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Goel C, Kumar N, Tripathi A, Tiwari S, Shrivastava A. Assessment of Malondialdehyde and Organochlorine Pesticides in Aplastic Anemia Severity Groups: Insights Into Oxidative Stress and Exposure. Cureus 2024; 16:e59698. [PMID: 38841016 PMCID: PMC11150336 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is little evidence that pesticide exposure is the primary cause of acquired aplastic anemia (AAA), even though the prevalence of aplastic anemia (AA) is substantially higher in underdeveloped countries than in affluent countries. AA caused by pesticides has not yet been fully understood. This study aimed to examine the potential link between plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as risk factors for developing AAA in the North Indian population. Methods This case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in North India. A total of 99 participants were chosen for the study, of whom 45 were cases of AA. These cases attended the Clinical Hematology department over a period of 1.5 years (May 2018 to November 2019). Forty-five controls were age and sex-matched, apparently healthy subjects. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before performing the study. Exclusion criteria included patients unwilling to give consent, those using medication to treat AA, those genetically predisposed to AA, those with characteristics including granuloma and dysplasia of bone marrow, any other systemic illness, and subjects with a history of smoking, drinking, or using tobacco in any form. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to evaluate the plasma levels of organochlorines. The estimation of plasma MDA, i.e., the lipid peroxide content, was measured. Results The severity of AA is significantly associated with plasma levels of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane (p = 0.040), Heptachlor (p = 0.006), Aldrin (p < 0.001), p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p = 0.004), Endosulfan sulfate (p = 0.010), and Methoxychlor (p = 0.001). There was a statistically non-significant difference in MDA levels between cases and controls (p = 0.145); however, a statistically significant linear increase in MDA levels (p < 0.001) was observed according to the severity of AA. Conclusion Our study suggests that oxidative stress may be linked to the severity of AA. Pesticide exposure (plasma organochlorine levels) could act as a stressor, potentially initiating an alarmin response of oxidative stress in the form of lipid peroxidation (MDA) from damaged tissue, which could then lead to suppression of hematopoiesis and be a possible factor in the development of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Goel
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
- Physiology, Kalyan Singh Government Medical College, Bulandshahr, IND
| | - Nidhish Kumar
- Pathology, Autonomous State Medical College, Shahjahanpur, IND
| | - Anil Tripathi
- Clinical Hematology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
- Hematology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, IND
| | - Sunita Tiwari
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
- Physiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, IND
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Goel C, Kumar N, Tripathi AK, Tiwari S, Shrivastava A, Shukla S, Mishra A, Srivastava A. Plasma Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: A Potential Risk Factor for Developing Acquired Aplastic Anemia in the North Indian Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e46122. [PMID: 37900403 PMCID: PMC10612378 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticide exposure might have a contributory role in the development of acquired aplastic anemia (AA). However, the precise mechanisms of pesticide-induced AA remain unknown. In this case-control study, we conducted a comparative analysis of plasma levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) between Indian patients diagnosed with AA and an age- and sex-matched control group. Methods This is an observational case-control study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in North India. In this study, 90 subjects were included, out of which 45 were diagnosed with AA according to the criteria of the International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study. Cases were compared with 45 controls. A trained interviewer gave all study subjects a questionnaire to collect data regarding demographic details, exposure to pesticides, and clinical history. Physical examination and routine laboratory investigations of each subject were performed. Both cases and controls were tested for their plasma levels of organochlorines as per established protocol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. TNF-alpha level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in each subject. Results There was a significant increase in plasma levels of delta hexachlorocyclohexane (delta HCH) (p = 0.02) and heptachlor (p = 0.00) in patients with AA as compared to controls. We observed nonsignificant trends towards higher levels of beta HCH (p = 0.643), aldrin (p = 0.399), and p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) (p = 0.453) in patients with AA when compared to the controls. There were significantly higher TNF-alpha levels (p = 0.024) in cases as compared to the controls. Conclusion Our study concludes that patients with AA exhibited higher levels of delta-HCH, heptachlor, and TNF-alpha in comparison to the control group. There is a significant positive correlation of TNF alpha with OCPs (alpha HCH, lindane, delta HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, p,p'- DDD, and methoxychlor pesticides). These organochlorines may have accumulated in the fatty tissue of bone marrow because of their lipophilic nature. This suggests that they might have served as a neoantigen to trigger an increase in TNF-alpha production, which may have led to disrupted bone marrow function through cell-mediated immunity, leading to AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Goel
- Physiology, Muzaffarnagar Medical College & Hospital, Muzaffarnagar, IND
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Nidhish Kumar
- Pathology, Autonomous State Medical College, Shahjahanpur, IND
| | - Anil K Tripathi
- Clinical Hematology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Sunita Tiwari
- Physiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, IND
| | | | - Saurabh Shukla
- Clinical Hematology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Alok Mishra
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Anshuman Srivastava
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
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Dolai TK, Jain M, Mahapatra M. Idiopathic Aplastic anemia: Indian Perspective. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2023; 39:357-370. [PMID: 37304471 PMCID: PMC10247658 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-022-01592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare immunologically mediated bone marrow failure syndrome, characterized by progressive loss of hematopoietic stem cells resulting in peripheral pancytopenia. Elaborative investigation including molecular tests is required to exclude inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IMBFS) as the treatment and prognosis vary dramatically between them. Haematopoietic stem cell transplant with a fully matched sibling donor (MSD-HSCT) is still the only curative treatment. Management of AA is a real-time challenge in India, because of the delay in the diagnosis, lack of proper supportive care, limited availability of the expertise centre, and the patient's affordability. Recently, results with intensified immunosuppressive therapy that includes anti-thymocyte globulin with cyclosporine-A (CsA) and eltrombopag, are enough encouraging to consider it as treatment of choice in patients lacking MSD or who are not fit for HSCT. However, limitations in resource constraints settings including the cost of therapy limit its full utilization. Relapse of the disease or evolution to myelodysplasia or paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) in a proportion of patients is another challenge with immunosuppressants. The majority of the AA patients still receive CsA with or without androgens in India, mostly because of increased cost and limited availability of HSCT and ATG. The use of the unrelated or alternative donor is still upcoming in India, with unavailable data in terms of response and survival. Therefore, there is an utmost need for novel agents for the better management of AA having a balanced efficacy and toxicity profile to improve the survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuphan Kanti Dolai
- Department of Haematology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Manisha Jain
- Department of Medical oncology and Haematology, Medanta Medcity, India
| | - Manoranjan Mahapatra
- Department of Haematology, All India Institute of Medical science, New Delhi, India
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4
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Tazarv M, Faraji H, Moghimi A, Azizinejad F. Bursting bubble flow microextraction combined with gas chromatography for determination of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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HLA class I and II alleles profile in Indian patients with aplastic anemia. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sanyal S, Law S. Chronic pesticide exposure induced aberrant Notch signalling along the visual pathway in a murine model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117077. [PMID: 33839617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides aid in crop-protection against pests and increase yield. However, the xenobiotic stress exerted by pesticides leads to the deterioration of human and animal health. There is a lacuna in our knowledge about their impact on the ocular surface The present work sheds light on this gap by analysing the deterioration of visual acuity as a consequence of pesticide induced xenobiotic stress and Notch pathway dysregulation. Alteration in the expression of vital components of the notch signalling was analyzed along the visual pathway with special focus on its two terminals-the cornea and the visual cortex, by mimicking the on-field scenario regarding chronic pesticide exposure in experimental murine model (Swiss albino mice; Mus musculus). Various aspects were taken into consideration through visual acuity tests, histological evaluations, culture analyses, wound healing assays, flowcytometric evaluation, fluorescence microscopic studies etc. Complete dysregulation of key players of the Notch signalling pathway was observed in both: cells of the ocular surface as well as those in the murine visual cortex post pesticide exposure, indicating activities relating to cell proliferation, differentiation and wound healing in the pesticide exposed samples. Ultra-microscopic analyses corroborated our findings by revealing the loss of fine neural processes in the visual cortex of the pesticide exposed murine samples, thereby hinting at delayed perception to visual stimuli. In vivo evaluations of the functional capacity of the neuroanatomical structures along the visual pathway also confirmed that pesticide exposure leads to severe damage along the various parts of the visual pathway, right from the ocular surface to the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India
| | - Sujata Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India.
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Asif Syed M, Rahman AAU, Siddiqui MI, Arain AA. Pesticides and Chemicals as Potential Risk Factors of Aplastic Anemia: A Case-Control Study Among a Pakistani Population. Clin Epidemiol 2021; 13:469-475. [PMID: 34168504 PMCID: PMC8219111 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s304132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aplastic anemia is a rare and potentially life-threatening hematological disorder with incidence of 1.4 to 14 cases/million. It is associated with exposures to certain environmental chemicals, drugs and infections. The objective was to investigate the association of illness with family history of aplastic anemia, exposure to pesticides and chemicals. Methodology A hospital-based case–control study (191 cases, 696 controls) was conducted from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2018 in Karachi, Sindh. Cases were patients with diagnosis of aplastic anemia confirmed with bone marrow biopsy. Controls neither had aplastic anemia nor other hematological chronic diseases. An in-person interview was conducted to collect demographic information, family history of aplastic anemia, and history of pesticide and chemical exposure. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated via SPSS v22. Results A total of 191 confirmed aplastic anemia cases were selected. Mean age was 29 years (range: 4–69) and predominantly there were males 129 (67.5%). The majority, 84 (44.0%), of the cases were aged 16–30 years. In multivariate analysis models, the significant associations were observed between aplastic anemia with family history of aplastic anemia (aOR=13.3, 95% C.I 3.66–48.50), exposure to pesticides (aOR=2.1, 95% C.I 1.23–3.61) and chemicals (aOR=3.6, 95% C.I 2.06–6.34). Conclusion This study observed a significant association of aplastic anemia with family history of aplastic anemia, exposure to pesticide and insecticide exposure. However, to establish this connection, further longitudinal studies are warranted. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/qPDeSjfZPbo
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneela Atta Ur Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas Siddiqui
- Department of Community Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Ashique Ali Arain
- Department of Pharmacology, Muhammad Medical College, Mirprkhas, Sindh, Pakistan
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Iftikhar R, Ahmad P, de Latour R, Dufour C, Risitano A, Chaudhri N, Bazarbachi A, De La Fuente J, Höchsmann B, Osman Ahmed S, Gergis U, Elhaddad A, Halkes C, Albeirouti B, Alotaibi S, Kulasekararaj A, Alzahrani H, Ben Othman T, Cesaro S, Alahmari A, Rihani R, Alshemmari S, Ali Hamidieh A, Bekadja MA, Passweg J, Al-Khabori M, Rasheed W, Bacigalupo A, Chaudhry QUN, Ljungman P, Marsh J, El Fakih R, Aljurf M. Special issues related to the diagnosis and management of acquired aplastic anemia in countries with restricted resources, a report on behalf of the Eastern Mediterranean blood and marrow transplantation (EMBMT) group and severe aplastic anemia working party of the European Society for blood and marrow transplantation (SAAWP of EBMT). Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:2518-2532. [PMID: 34011966 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aplastic anemia is a relatively rare but potentially fatal disorder, with a reported higher incidence in developing countries in comparison to the West. There are significant variations in epidemiological as well as etiological factors of bone marrow failure syndromes in the developing countries in comparison to the developed world. Furthermore, the management of bone marrow failure syndromes in resource constraint settings has significant challenges including delayed diagnosis and referral, limited accessibility to healthcare facilities, treatment modalities as well as limitations related to patients who require allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Here we will provide a review of the available evidence related to specific issues of aplastic anemia in the developing countries and we summarize suggested recommendations from the Eastern Mediterranean blood and bone marrow transplantation (EMBMT) group and the severe aplastic anemia working party of the European Society of blood and marrow transplantation (SAAWP of EBMT) related to the diagnosis and therapeutic options in countries with restricted resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Iftikhar
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Parvez Ahmad
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Carlo Dufour
- G Gaslini Children Research Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Risitano
- AORN Moscati, Avellino, Italy.,Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Naeem Chaudhri
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Syed Osman Ahmed
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Gergis
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alaa Elhaddad
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Bassim Albeirouti
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hazzaa Alzahrani
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Ben Othman
- Center National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Ali Alahmari
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell Therapy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Walid Rasheed
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Hematology Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Riad El Fakih
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chattopadhyay S, Law S. Morphogen signaling by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and microenvironmental alteration in the bone marrow of agricultural pesticide exposure-induced experimental aplastic anemia. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22523. [PMID: 32410290 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The etiologic link between pesticide toxicity and aplastic anemia in agricultural and agro-industrial setting has been frequently reported in epidemiological studies conducted worldwide. Chronic pesticide toxicity causes long-term bone marrow injury and perturbs the normal hematopoietic physiology, including survival of hematopoietic progenitor cells and bone marrow's blood cell forming ability. The purpose of this study is to understand the mechanism of pesticide toxicity-mediated bone marrow aplasia by studying Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and microenvironmental stromal components. An agricultural pesticide formulation comprising of cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, and hexaconazole was used to induce bone marrow aplasia in inbred Swiss albino mice. Marrow failure followed by the onset of aplastic condition was confirmed by pancytopenic peripheral blood and hypocellular bone marrow filled with adipocytes. Significant downregulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was identified by expression analysis of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and telomerase reverse transcriptase in the aplastic bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment. Along with signaling deregulation, disruption in both the osteoblastic and vascular stromal components was observed in the pesticide-exposed bone marrow microenvironment when compared to control. In this study, we tried to establish the correlation among disease pathophysiology, signaling deregulation in the hematopoietic cells, and bone marrow microenvironmental alteration during environmental exposure-mediated aplastic hematopoietic catastrophe, which may shed light on the unexplored mechanistic perspective of this fatal blood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukalpa Chattopadhyay
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujata Law
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Radhakrishnan N, Shankar R, Singh S. Aplastic anemia: Non-COVID casualties in the COVID-19 era. Indian J Palliat Care 2020; 26:S145-S147. [PMID: 33088105 PMCID: PMC7534995 DOI: 10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_152_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, health care for many non-COVID illnesses has inadvertently slid back. For most patients with life-threatening illnesses, the directive from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to continue the treatment for essential health services has come as a relief. However, for certain life-threatening illnesses such as aplastic anemia, the situation has been grim. We discuss the poor outcome of 2 children followed up at our center for aplastic anemia and analyze the reasons for the same.
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Yang C, Song G, Lim W. A mechanism for the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on placentation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:326-336. [PMID: 31132539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have shown that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the body of pregnant women can pass through the placenta and be exposed to the fetus, leading to fetal development and cognitive impairment. Placentation through invasion of trophoblast cells and vascular remodeling is essential to maintaining maternal and fetal health throughout the pregnancy. Abnormal placentation can lead to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). However, many studies have not been conducted on whether EDCs can inhibit the development and function of the placenta. Isolating placental tissues to analyze the effect of EDCs on placentation has several limitations. In this review, we discussed the types of EDCs that can pass through the placental barrier and accumulate in the placenta with relative outcome. EDCs can be released from a variety of products including plasticizers, pesticides, and retardant. We also discussed the development and dysfunction of the placenta when EDCs were treated on trophoblast cells or pregnant rodent models. The effects of EDCs on the placenta of livestock are also discussed, together with the molecular mechanism of EDCs acting in trophoblast cells. We describe how EDCs cross the membrane of trophoblasts to regulate signaling pathways, causing genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to changes in cell viability and invasiveness. Further studies on the effects of EDCs on placenta may draw attention to the correct use of products containing EDCs during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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Piccoli C, Cremonese C, Koifman R, Koifman S, Freire C. Occupational exposure to pesticides and hematological alterations: A survey of farm residents in the South of Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:2325-2340. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018246.13142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study sought to investigate the association of exposure to organochlorine (OC) and non-persistent pesticides with hematological parameters in an agricultural population in Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 275 farm workers and their families in Farroupilha-RS. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, duration, frequency and type of pesticide used, among others. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum concentration of 24 OC pesticides and hematological parameters. Associations were explored through linear regression, controlling for confounders. Lifetime use of chemical classes other than organophosphates and dithiocarbamates were associated with decreased number of lymphocytes, while subjects sampled in the high pesticide use season showed higher number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level. Detectable serum levels of many OC pesticides were associated with lower counts of white blood cells, particularly eosinophils. Although mostly null associations were observed between pesticide use and hematological parameters, findings may suggest that OC pesticides could lead to hematological alterations among agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Freire
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Granada, Espanha
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Prakash G, Yanamandra U, Khadwal A, Varma N, Varma S, Malhotra P. Role of Arsenic Trioxide in the Management of Aplastic Anemia. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2017; 33:534-536. [PMID: 29075064 PMCID: PMC5640547 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-017-0795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia is a common problem in the developing world with therapeutic challenges as most of the patients are non-affording to standard care owing to resource constraints. We present the results of an open label single arm, non-randomized, single center, prospective phase II trial of the compassionate use of arsenic trioxide in patients refractory to ATG or unable to afford the standard of care therapy. The study was prematurely terminated at eighth week due to non-response in 100% of patients and death in two patients. The results are contradictory to what is already published and needs validation in a multicentric setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Prakash
- Clinical Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Uday Yanamandra
- Clinical Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Alka Khadwal
- Clinical Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Neelam Varma
- Department of Hematology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Subhash Varma
- Clinical Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Clinical Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Prabha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Exposure to p, p'-DDE Induces Morphological Changes and Activation of the PKC α-p38-C/EBP β Pathway in Human Promyelocytic HL-60 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1375606. [PMID: 27833915 PMCID: PMC5090076 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1375606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), the most persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), is still present in the human population. Both are present in the bone marrow of patients with bone marrow disorders, but thus far there are no studies that assess the capability of p,p′-DDE to affect myeloid cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of p,p′-DDE on promyelocytic cell differentiation and intracellular pathways related to this event. p,p′-DDE induced morphological changes compatible with promyelocytic differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. The p,p′-DDE effect on [Ca2+]i, C/EBPβ protein levels, PKCα and p38 activation, and the role of oxidative stress or PLA2 was assayed. Exposure to 1.9 μg/mL of p,p′-DDE increased [Ca2+]i, PKCα, p38, and C/EBPβ protein levels; the increase of nuclear C/EBPβ protein was dependent on p38. PKCα phosphorylation was dependent on PLA2 and p,p′-DDE-induced oxidative stress. p38 phosphorylation induced by p,p′-DDE was dependent on PLA2, PKC activation, and oxidative stress. These effects of p,p′-DDE at concentrations found in human bone marrow may induce alterations in immature myeloid cells and could affect their cellular homeostasis. In order to establish the risk from exposure to p,p′-DDE on the development of bone marrow disorders in humans, these effects deserve further study.
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Taj M, Shah T, Aslam SK, Zaheer S, Nawab F, Shaheen S, Shafique K, Shamsi TS. Environmental determinants of aplastic anemia in Pakistan: a case-control study. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG 2016; 24:453-460. [PMID: 27695669 PMCID: PMC5025505 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-016-0743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim Aplastic anemia (AA) affects the Asian population two to three fold more than people in other regions. Besides the host genetics and socioeconomic status, several other environmental exposures have been linked with an AA etiology. We aimed to examine the association of various environmental exposures with AA occurrence among Pakistani individuals. Subjects and methods A case-control study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, where cases (diagnosed AA patients) were selected from the National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD), while for each case, a single control (who was free of AA and visited the outpatient department of the same hospital for the treatment of minor ailments) was selected matched by age and sex. A total of 428 participants were included in this study with equal proportions of cases and controls. Information related to disease characteristics, sociodemographics and exposure to chemicals was collected through a survey questionnaire, laboratory investigations and medical records. Descriptive results were reported as frequencies and proportions, adjusted odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals and population attributable risk (PAR) as percentage. Results Among study participants (n = 428), AA was significantly associated with various environmental exposures. Participants residing in rural settings (OR = 2.29, 95 % CI 1.12–4.67, p-value < 0.01) and those who reported exposure to pesticides (OR = 3.58, 95 % CI 1.27–10.10, p-value 0.01; PAR = 18.16 %) were significantly more likely to report AA. Participants with a formal education were significantly less likely to have AA (OR = 0.27, 95 % CI 0.10–0.71, p-value < 0.01). Conclusions This study observed a significant association of aplastic anemia with a lower socioeconomic profile, and certain environmental exposures among the Pakistani population. The evidence may be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia in the context of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwesh Taj
- Department of Clinical Hematology, National Institute of Blood Disease Center and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Shah
- Department of Clinical Hematology, National Institute of Blood Disease Center and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Kanwal Aslam
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Zaheer
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Nawab
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shaheen
- Department of Research and Development, National Institute of Blood Disease Center and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Shafique
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, 1-Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK G12 8RZ
| | - Tahir Sultan Shamsi
- Department of Clinical Hematology, National Institute of Blood Disease Center and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
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Malhotra P, Gella V, Guru Murthy GS, Varma N, Varma S. High incidence of aplastic anemia is linked with lower socioeconomic status of Indian population. J Public Health (Oxf) 2015; 38:223-8. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Freire C, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Hematological and hepatic alterations in Brazilian population heavily exposed to organochlorine pesticides. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:534-548. [PMID: 25849770 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.999396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hematological and hepatic alterations and possible association with serum levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), p,p'-DDE, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) among residents in an area heavily contaminated with organochlorine (OC) pesticides. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 415 male and 432 female residents aged >14 years. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for OC pesticides concentrations and biochemical parameters. Frequencies of hematological and hepatic alterations were calculated for each gender. Association between beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene), and HCB levels and presence of alterations was determined by logistic regression stratified by gender and controlling for confounders. Highest frequencies were observed for eosinophilia (23% men and 18% women), low hemoglobin (12% men and 15% women), and low erythrocyte count (12% men). High levels of bilirubin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were observed, respectively, in 10, 11, and 12% of men and <10% of women. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was elevated in 26 and 25% of males and females, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed associations between eosinophilia and beta-HCH in men (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.01-1.12) and women (OR = 1.05, 96%CI = 0.99-1.11), p,p'-DDE in men (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.99-1.06) and women (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.99-1.06), and HCB in women (OR = 1.54, 95%IC = 0.85-4.45). Beta-HCH was found to be associated with increased risk of elevated bilirubin in females (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.07-1.29) and males (OR = 4.21, 95%CI = 1.87-9.47 for fourth vs. first quintile). Thus, OC pesticides may exert adverse effects on hematopoietic tissue and liver in populations chronically exposed to high levels of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire
- a National School of Public Health , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Tago D, Andersson H, Treich N. Pesticides and Health: A Review of Evidence on Health Effects, Valuation of Risks, and Benefit-Cost Analysis. PREFERENCE MEASUREMENT IN HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/s0731-219920140000024006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gupta V, Pratap R, Kumar A, Saini I, Shukla J. Epidemiological Features of Aplastic Anemia in Indian Children. Indian J Pediatr 2013; 81:257-259. [PMID: 24122422 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-013-1242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the socio-demographic profile and clinico-hematological features of aplastic anemia in children presenting at a single institution over 5 y. METHODS Patients below the age of 15 y presenting with features of aplastic anemia were included in the study. Epidemiology, clinico-hematological features and treatment received were recorded in all the cases. Serology for hepatitis A, B, C, E, EBV, parvovirus and HIV was carried out. Cytogenetic studies were available in approximately half of the patients. RESULTS One hundred eighty five patients were diagnosed with aplastic anemia. Ten patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS) were excluded. Median age was 8 y (range 4-14 y) with a male to female ratio of 2.4:1. Pallor (100 %) followed by bleeding manifestations (83.8 %) and fever (73.5 %) were most common presenting symptoms. One hundred twenty patients (70 %) were classified as severe, 36 (21 %) very severe and 17 (9 %) non-severe aplastic anemia. Viral markers for parvovirus, Epstein barr virus and hepatitis were positive in 25.8 %, 20 % and 6.7 % patients respectively. Six patients had history of varicella infection in recent past (within 6 mo). Very few patients (30) could afford immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and had suboptimal response (29.7 %). CONCLUSIONS Majority of patients had idiopathic aplastic anemia. Very severe aplastic anemia and severe aplastic anemia were frequent. Few patients received IST and had suboptimal response. There is need to establish a national registry for aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India,
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Babushok DV, Li Y, Roth JJ, Perdigones N, Cockroft JD, Biegel JA, Mason PJ, Bessler M. Common polymorphic deletion of glutathione S-transferase theta predisposes to acquired aplastic anemia: Independent cohort and meta-analysis of 609 patients. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:862-7. [PMID: 23798465 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome, caused by autoimmune destruction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Epidemiologic studies suggest that environmental exposures and metabolic gene polymorphisms contribute to disease pathogenesis. Several case-control studies linked homozygous deletion of the glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT1) gene to AA; however, the role of GSTT1 deletion remains controversial as other studies failed to confirm the association. We asked whether a more precise relationship between the GSTT1 null polymorphism and aplastic anemia could be defined using a meta-analysis of 609 aplastic anemia patients, including an independent cohort of 67 patients from our institution. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database for studies evaluating the association between GSTT1 null genotype and development of AA. Seven studies, involving a total of 609 patients and 3,914 controls, fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis revealed a significant association of GSTT1 null genotype and AA, with an OR = 1.74 (95% CI 1.31-2.31, P < 0.0001). The effect was not driven by any one individual result, nor was there evidence of significant publication bias. The association between AA and GSTT1 deletion suggests a role of glutathione-conjugation in AA, possibly through protecting the hematopoietic compartment from endogenous metabolites or environmental exposures. We propose a model whereby protein adducts generated by reactive metabolites serve as neo-epitopes to trigger autoimmunity in aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Babushok
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Yimei Li
- Division of Oncology; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jacquelyn J. Roth
- Division of Human Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Nieves Perdigones
- Division of Hematology; Department of Pediatrics; Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua D. Cockroft
- Division of Hematology; Department of Pediatrics; Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jaclyn A. Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Philip J. Mason
- Division of Hematology; Department of Pediatrics; Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Monica Bessler
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology; Department of Pediatrics; Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Verma S, Kumar A, Siddiqui MKJ. Environmental lead exposure as a risk for childhood aplastic anemia. Biosci Trends 2011; 5:38-43. [PMID: 21422599 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2011.v5.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Concern about environmental lead exposure as a significant public health threat has increased as evidence has accumulated regarding adverse health effects at successively lower levels. Aplastic anemia is a hematological disorder of unknown etiology with a high lethality rate. Lead is a known toxicant for the hematopoietic system. Oxidative stress appears to be the possible mode of lead toxicity. We evaluated the effects of blood lead level on oxidative stress parameters in children suffering from aplastic anemia disease. Seventeen children with aplastic anemia disease (15 male and 2 female, age 3-12 y) were recruited in the study group. Fifty one healthy children (45 male and 6 female, age 3-12 y) having normal blood profiles and not suffering from any chronic disease(s) were used as controls. Blood lead level and oxidative stress parameters were determined. Mean blood lead level was significantly higher while δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity, a biomarker for lead exposure was significantly lower in the study group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05 for each). Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), a marker of lipid peroxidation, was significantly higher while the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) level was significantly lower in the study group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05 for each). Activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation of blood lead levels with δ-ALAD (r = -0.45; p < 0.05) and GSH (r = -0.32; p < 0.05), and a positive correlation with TBARS (r = 0.41; p < 0.05) and CAT (r = 0.37; p < 0.05). Although a causal pathway cannot be determined from this study, our results indicated that lead induces oxidative stress in children suffering from aplastic anemia. Lead-induced oxidative stress as an underlying mechanism for aplastic anemia warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahamed
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
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Khan FH, Ganesan P, Kumar S. Y Chromosome microdeletion and altered sperm quality in human males with high concentration of seminal hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:972-7. [PMID: 20561669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown Y chromosome microdeletions associated with male infertility. The factors responsible for Y chromosome microdeletions in spermatozoa remain unresolved. However, the environmental pollutants are known to damage DNA in differentiating and maturing germ cells in the male reproductive tract. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of seminal hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers, an environmental pollutant, in 50 fertile and 50 infertile males in relation to semen quality and the incidence of Y chromosome microdeletion in azoospermic factor (AZF) region. As compared to control, an increased HCH level and significantly decreased semen quality were observed in the infertile males. A positive significant association was found between sperm count with alpha-HCH and beta-HCH in the infertile males. A negative significant association was observed between sperm counts with gamma-HCH in asthenospermia patients and with beta-HCH and total HCH in oligo-asthenospermic patients. Out of 100 males studied, we found 10 patients with Yq deletion in AZFa and AZFc regions. Subdivision of infertile group revealed a deletion incidence of 61.5% in azoospermic patients, 11.1% in oligospermic patients and 16.6% in oligo-asthenospermic patients. The presence of Yq deletion in azoospermic patients with a significant mean difference of beta-HCH and total HCH in relation to reduced semen quality seem to corroborate with the mutagenic activity of HCH. The results of this study indicated the susceptibility of male germ line to mutagenic potential of HCH which is an acknowledged risk factor leading to spermatogenic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Haider Khan
- Molecular Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India
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Roy A, Hu H, Bellinger DC, Palaniapan K, Wright RO, Schwartz J, Balakrishnan K. Predictors of blood lead in children in Chennai, India (2005-2006). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 15:351-9. [PMID: 19886345 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2009.15.4.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Lead has been phased out of gasoline in India since 2001. However, elevated blood lead levels continue to be reported, and little is known about the predictors of lead exposure. The purpose of this study was to examine the lead burden and identify possible predictors of blood lead among children in Chennai, India after the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Subjects were children from twelve schools in Chennai. Venous blood was collected and analyzed for lead. Demographic, environmental, and nutritional information was collected using questionnaires administered to the primary caregiver. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess predictors of blood lead. We found that lead exposure remains elevated among children four or more years after the phase-out of lead from gasoline. Industrial activity, water storage vessels, and lower socio-economic status are predictors of elevated blood lead in this population, but additional work is required to better define preventable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- University of Michigan School of Public Health 109 Observatory St., 1700 SPH i, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Gan JL, Jia XP, Jia T, Lin Q, Cai WG. Distribution and change of DDT and HCH levels in oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) from coast of Guangdong, China between 2003 and 2007. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2009; 44:817-822. [PMID: 20183095 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903238657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to understand the temporal trend, the spatial distribution and the residue level of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) in bivalves from the coast of the South China in recent years. Jinjiang oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) were sampled from 15 bays along the coast of Guangdong province, China between 2003 and 2007. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector was used to quantify the contents of HCH isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH), DDT isomers (p,p'-, o,p'-DDT), p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE in the oyster tissues. The results demonstrate that annual level of DDTs in the tissue increase throughout the study, particularly between 2004 and 2006. The DDTs content in the tissue varied significantly among sampling regions and some sampling sites (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the HCHs content was significantly lower than DDTs content in the tissue (p < 0.01), and remain constant among sampling years, sampling regions and sampling sites (p > 0.10). Predominance of isomer form of DDTs and higher ratio of gamma-HCH/HCHs at some sites indicated that recent input of DDT and lindane in the coastal waters of Guangdong, which might be caused by dicofol spraying in crop planting and lacquer painting on fisher boat. In the soft tissues of the oysters, the highest content of HCHs was 1.21 ng/g (wet weight), and DDTs levels ranged from 0.11 ng/g to 76.3 ng/g (wet weight), far below the Maximum Residual Limits in China and many developed nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju L Gan
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rosas LG, Anderson HA, Bornman MS, Bouwman H, Chen A, Cohn BA, de Jager C, Henshel DS, Leipzig F, Leipzig JS, Lorenz EC, Snedeker SM, Stapleton D. The Pine River statement: human health consequences of DDT use. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1359-67. [PMID: 19750098 PMCID: PMC2737010 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used worldwide until the 1970s, when concerns about its toxic effects, its environmental persistence, and its concentration in the food supply led to use restrictions and prohibitions. In 2001, more than 100 countries signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), committing to eliminate the use of 12 POPs of greatest concern. However, DDT use was allowed for disease vector control. In 2006, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Agency for International Development endorsed indoor DDT spraying to control malaria. To better inform current policy, we reviewed epidemiologic studies published from 2003 to 2008 that investigated the human health consequences of DDT and/or DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) exposure. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION We conducted a PubMed search in October 2008 and retrieved 494 studies. DATA SYNTHESIS Use restrictions have been successful in lowering human exposure to DDT, but blood concentrations of DDT and DDE are high in countries where DDT is currently being used or was more recently restricted. The recent literature shows a growing body of evidence that exposure to DDT and its breakdown product DDE may be associated with adverse health outcomes such as breast cancer, diabetes, decreased semen quality, spontaneous abortion, and impaired neurodevelopment in children. CONCLUSIONS Although we provide evidence to suggest that DDT and DDE may pose a risk to human health, we also highlight the lack of knowledge about human exposure and health effects in communities where DDT is currently being sprayed for malaria control. We recommend research to address this gap and to develop safe and effective alternatives to DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Bian X, Liu H, Gan J, Li R, Yang J. HCH and DDT Residues in Bivalves Anodonta woodiana from the Taihu Lake, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 56:67-76. [PMID: 18465166 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present article attempts to use freshwater bivalves Anodonta woodiana for monitoring the pollution of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (o, p', p, p'-DDT) and metabolites (p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD) in the Taihu Lake, China. A total of 36 bivalves were sampled from 4 sites of Huzhou city, Dapu of Yixing city, Xueyan of Changzhou city, and Wulihu of Wuxi city around the lake in August-October 2004. The organochlorines were detected in all bivalves, and the mean concentration of SigmaDDTs (7.07 ng/g wet weight) was significantly higher than that of SigmaHCHs (2.37 ng/g wet weight). Overall, SigmaHCHs are at the highest concentrations in the bivalves from the Dapu and Huzhou site, whereas SigmaDDTs are at highest concentrations in the bivalves from the Wulihu site. Compositions of SigmaHCHs were predominated by alpha- and gamma-HCH isomers in the bivalves from all four study sites. Among these sampling sites, p, p'-DDT exhibited the highest percentage in the bivalves from Huzhou site. Furthermore, significant regional variations in compositions of both SigmaDDTs and SigmaHCHs had been identified. The residue levels of SigmaDDTs and SigmaHCHs in the bivalves of the present study were much lower than the corresponding residue limits for aquatic products of Ministry of Agriculture of China, FDA, and FAO/WHO. These findings suggest that Anodonta woodiana could serve as a unique bioindicator to monitor the HCH and DDT pollutions in the freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Bian
- College of Fisheries, Nanjing Agriculture University, Wuxi 214081, China
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Ahamed M, Kumar A, Siddiqui MKJ. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in the blood of children with aplastic anemia. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 374:176-7. [PMID: 16935276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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