1
|
Rossetti RAM, da Silva-Junior IA, Rodríguez GR, Alvarez KLF, Stone SC, Cipelli M, Silveira CRF, Beldi MC, Mota GR, Margarido PFR, Baracat EC, Uno M, Villa LL, Carvalho JP, Yokochi K, Rosa MBSF, Lorenzi NP, Lepique AP. Local and Systemic STAT3 and p65 NF-KappaB Expression as Progression Markers and Functional Targets for Patients With Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:587132. [PMID: 33330068 PMCID: PMC7710991 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.587132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer, which main etiologic factor is Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, continues to be a burden for public health systems in developing countries. Our laboratory has been working with the hypothesis that signals generated in the tumor microenvironment can modulate local and systemic immune responses. In this context, it would be reasonable to think that tumors create pro-tumoral bias in immune cells, even before they are recruited to the tumor microenvironment. To understand if and how signaling started in the tumor microenvironment can influence cells within the tumor and systemically, we investigated the expression of key proteins in signaling pathways important for cell proliferation, viability, immune responses and tolerance. Besides, we used detection of specific phosphorylated residues, which are indicative of activation for Akt, CREB, p65 NFκB, and STAT3. Our findings included the observation of a significant STAT3 expression increase and p65 NFκB decrease in circulating leukocytes in correlation with lesion grade. In light of those observations, we started investigating the result of the inhibition of STAT3 in a tumor experimental model. STAT3 inhibition impaired tumor growth, increased anti-tumor T cell responses and decreased the accumulation of myeloid cells in the spleen. The concomitant inhibition of NFκB partially reversed these effects. This study indicates that STAT3 and NFκB are involved in immunomodulatory tumor effects and STAT3 inhibition could be considered as therapy for patients with cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata A. M. Rossetti
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gretel R. Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla L. F. Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone C. Stone
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcella Cipelli
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio R. F. Silveira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carmezim Beldi
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giana R. Mota
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Miyuki Uno
- Biobanco da Rede Acadêmica de Pesquisa do Câncer da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa L. Villa
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesus P. Carvalho
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaori Yokochi
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatriz S. F. Rosa
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noely P. Lorenzi
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lepique
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández-de-Los-Ríos A, Murillo-Leon M, Mantilla-Muriel LE, Arenas AF, Vargas-Montes M, Cardona N, de-la-Torre A, Sepúlveda-Arias JC, Gómez-Marín JE. Influence of Two Major Toxoplasma Gondii Virulence Factors (ROP16 and ROP18) on the Immune Response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Toxoplasmosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:413. [PMID: 31867288 PMCID: PMC6904310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii ROP16 and ROP18 proteins have been identified as important virulence factors for this parasite. Here, we describe the effect of ROP16 and ROP18 proteins on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals with different clinical status of infection. We evaluated IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-1β levels in supernatants from PBMCs cultures infected with tachyzoites of the T. gondii wild-type RH strain or with knock-out mutants of the rop16 and rop18 encoding genes (RHΔrop16 and RHΔrop18). Cytokine secretion was compared between PBMCs obtained from seronegative individuals (n = 10), with those with chronic asymptomatic (n = 8), or ocular infection (n = 12). We also evaluated if polymorphisms in the genes encoding for IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1β, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and purinoreceptor P2RX7 influenced the production of the encoded proteins after ex vivo stimulation. In individuals with chronic asymptomatic infection, only a moderate effect on IL-10 levels was observed when PBMCs were infected with RHΔrop16, whereas a significant difference in the levels of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β was observed in seronegative individuals, but this was also dependent on the host's cytokine gene polymorphisms. Infection with ROP16-deficient parasites had a significant effect on IFN-γ production in previously non-infected individuals, suggesting that ROP16 which is considered as a virulence factor plays a role during the primary infection in humans, but not in the secondary immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Hernández-de-Los-Ríos
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Mateo Murillo-Leon
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Luz Eliana Mantilla-Muriel
- Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Ailan Farid Arenas
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Mónica Vargas-Montes
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Néstor Cardona
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.,Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Universidad Antonio Nariño, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Grupo NeURos, Unidad de Inmunología, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Sepúlveda-Arias
- Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lemarquis AL, Theodors F, Einarsdottir HK, Ludviksson BR. Mapping of Signaling Pathways Linked to sIgAD Reveals Impaired IL-21 Driven STAT3 B-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:403. [PMID: 30936864 PMCID: PMC6431630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: It has recently been shown that individuals with selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) have defective B cell responses both to T cell dependent and independent mimicking stimulations. The complex intracellular signaling pathways from different stimuli leading to IgA isotype switching have not been fully elucidated. Thus, the main objective of this study was to delineate these pathways and their potential role in the immunopathology linked to sIgAD. Materials and Methods: PBMCs from 10 individuals with sIgAD and 10 healthy controls (HC) were activated in vitro via either a T cell dependent or independent mimicking stimulation. Intracellular phosphorylation of pSTAT3, pSTAT5, pSTAT6, and as pERK1/2 was evaluated in T and B cells using phosphoflow cytometry. Results: By evaluating T cell dependent cytokine driven pathways linked to IgA isotype induction we identified a defect involving an IL-21 driven STAT3 activation isolated to B cells in sIgAD individuals. However, all other signaling pathways studied were found to be normal compared to HC. In T cell dependent cytokine driven stimulations linked to IgA isotype induction the following patterns emerged: (i) IL-10 led to significant STAT3 activation in both T- and B cells; (ii) IL-4 stimulation was predominantly confined to STAT6 activation in both T- and B cells, with some effects on STAT3 activation in T-cells; (iii) as expected, of tested stimuli, IL-2 alone activated STAT5 and some STAT3 activation though in both cases only in T-cells; (iv) IL-21 induced significant activation of STAT3 in both T- and B cells, with some effects on STAT5 activation in T-cells; and finally (v) synergistic effects were noted of IL-4+IL-10 on STAT5 activation in T-cells, and possibly STAT6 in both T- and B cells. On the other hand, CPG induced T cell independent activation was confined to ERK1/2 activation in B cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate a diminished STAT3 phosphorylation following IL-21 stimulation solely in B cells from sIgAD individuals. This can represent aberrant germinal center reactions or developmental halt. Thus, our work provides further insight into the unraveling of the previously hypothesized role of IL-21 to reconstitute immunoglobulin production in primary antibody deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andri L Lemarquis
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Fannar Theodors
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Helga K Einarsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bjorn R Ludviksson
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rossetti RAM, Lorenzi NPC, Yokochi K, Rosa MBSDF, Benevides L, Margarido PFR, Baracat EC, Carvalho JP, Villa LL, Lepique AP. B lymphocytes can be activated to act as antigen presenting cells to promote anti-tumor responses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199034. [PMID: 29975708 PMCID: PMC6033398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion by tumors includes several different mechanisms, including the inefficiency of antigen presenting cells (APCs) to trigger anti-tumor T cell responses. B lymphocytes may display a pro-tumoral role but can also be modulated to function as antigen presenting cells to T lymphocytes, capable of triggering anti-cancer immune responses. While dendritic cells, DCs, are the best APC population to activate naive T cells, DCs or their precursors, monocytes, are frequently modulated by tumors, displaying a tolerogenic phenotype in cancer patients. In patients with cervical cancer, we observed that monocyte derived DCs are tolerogenic, inhibiting allogeneic T cell activation compared to the same population obtained from patients with precursor lesions or cervicitis. In this work, we show that B lymphocytes from cervical cancer patients respond to treatment with sCD40L and IL-4 by increasing the CD80+CD86+ population, therefore potentially increasing their ability to activate T cells. To test if B lymphocytes could actually trigger anti-tumor T cell responses, we designed an experimental model where we harvested T and B lymphocytes, or dendritic cells, from tumor bearing donors, and after APC stimulation, transplanted them, together with T cells into RAG1-/- recipients, previously injected with tumor cells. We were able to show that anti-CD40 activated B lymphocytes could trigger secondary T cell responses, dependent on MHC-II expression. Moreover, we showed that dendritic cells were resistant to the anti-CD40 treatment and unable to stimulate anti-tumor responses. In summary, our results suggest that B lymphocytes may be used as a tool for immunotherapy against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaori Yokochi
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Benevides
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesus Paula Carvalho
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Lina Villa
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lepique
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Richardson AM, Moyer AM, Hasadsri L, Abraham RS. Diagnostic Tools for Inborn Errors of Human Immunity (Primary Immunodeficiencies and Immune Dysregulatory Diseases). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:19. [PMID: 29470720 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of diagnostic testing in primary immunodeficiency and immune dysregulatory disorders (PIDDs), particularly focusing on flow cytometry and genetic techniques, utilizing specific examples of PIDDs. RECENT FINDINGS Flow cytometry remains a vital tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of immunological diseases. Its utility ranges from cellular analysis and specific protein quantitation to functional assays and signaling pathway analysis. Mass cytometry combines flow cytometry and mass spectrometry to dramatically increase the throughput of multivariate single-cell analysis. Next-generation sequencing in combination with other molecular techniques and processing algorithms has become more widely available and identified the diverse and heterogeneous genetic underpinnings of these disorders. As the spectrum of disease is further clarified by increasing immunological, genetic, and epigenetic knowledge, the careful application of these diagnostic tools and bioinformatics will assist not only in our understanding of these complex disorders, but also enable the implementation of personalized therapeutic approaches for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annely M Richardson
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Linda Hasadsri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flow Cytometry, a Versatile Tool for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Primary Immunodeficiencies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:254-71. [PMID: 26912782 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00001-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects of the immune system are referred to as primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). These immunodeficiencies are clinically and immunologically heterogeneous and, therefore, pose a challenge not only for the clinician but also for the diagnostic immunologist. There are several methodological tools available for evaluation and monitoring of patients with PIDs, and of these tools, flow cytometry has gained prominence, both for phenotyping and functional assays. Flow cytometry allows real-time analysis of cellular composition, cell signaling, and other relevant immunological pathways, providing an accessible tool for rapid diagnostic and prognostic assessment. This minireview provides an overview of the use of flow cytometry in disease-specific diagnosis of PIDs, in addition to other broader applications, which include immune phenotyping and cellular functional measurements.
Collapse
|
7
|
Stone SC, Rossetti RAM, Bolpetti A, Boccardo E, de Araujo Souza PS, Lepique AP. HPV16-associated tumors control myeloid cell homeostasis in lymphoid organs, generating a suppressor environment for T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:619-31. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0513-282r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
8
|
Flow cytometric detection of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and intracellular cytokine expression in peripheral blood subpopulations from patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:671431. [PMID: 24741615 PMCID: PMC3987974 DOI: 10.1155/2014/671431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling cascade is optimally achieved by methanol permeabilization protocols. Such protocols suffer from the difficulties to accurately detect intracellular cytokines and surface epitopes of infrequent cell subpopulations, which are removed by methanol. To overcome these limitations, we have modified methanol-based phosphoflow protocols using several commercially available antibody clones suitable for surface antigens, intracellular cytokines, and p38 MAPK. These included markers of B cells (CD19, CD20, and CD22), T cells (CD3, CD4, and CD8), NK (CD56 and CD7), and dendritic cells (CD11c). We have also tested surface markers of costimulatory molecules, such as CD27. We have successfully determined simultaneous expression of IFN- γ , as well as IL-10, and phosphorylated p38 in cell subsets. The optimized phosphoflow protocol has also been successfully applied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified cell subpopulations from patients with various autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, our refined phosphoflow cytometric approach allows simultaneous detection of p38 MAPK activity and intracellular cytokine expression and could be used as an important tool to study signaling cascades in autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mavropoulos A, Rigopoulou EI, Liaskos C, Bogdanos DP, Sakkas LI. The role of p38 MAPK in the aetiopathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:569751. [PMID: 24151518 PMCID: PMC3787653 DOI: 10.1155/2013/569751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the induction of immune-mediated disorders, such as psoriasis, remain not well characterized. Molecular signaling pathways are not well described in psoriasis, as well as psoriatic arthritis, which is seen in up to 40% of patients with psoriasis. Signaling pathway defects have long been hypothesized to participate in the pathology of psoriasis, yet their implication in the altered psoriatic gene expression still remains unclear. Emerging data suggest a potential pathogenic role for mitogen activated protein kinases p38 (p38 MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the development of psoriasis. The data are still limited, though, for psoriatic arthritis. This review discusses the current data suggesting a crucial role for p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Eirini I. Rigopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Liaskos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Lazaros I. Sakkas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, 23529 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
p38 MAPK Signaling in Pemphigus: Implications for Skin Autoimmunity. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013:728529. [PMID: 23936634 PMCID: PMC3722958 DOI: 10.1155/2013/728529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling plays a major role in the modulation of immune-mediated inflammatory responses and therefore has been linked with several autoimmune diseases. The extent of the involvement of p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases has started to emerge, but whether it pays a critical role is a matter of debate. The activity of p38 MAPK has been studied in great detail during the loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesions and the development of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF). These diseases are characterised by autoantibodies targeting desmogleins (Dsg). Whether autoantibody-antigen interactions can trigger signaling pathways (such as p38 MAPK) that are tightly linked to the secretion of inflammatory mediators which may perpetuate inflammation and tissue damage in pemphigus remains unclear. Yet, the ability of p38 MAPK inhibitors to block activation of the proapoptotic proteinase caspase-3 suggests that the induction of apoptosis may be a consequence of p38 MAPK activation during acantholysis in PV. This review discusses the current evidence for the role of p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of pemphigus. We will also present data relating to the targeting of these cascades as a means of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mavropoulos A, Smyk D, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture for flow cytometric analysis of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 806:275-285. [PMID: 22057459 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-367-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation and fine tuning of downstream signaling circuits for the regulation of cytokine expression are critical for a successful immune response. Hence, technical protocols permitting simultaneous testing of these attributes in peripheral blood lymphocytes are of paramount importance. Phospho-specific flow cytometry is a novel methodology that detects phosphorylation of signaling effectors in multiple, rare cellular populations within peripheral blood. In addition, it allows the quantification of phosphorylation levels for signaling proteins within each single cell, and therefore is superior compared to traditional biochemical approaches, such as Western blotting. One such important signaling pathway within immune cells is the p38 MAPK pathway involved in the regulation of cytokine expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this chapter, we provide technical instructions for culturing human peripheral blood lymphocytes for simultaneous monitoring of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and associated cytokine expression, especially in rare cell populations, such as NK and NKT.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
In recent years, techniques that combine the use of phospho-specific antibodies and multiparameter flow cytometry have been developed for the detection of protein phosphorylation at the single cell level. Flow cytometry is uniquely suited for this type of analysis, as it can measure functional and phenotypic markers in the context of complex cell populations. Phosphorylation can be assessed simultaneously in multiple cell subsets, and due to the small sample sizes required, and the rapid analyses of large numbers of cells in this approach, rare cell analysis is possible without the ex vivo expansion of cells.In this chapter, we detail flow cytometric protocols for the detection of intracellular phospho-proteins in samples derived from whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations. These protocols define steps for cell activation, fixation, permeabilization, and staining by phospho-specific and phenotyping antibodies. We discuss technical difficulties inherent to this technique and suggest solutions to commonly encountered problems. Additionally, we show examples of phospho-protein detection in lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells, and monocytes activated with various stimuli, including mitogens, cytokines, and superantigens. Finally, we highlight a potential clinical trial application for this flow cytometric assay as a platform for pharmacodynamic monitoring of kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Suni
- BD Biosciences Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ong YC, Reese ML, Boothroyd JC. Toxoplasma rhoptry protein 16 (ROP16) subverts host function by direct tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28731-40. [PMID: 20624917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, modulates host immunity in a variety of highly specific ways. Previous work revealed a polymorphic, injected parasite factor, ROP16, to be a key virulence determinant and regulator of host cell transcription. These properties were shown to be partially mediated by dysregulation of the host transcription factors STAT3 and STAT6, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotype were unclear. Here, we use a Type I Toxoplasma strain deficient in ROP16 to show that ROP16 induces not only sustained activation but also an extremely rapid (within 1 min) initial activation of STAT6. Using recombinant wild-type and kinase-deficient ROP16, we demonstrate in vitro that ROP16 has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and is capable of directly phosphorylating the key tyrosine residue for STAT6 activation, Tyr(641). Furthermore, ROP16 co-immunoprecipitates with STAT6 from infected cells. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that STAT6 is a direct substrate for ROP16 in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Ong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yamamoto M, Standley DM, Takashima S, Saiga H, Okuyama M, Kayama H, Kubo E, Ito H, Takaura M, Matsuda T, Soldati-Favre D, Takeda K. A single polymorphic amino acid on Toxoplasma gondii kinase ROP16 determines the direct and strain-specific activation of Stat3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2747-60. [PMID: 19901082 PMCID: PMC2806617 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Toxoplasma gondii down-regulates the host innate immune responses, such as proinflammatory cytokine production, in a Stat3-dependent manner. A forward genetic approach recently demonstrated that the type II strain fails to suppress immune responses because of a potential defect in a highly polymorphic parasite-derived kinase, ROP16. We generated ROP16-deficient type I parasites by reverse genetics and found a severe defect in parasite-induced Stat3 activation, culminating in enhanced production of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-12 p40 in the infected macrophages. Furthermore, overexpression of ROP16 but not ROP18 in mammalian cells resulted in Stat3 phosphorylation and strong activation of Stat3-dependent promoters. In addition, kinase-inactive ROP16 failed to activate Stat3. Comparison of type I and type II ROP16 revealed that a single amino acid substitution in the kinase domain determined the strain difference in terms of Stat3 activation. Moreover, ROP16 bound Stat3 and directly induced phosphorylation of this transcription factor. These results formally establish an essential and direct requirement of ROP16 in parasite-induced Stat3 activation and the significance of a single amino acid replacement in the function of type II ROP16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cantó E, Moga E, Ricart E, Garcia-Bosch O, Garcia-Planella E, Juarez C, Vidal S. MDP-Induced selective tolerance to TLR4 ligands: impairment in NOD2 mutant Crohn's disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1686-96. [PMID: 19572373 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen infection is a complex process in which several pathogen-recognition receptor (PRR) pathways are activated to induce proinflammatory mediators. The activation of multiple PRRs suggests an interaction between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NOD) signaling pathways. METHODS To understand the modulation induced by NOD2 signals on successive responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), we examined how muramyl dipeptide (MDP) pretreatment reprograms the MDP+LPS (lipopolysaccharide) response of monocytes from human peripheral blood. RESULTS Preexposure to bacterial MDP components induced selective tolerance to a subsequent NOD2+TLR4 stimulation. MDP pretreatment inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleuken 10 (IL10), whereas IL6 and IL8 remained unaffected. MDP-induced tolerance was independent of receptor downregulation but was associated with reduced levels of phosphorylated TAK1 and abrogated phosphorylation of the downstream MAPK.Since Nod2 mutations have been associated with susceptibility to develop Crohn's disease (CD), we compared the MDP-induced tolerance in healthy donors and CD patients with compound heterozygous Nod2 mutations (Mut-Nod2) expressing variant NOD2 proteins. MDP-induced tolerance in Mut-Nod2 patients reduced IL10 but not TNFalpha production. In contrast with healthy donors, a p38-independent TNFalpha production was observed during the kinetics of the MDP+LPS response in Mut-Nod2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the selective tolerance induced by MDP in healthy donors was related to the modulation of a convergent nub of NOD2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. This MDP-induced tolerance was impaired in Mut-Nod2 CD patients, resulting in a p38-independent TNFalpha production and an imbalance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines that could be partly responsible for the pathogenesis of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Institut Rec & Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lemster BH, Michel JJ, Montag DT, Paat JJ, Studenski SA, Newman AB, Vallejo AN. Induction of CD56 and TCR-independent activation of T cells with aging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1979-90. [PMID: 18209097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the thymus and severe contraction of the T cell repertoire with aging suggest that immune homeostasis in old age could be mediated by distinct effectors. Therefore, receptors expressed on T cells as they undergo senescence in vitro, as well as those displayed by circulating T cells during normal chronologic aging, were examined. Monitoring of T cells driven to senescence showed de novo induction of CD56, the prototypic receptor of NK cells. Analysis of fresh T cells in peripheral blood showed an age-dependent induction of CD56. These unusual T cells expressed high levels of Bcl2, p16, and p53, and had limited, or completely lost, ability to undergo cell division, properties consistent with senescence. CD56 cross-linking without TCR ligation on CD56(+) T cells resulted in extensive protein phosphorylation, NF-kappaB activation, and Bax down-regulation. CD56 cross-linking was also sufficient to drive production of various humoral factors. These data suggest that the immunologic environment in old age is functionally distinct, rather than being a dysfunctional version of that seen at a young age. CD56(+) T cells are unique effectors capable of mediating TCR-independent immune cascades that could be harnessed to enhance protective immunity in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie H Lemster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Locke S, Gale T, Kilpatrick D. Implantable blood flow measurement techniques for humans. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:5515-8. [PMID: 17281502 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of blood flow measurement techniques were reviewed in regard to development of an implantable blood flow sensor. These include indicator methods and techniques to measure velocity and stroke volume. Most techniques were found to be unsuitable for implantable use in humans. The intracardiac impedance method was favored, though significant methodological obstacles remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Locke
- School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. (phone: +61 3 6226 2142; fax: +61 3 6226 7247; e-mail: )
| | | | | |
Collapse
|