columns, Sil-TEPA/CDs exhibited the best peak asymmetry of 0.98, and second best column efficiency of 43895 m-1 using guanosine as analyte. The RSD (n = 9) of the retention times of five selected analytes on Sil-TEPA/CDs were within 0.30-0.61% during 40 h of continuously elution, which implied excellent stability of prepared packing material.