1
|
Ribeiro HR, Jardim FG, Roldán MS, de Salles Painelli V, da Eira Silva V, Tritto ACC, Formalioni A, Custoias GB, Pereira WR, Solis MY, Carvalho F, Junior EP, Artioli GG. Superior bioavailability of the calcium salt form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate compared with the free acid form. Amino Acids 2024; 56:27. [PMID: 38564019 PMCID: PMC10987370 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the bioavailability of the calcium salt (HMB-Ca) and the free acid (HMB-FA) forms of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Sixteen young individuals received the following treatments on three different occasions in a counterbalanced crossover fashion: (1) HMB-FA in clear capsules; (2) HMB-Ca in gelatine capsules; (3) HMB-Ca dissolved in water. All treatments provided 1 g of HMB. Blood samples were taken before and on multiple time points following ingestion. The following parameters were calculated: peak plasma (Cmax), time to peak (Tmax), slope of HMB appearance in blood, area under the curve (AUC), half-life time (t1/2) and relative bioavailability (HMB-Ca in water set as reference). All treatments led to rapid and large increases in plasma HMB. HMB-Ca in capsules and in water showed similar plasma HMB values across time (p = 0.438). HMB-FA resulted in lower concentrations vs. the other treatments (both p < 0.001). AUC (HMB-Ca in capsules: 50,078 ± 10,507; HMB-Ca in water: 47,871 ± 10,783; HMB-FA: 29,130 ± 12,946 µmol L-1 × 720 min), Cmax (HMB-Ca in capsules: 229.2 ± 65.9; HMB-Ca in water: 249.7 ± 49.7; HMB-FA: 139.1 ± 67.2 µmol L-1) and relative bioavailability (HMB-Ca in capsules: 104.8 ± 14.9%; HMB-FA: 61.5 ± 17.0%) were lower in HMB-FA vs. HMB-Ca (all p < 0.001). HMB-Ca in water resulted in the fastest Tmax (43 ± 22 min) compared to HMB-Ca in capsules (79 ± 40 min) and HMB-FA (78 ± 21 min) (all p < 0.05), while t1/2 was similar between treatments. To conclude, HMB-Ca exhibited superior bioavailability compared to HMB-FA, with HMB-Ca in water showing faster absorption. Elimination kinetics were similar across all forms, suggesting that the pharmaceutical form of HMB affects the absorption rates, but not its distribution or elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gregório Jardim
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Sanz Roldán
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius da Eira Silva
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Aline Cristina Capparelli Tritto
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Formalioni
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovani Boldrini Custoias
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Ribeiro Pereira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Yazigi Solis
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Centre for Bioscience, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, 215 John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 5DG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meza-Valderrama D, Sánchez-Rodríguez D, Messaggi-Sartor M, Muñoz-Redondo E, Morgado-Pérez A, Tejero-Sánchez M, De Jaime-Gil E, Leiva-Banuelos N, Marco E. Supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate after resistance training in post-acute care patients with sarcopenia: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 119:105323. [PMID: 38171034 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adding β-hydroxy-β- methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation to a 12-week exercise-based rehabilitation program in older adults with sarcopenia after discharge from a post-acute geriatric rehabilitation unit. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with two parallel groups. The intervention group received 3 g/day of Ca-HMB and participated in a 12- week resistance training program (3 sessions/week). The control group received a placebo and followed the same training program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes were the improvements of handgrip strength and physical performance assessed through the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and 4-meter gait speed; and handgrip strength. All variables were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-year follow-up. RESULTS After completing the 12-week exercise program, the intervention group showed significant improvements in SPPB-Balance (1.3, 95 %CI 0.3 to 2.4) and total SPPB score (2.2, 95 %CI 0.4 to 4.0). Intra-group analysis demonstrated gains in the SPPB-Chair Stand (0.7 points, 95 %CI 0.0 to 1.4) and total SPPB score (2.1 points, 95 %CI 0.3 to 3.9) in the intervention group. Improvements in handgrip strength were observed in women (3.7 kg, 95 %CI: 0.2 to 7.3) at the end of the intervention, and persisted at the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the supplementation of 3 g/day of Ca-HMB with resistance exercise may significantly enhance muscle strength and physical performance among older women with sarcopenia after recent hospitalization. Given this study's limitations, the intervention's effectiveness cannot be drawn, and further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delky Meza-Valderrama
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, National Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vía Centenario, 0819 Panamá City, Panamá; Sistema Nacional de Investigación- Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia e Investigación, Clayton Ciudad del Saber Edificio 205, 0819 Panamá City, Panamá.
| | - Dolores Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Geriatrics Department, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Place A.Van Gehuchten 4, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health aspects of musculoskeletal health and ageing. Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Pl. du Vingt Août 7, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Monique Messaggi-Sartor
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department. Hospital del Mar - Centre Esperança. Sant Josep de la Muntanya 12, 08024 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Muñoz-Redondo
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department. Hospital del Mar - Centre Esperança. Sant Josep de la Muntanya 12, 08024 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Morgado-Pérez
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department. Hospital del Mar - Centre Esperança. Sant Josep de la Muntanya 12, 08024 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Tejero-Sánchez
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department. Hospital del Mar - Centre Esperança. Sant Josep de la Muntanya 12, 08024 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabet De Jaime-Gil
- Geriatrics Department, Hospital del Mar - Centre Fòrum, Carrer de Llull 410, 08019, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Leiva-Banuelos
- Geriatrics Department, Hospital del Mar - Centre Fòrum, Carrer de Llull 410, 08019, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ester Marco
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department. Hospital del Mar - Centre Esperança. Sant Josep de la Muntanya 12, 08024 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr Aiguader Building (Mar Campus), Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Directo D, Lee SR. Cancer Cachexia: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Metabolites 2023; 13:1024. [PMID: 37755304 PMCID: PMC10538050 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, a multifactorial metabolic syndrome developed during malignant tumor growth, is characterized by an accelerated loss of body weight accompanied by the depletion of skeletal muscle mass. This debilitating condition is associated with muscle degradation, impaired immune function, reduced functional capacity, compromised quality of life, and diminished survival in cancer patients. Despite the lack of the known capability of fully reversing or ameliorating this condition, ongoing research is shedding light on promising preclinical approaches that target the disrupted mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia. This comprehensive review delves into critical aspects of cancer cachexia, including its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, preclinical models for studying the progression of cancer cachexia, methods for clinical assessment, relevant biomarkers, and potential therapeutic strategies. These discussions collectively aim to contribute to the evolving foundation for effective, multifaceted counteractive strategies against this challenging condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Rok Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gorji AE, Ostaszewski P, Urbańska K, Sadkowski T. Does β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Have Any Potential to Support the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Humans and Animals? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2329. [PMID: 37626825 PMCID: PMC10452677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the protein reservoir of our body and an important regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis. The dystrophin gene is the largest gene and has a key role in skeletal muscle construction and function. Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy in humans, mice, dogs, and cats. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked neuromuscular condition causing progressive muscle weakness and premature death. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) prevents deleterious muscle responses under pathological conditions, including tumor and chronic steroid therapy-related muscle losses. The use of HMB as a dietary supplement allows for increasing lean weight gain; has a positive immunostimulatory effect; is associated with decreased mortality; and attenuates sarcopenia in elderly animals and individuals. This study aimed to identify some genes, metabolic pathways, and biological processes which are common for DMD and HMB based on existing literature and then discuss the consequences of that interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolvahab Ebrahimpour Gorji
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sadkowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.G.); (P.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wischmeyer PE, Bear DE, Berger MM, De Waele E, Gunst J, McClave SA, Prado CM, Puthucheary Z, Ridley EJ, Van den Berghe G, van Zanten ARH. Personalized nutrition therapy in critical care: 10 expert recommendations. Crit Care 2023; 27:261. [PMID: 37403125 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalization of ICU nutrition is essential to future of critical care. Recommendations from American/European guidelines and practice suggestions incorporating recent literature are presented. Low-dose enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN) can be started within 48 h of admission. While EN is preferred route of delivery, new data highlight PN can be given safely without increased risk; thus, when early EN is not feasible, provision of isocaloric PN is effective and results in similar outcomes. Indirect calorimetry (IC) measurement of energy expenditure (EE) is recommended by both European/American guidelines after stabilization post-ICU admission. Below-measured EE (~ 70%) targets should be used during early phase and increased to match EE later in stay. Low-dose protein delivery can be used early (~ D1-2) (< 0.8 g/kg/d) and progressed to ≥ 1.2 g/kg/d as patients stabilize, with consideration of avoiding higher protein in unstable patients and in acute kidney injury not on CRRT. Intermittent-feeding schedules hold promise for further research. Clinicians must be aware of delivered energy/protein and what percentage of targets delivered nutrition represents. Computerized nutrition monitoring systems/platforms have become widely available. In patients at risk of micronutrient/vitamin losses (i.e., CRRT), evaluation of micronutrient levels should be considered post-ICU days 5-7 with repletion of deficiencies where indicated. In future, we hope use of muscle monitors such as ultrasound, CT scan, and/or BIA will be utilized to assess nutrition risk and monitor response to nutrition. Use of specialized anabolic nutrients such as HMB, creatine, and leucine to improve strength/muscle mass is promising in other populations and deserves future study. In post-ICU setting, continued use of IC measurement and other muscle measures should be considered to guide nutrition. Research on using rehabilitation interventions such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to guide post-ICU exercise/rehabilitation prescription and using anabolic agents such as testosterone/oxandrolone to promote post-ICU recovery is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wischmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3094 Mail # 41, 2301 Erwin Road, 5692 HAFS, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Danielle E Bear
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics and Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mette M Berger
- Faculty of Biology & Medicine, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Gunst
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stephen A McClave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zudin Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma J Ridley
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 3, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Dietetics and Nutrition, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Arthur R H van Zanten
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Wageningen University & Research, Ede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wen C, Wu M, Zhang Z, Liu G, Liang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Li Y, Ren J, Xu X. Effects of casein phosphopeptides on thermal stability and sensory quality of whey protein emulsions containing calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125023. [PMID: 37245758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the effect of casein phosphopeptides (CPP) on the thermal stability and sensory quality of whey protein emulsions containing calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (WPEs-HMB-Ca). The interaction mechanism among CPP, HMBCa, and WP in the emulsions before and after autoclaving (121 °C, 15 min) was systematically investigated from macroscopic external and microscopic molecular perspectives. It was found that WPEs-HMB-Ca treated by autoclaving resulted in an increase in droplet size (d4,3 = 24.09 μm) due to aggregation/flocculation of proteins, along with a stronger odor with higher viscosity, compared to those without autoclaving. When CPP:HMB-Ca = 1:25 (w/w) in the emulsion, the droplets exhibited a more uniform and consistent state in the emulsion. In addition, CPP was able to inhibit the formation of complex spatial network structures of proteins during autoclaving by binding with Ca2+, thus improving the thermal stability and storage stability of WPEs-HMB-Ca. This work might provide theoretical guidance for developing functional milk drinks with good thermal stability and flavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoting Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Maowei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Youdong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China..
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Impact of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) in critically ill patients on the endocrine axis - A post-hoc cohort study of the HMB-ICU trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 53:1-6. [PMID: 36657898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) might improve muscle function and maintain its mass in critically ill patients. We aimed to investigate whether the administration of HMB influenced the plasma levels of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), C-peptide, and 25-OH vitamin-D. METHODS Post-hoc analysis of the study HMB-ICU, a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. INCLUSION CRITERIA Intensive care unit (ICU) patients depending on mechanical ventilation on day 3 with functional gastrointestinal tract. Patients were randomized to HMB (3 g/day) or placebo (maltodextrin) from day 4 on, for 30 days. Blood samples were collected on days 4 and 15. We determined the GH, C-peptide, 25-OH vitamin-D, and IGF-1. Statistics by ANCOVA. RESULTS Blood samples of 26 patients were available on day 4, and 23 on day 15. While age and severity of disease did not differ, diabetes was more frequent in the HMB group (p = 0.041), and obesity was more frequent in the placebo group (p = 0.021). Glucose intake, blood glucose (BG) and amount of insulin to maintain blood glucose between 6 and 8 mM did not differ between groups. There was no difference between groups for C-peptide, GH, IGF-1, and 25-OH vitamin-D. IGF-1 increased significantly from day 4-15 (p = 0.026) in both groups. CONCLUSION Subject to possible insufficient power of the study, we did not reach conclusive results. HMB intervention does not affect significantly the plasma concentrations of insulin, GH/IGF axis activity, C-peptide, and 25-OH vitamin-D. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03628365.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fairfield WD, Minton DM, Elliehausen CJ, Nichol AD, Cook TL, Rathmacher JA, Pitchford LM, Paluska SA, Kuchnia AJ, Allen JM, Konopka AR. Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Impact of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Plus Vitamin D 3 on Skeletal Muscle Health in Middle Aged Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:4674. [PMID: 36364934 PMCID: PMC9658601 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, can increase skeletal muscle size and function. However, HMB may be less effective at improving muscle function in people with insufficient Vitamin D3 (25-OH-D < 30 ng/mL) which is common in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that combining HMB plus Vitamin D3 (HMB + D) supplementation would improve skeletal muscle size, composition, and function in middle-aged women. In a double-blinded fashion, women (53 ± 1 yrs, 26 ± 1 kg/m2, n = 43) were randomized to take placebo or HMB + D (3 g Calcium HMB + 2000 IU D per day) during 12 weeks of sedentary behavior (SED) or resistance exercise training (RET). On average, participants entered the study Vitamin D3 insufficient while HMB + D increased 25-OH-D to sufficient levels after 8 and 12 weeks. In SED, HMB + D prevented the loss of arm lean mass observed with placebo. HMB + D increased muscle volume and decreased intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) volume in the thigh compared to placebo but did not change muscle function. In RET, 12-weeks of HMB + D decreased IMAT compared to placebo but did not influence the increase in skeletal muscle volume or function. In summary, HMB + D decreased IMAT independent of exercise status and may prevent the loss or increase muscle size in a small cohort of sedentary middle-aged women. These results lend support to conduct a longer duration study with greater sample size to determine the validity of the observed positive effects of HMB + D on IMAT and skeletal muscle in a small cohort of middle-aged women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Fairfield
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dennis M. Minton
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christian J. Elliehausen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alexander D. Nichol
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Taylor L. Cook
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | - Scott A. Paluska
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam J. Kuchnia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jacob M. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam R. Konopka
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phillips SM, Lau KJ, D'Souza AC, Nunes EA. An umbrella review of systematic reviews of β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate supplementation in ageing and clinical practice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2265-2275. [PMID: 35818771 PMCID: PMC9530546 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is proposed to increase or mitigate the loss of skeletal muscle and improve muscle function. We undertook a review of systematic reviews of HMB supplementation to promote gains or mitigate muscle loss in ageing and clinical populations. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched for systematic reviews reporting the effect of HMB in our target populations. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured lean soft-tissue mass (LSTM) was accepted as a proxy for muscle. We identified 15 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria, which were independently evaluated. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), and standardized effectiveness statements were generated. Five of 15 studies found some evidence that HMB augmented LSTM; the remaining 10 studies reported some evidence favouring no difference (6/10 studies) or insufficient evidence to determine an effect (4/10 studies). Of the 12 studies that evaluated strength, 4/12 found some evidence, 5/12 found some evidence of no effect with one article finding some evidence in favour of patients in peri-hospitalized and no evidence for those that are community-dwelling, 4/12 had insufficient evidence to determine an effect, and 1/12 had insufficient evidence. No]study reported a positive effect of HMB on physical function; however, 2/10 studies found some evidence favouring no effect, and 7/10 studies reported insufficient evidence to determine an effect. The effectiveness of HMB supplementation in augmenting LSTM was heterogeneous, with most reviews finding no effect or inconclusive evidence to determine an effect. Most reviews concluded that HMB supplementation did not affect strength outcome measures or studies were inconclusive. The current evidence is insufficient to assess the impact of HMB supplementation on functional outcome measures. Our analysis shows minor, inconsistent support for HMB as part of an oral nutritional supplement or as a stand-alone supplement (or combined with other amino acids) to increase or promote retention of LSTM, improve strength, and no evidence that it improves physical function in older persons or clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J Lau
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Everson A Nunes
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nilsson MI, Crozier M, Di Carlo A, Xhuti D, Manta K, Roik LJ, Bujak AL, Nederveen JP, Tarnopolsky MG, Hettinga B, Meena NK, Raben N, Tarnopolsky MA. Nutritional co-therapy with 1,3-butanediol and multi-ingredient antioxidants enhances autophagic clearance in Pompe disease. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:228-240. [PMID: 35718712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alglucosidase alpha is an orphan drug approved for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in Pompe disease (PD); however, its efficacy is limited in skeletal muscle because of a partial blockage of autophagic flux that hinders intracellular trafficking and enzyme delivery. Adjunctive therapies that enhance autophagic flux and protect mitochondrial integrity may alleviate autophagic blockage and oxidative stress and thereby improve ERT efficacy in PD. In this study, we compared the benefits of ERT combined with a ketogenic diet (ERT-KETO), daily administration of an oral ketone precursor (1,3-butanediol; ERT-BD), a multi-ingredient antioxidant diet (ERT-MITO; CoQ10, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, beetroot extract, HMB, creatine, and citrulline), or co-therapy with the ketone precursor and multi-ingredient antioxidants (ERT-BD-MITO) on skeletal muscle pathology in GAA-KO mice. We found that two months of 1,3-BD administration raised circulatory ketone levels to ≥1.2 mM, attenuated autophagic buildup in type 2 muscle fibers, and preserved muscle strength and function in ERT-treated GAA-KO mice. Collectively, ERT-BD was more effective vs. standard ERT and ERT-KETO in terms of autophagic clearance, dampening of oxidative stress, and muscle maintenance. However, the addition of multi-ingredient antioxidants (ERT-BD-MITO) provided the most consistent benefits across all outcome measures and normalized mitochondrial protein expression in GAA-KO mice. We therefore conclude that nutritional co-therapy with 1,3-butanediol and multi-ingredient antioxidants may provide an alternative to ketogenic diets for inducing ketosis and enhancing autophagic flux in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mats I Nilsson
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Crozier
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald Xhuti
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Manta
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liza J Roik
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam L Bujak
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bart Hettinga
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naresh K Meena
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nina Raben
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engelen MPKJ. Editorial: The role of targeted nutritional modulation alongside exercise rehabilitation to improve systemic health outcomes in chronic diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022; 25:133-135. [PMID: 35762171 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wittholz K, Fetterplace K, Ali Abdelhamid Y, Presneill JJ, Beach L, Thomson B, Read D, Koopman R, Deane AM. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and functional outcomes in multi-trauma patients: a study protocol for a pilot randomised clinical trial (BOOST trial). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:21. [PMID: 35101139 PMCID: PMC8802472 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-00990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no therapies proven to diminish the muscle wasting that occurs in patients after major trauma who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a nutrition intervention that may attenuate muscle loss and, thereby, improve recovery. The primary aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of a blinded randomised clinical trial of HMB supplementation to patients after major trauma who are admitted to the ICU. Secondary aims are to establish estimates for the impact of HMB when compared to placebo on muscle mass and nutrition-related patient outcomes. Methods This prospective, single-centre, blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, feasibility trial with allocation concealment will recruit 50 participants over 18 months. After informed consent, participants will be randomised [1:1] to receive either the intervention (three grams of HMB dissolved in either 150 ml of orange juice for those allowed oral intake or 150 ml of water for those being enterally fed) or placebo (150 ml of orange juice for those allowed oral intake or 150 ml of water for those being enterally fed). The intervention will be commenced in ICU, continued after ICU discharge and ceased at hospital discharge or day 28 post randomisation, whichever occurs first. The primary outcome is the feasibility of administering the intervention. Secondary outcomes include change in muscle thickness using ultrasound and other nutritional and patient-centred outcomes. Discussion This study aims to determine the feasibility of administering HMB to critically ill multi-trauma patients throughout ICU admission until hospital discharge. Results will inform design of a larger randomised clinical trial. Trial registration The protocol is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ANZCTR: 12620001305910. UTN: U1111-1259-5534.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tanaka K, Nakamura S, Narimatsu H. Nutritional Approach to Cancer Cachexia: A Proposal for Dietitians. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020345. [PMID: 35057531 PMCID: PMC8779386 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is one of the most common, related factors of malnutrition in cancer patients. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by persistent loss of skeletal muscle mass and fat mass, resulting in irreversible and progressive functional impairment. The skeletal muscle loss cannot be reversed by conventional nutritional support, and a combination of anti-inflammatory agents and other nutrients is recommended. In this review, we reviewed the effects of nutrients that are expected to combat muscle loss caused by cancer cachexia (eicosapentaenoic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and carnitine) to propose nutritional approaches that can be taken at present. Current evidence is based on the intake of nutrients as supplements; however, the long-term and continuous intake of nutrients as food has the potential to be useful for the body. Therefore, in addition to conventional nutritional support, we believe that it is important for the dietitian to work with the clinical team to first fully assess the patient’s condition and then to safely incorporate nutrients that are expected to have specific functions for cancer cachexia from foods and supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotone Tanaka
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services 1-10-1 Heiseicho, Yokosuka-shi 238-0013, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention and Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.N.); (H.N.)
- Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 3-25-10 Research Gate Building 2-A, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroto Narimatsu
- Cancer Prevention and Control Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan; (S.N.); (H.N.)
- Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 3-25-10 Research Gate Building 2-A, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Busse NI, Gonzalez ML, Krason ML, Johnson SE. β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation to adult Thoroughbred geldings increases type IIA fiber content in the gluteus medius. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6369571. [PMID: 34516615 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) alters muscle composition and metabolism leading to strength and agility improvements in human athletes. To determine if HMB affects athletic performance and muscle function in horses, Thoroughbred geldings were fed a control (CON; n = 5) or HMB (n = 6) supplement for 6 wk prior to completing a standardized exercise test (SET). Gluteus medius (GM) muscle biopsies were obtained before the SET for fiber typing. Heart rate, biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) surface electromyograms (EMG), and fore and hind limbs metacarpophalangeal joint angles were captured at the gallop of the SET. Results demonstrate that HMB supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of type IIA and IIA/X muscle fibers in the GM with a corresponding decrease (P < 0.05) in type IIX fibers. The percentage of type I fibers was unaffected by diet. Supplementation with HMB did not result in any measurable effects on performance or biomechanical properties by comparison to CON. Supplementation with HMB resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in ST median frequency at speeds of 10 m/s and greater. Increasing treadmill speed resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in stride length and the maximal proximal forelimb fetlock angle, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in stance phase time of the gait cycle. Integrated EMG (iEMG) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing treadmill speeds for both the BF and ST with the BF exhibiting greater (P < 0.05) iEMG values than the ST. In summary, HMB increased the percentage of type IIA GM fibers, which did not translate into improved performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Busse
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Madison L Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Krason
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ten Have GAM, Jansen L, Schooneman MG, Engelen MPKJ, Deutz NEP. Metabolic flux analysis of branched-chain amino and keto acids (BCAA, BCKA) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid across multiple organs in the pig. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E629-E640. [PMID: 33522397 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00384.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and their metabolites the branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) are involved in the regulation of key signaling pathways in the anabolic response to a meal. However, their (inter)organ kinetics remain unclear. Therefore, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) [leucine (Leu), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile)], BCKA [α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (KMV), 2-oxoisovalerate (KIV)], and HMB across organ net fluxes were measured. In multi-catheterized pigs (n = 12, ±25 kg), net fluxes across liver, portal drained viscera (PDV), kidney, and hindquarter (HQ, muscle compartment) were measured before and 4 h after bolus feeding of a complete meal (30% daily intake) in conscious state. Arterial and venous plasma were collected and concentrations were measured by LC- or GC-MS/MS. Data are expressed as mean [95% CI] and significance (P < 0.05) from zero by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. In the postabsorptive state (in nmol/kg body wt/min), the kidney takes up HMB (3.2[1.3,5.0]) . BCKA is taken up by PDV (144[13,216]) but no release by other organs. In the postprandial state, the total net fluxes over 4 h (in µmol/kg body wt/4 h) showed a release of all BCKA by HQ (46.2[34.2,58.2]), KIC by the PDV (12.3[7.0,17.6]), and KIV by the kidney (10.0[2.3,178]). HMB was released by the liver (0.76[0.49,1.0]). All BCKA were taken up by the liver (200[133,268]). Substantial differences are present in (inter)organ metabolism and transport among the BCAA and its metabolites BCKA and HMB. The presented data in a translation animal model are relevant for the future development of optimized clinical nutrition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and their metabolites the branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) are involved in the regulation of key signaling pathways in the anabolic response to a meal. Substantial differences are present in (inter)organ metabolism and transport among the BCAA and its metabolites BCKA and HMB. The presented data in a translation animal model are relevant for the future development of optimized clinical nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas
| | - Lisa Jansen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas
| | - Marieke G Schooneman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kirk B, Prokopidis K, Duque G. Nutrients to mitigate osteosarcopenia: the role of protein, vitamin D and calcium. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:25-32. [PMID: 33148944 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteosarcopenia (the joint loss of bone density and muscle mass and function) is an emerging geriatric syndrome, which associates with poor health outcomes. Several nutrients including protein, vitamin D and calcium interact (directly or through absorption properties) to regulate muscle and bone metabolism. We provided an update on the efficacy of these nutrients on musculoskeletal outcomes in older adults with, or at risk of, osteosarcopenia. RECENT FINDINGS Randomized trials show that correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) increases bone density and reduces fracture (but not falls) risk. Supplementing above the RDA with protein supports gains in lean mass and lumbar-spine bone density; however, there is inconclusive evidence for muscle strength, physical function or other bone density sites. A likely explanation for this relates to the significant heterogeneity between trials regarding protein dose, type and timing, as well as baseline protein intake. Further high-quality trials are needed in older osteosarcopenic adults to investigate the effects of protein (while correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies) on clinically meaningful outcomes such as activities of daily living, falls and fractures. SUMMARY An adequate intake of protein (1.2-1.5 g/kg/day), vitamin D (800 IU/day) and calcium (1000-1200 mg/day), is well tolerated and effective at mitigating some aspects of osteosarcopenia such as lean mass, bone density and fracture risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng LN, Cheng YC, Yu PC, Lee WJ, Lin MH, Chen LK. Oral Nutritional Supplement with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Improves Nutrition, Physical Performance and Ameliorates Intramuscular Adiposity in Pre-Frail Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:767-773. [PMID: 34179932 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Supplementation of high protein oral nutrition shakes supplemented with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HP-HMB) has been shown to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults, but the roles of HP-HMB supplementation on the intramuscular adiposity remained unknown. This 12-week randomized controlled trial evaluated the changes of muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance and intramuscular adiposity among community-dwelling pre-frail older persons. METHODS This was an open-label, parallel group, randomized controlled trail that enrolled 70 community-dwelling pre-frail older persons without active or uncontrolled conditions, disability or dementia. The intervention group was provided with two services of HP HMB (Ensure® Plus Advance containing 3g HMB) per day for 12 weeks, and the control group was provided with professional nutritional counselling for sufficient protein intake. All participants received functional assessments, laboratory tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the dominant leg before and after study. Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and the mid-thigh cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle were obtained by MRI, and the IMAT-to-CSA ratio was calculated to evaluate intramuscular adiposity. RESULTS Overall, 62 participants (mean age: 71.1±3.8 years, 69.4% female) completed the study (HP-HMB group: 29, control group: 33) and comparisons of baseline characteristics between groups were not statistically different. For the primary outcome, HP-HMB group showed significant improvements in the CSA of mid-thigh muscle (mean increase of CSA: 149.1±272.3 for HMB group vs -22.9±309.1 mm2 for control group, P=0.045). The improvement of MNA-SF was borderline (0.28±0.75 vs. -0.15±0.94, P=0.064), but serum levels of Vit D were significantly increased in the HMB group (3.83±8.18 vs. -1.30±4.81 ng/mL, P=0.002). Moreover, the body weight and BMI were significantly increased in the HMB group (1.10±1.18 vs. 0.24±1.13 kg, P=0.005; 0.56±0.68 vs. 0.22±0.47 kg/m2, P=0.019). In particular, the IMAT-to-CSA ratio was reduced in the HMB group (-0.38±1.21 vs. -0.02±2.56 %, P=0.06). Using the generalized estimating equation, we found that SPPB score in chair rise test was significantly improved (β=0.71, 95% C.I.0.09-1.33, P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS The 12-week supplementation with high protein oral nutrition shake supplemented with 3g HMB per day significantly increased muscle mass, as well as nutritional status and physical performance, and ameliorated the intramuscular adiposity of pre-frail older persons. Further study is needed to explore the long-term benefits of HP-HMB supplementation on muscle and metabolic health for older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L-N Peng
- Prof. Liang-Kung Chen, Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei Taiwan; No. 201, Sec 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, TEL: +886-2-2877830; FAX: +886-6-28757711,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bear DE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Stout JR. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation in older persons - an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:48-52. [PMID: 33148945 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The interest in the use of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) as an intervention to prevent and treat sarcopenia has increased over recent years. The purpose of this review is to explore recent evidence pertaining to the mechanism of action of HMB and how this may influence changes in lean mass and strength in older persons who are both hospitalized and living in the community. RECENT FINDINGS No new studies have been published over the last 2 years investigating the effect of HMB in older persons who are hospitalized, aside from one posthoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of a high protein oral nutrition supplement containing HMB on handgrip strength and nutritional status. Three studies recruiting community-dwelling older adults have been published, but results are influenced by suboptimal methodological quality. SUMMARY Recent data suggest the need for high-quality studies investigating the effectiveness of HMB to improve outcomes related to sarcopenia in both hospitalized and community-dwelling older persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Bear
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics and Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Petrocelli JJ, Drummond MJ. PGC-1α-Targeted Therapeutic Approaches to Enhance Muscle Recovery in Aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228650. [PMID: 33233350 PMCID: PMC7700690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired muscle recovery (size and strength) following a disuse period commonly occurs in older adults. Many of these individuals are not able to adequately exercise due to pain and logistic barriers. Thus, nutritional and pharmacological therapeutics, that are translatable, are needed to promote muscle recovery following disuse in older individuals. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) may be a suitable therapeutic target due to pleiotropic regulation of skeletal muscle. This review focuses on nutritional and pharmacological interventions that target PGC-1α and related Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) signaling in muscle and thus may be rapidly translated to prevent muscle disuse atrophy and promote recovery. In this review, we present several therapeutics that target PGC-1α in skeletal muscle such as leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbuyrate (HMB), arginine, resveratrol, metformin and combination therapies that may have future application to conditions of disuse and recovery in humans.
Collapse
|
22
|
Herrod PJJ, Gharahdaghi N, Rudrappa SS, Phillips HG, Ranat RA, Hardy EJO, Rathmacher JA, Atherton PJ, Phillips BE. The impact of acute beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) ingestion on glucose and insulin kinetics in young and older men. J Funct Foods 2020; 73:104163. [PMID: 33101462 PMCID: PMC7573812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a key feature in the development of numerous metabolic diseases. The cornerstone for treatment for IR remains diet and exercise, however these have poor rates of adherence. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a nutraceutical with contentious effects on IR in animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of acute HMB on IR in humans during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Young and older male volunteers underwent two 75 g OGTT with or without 3 g HMB. In young men, HMB significantly reduced the insulin area-under-the-curve (AUC), with no difference in glucose AUC, resulting in a numerical increase in the Cederholm index of insulin sensitivity. In older men, HMB had no effect on insulin or glucose responses. In conclusion, acute HMB may improve IR following a glucose load in young men; however, this does not appear to be sustained into older age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J J Herrod
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Supreeth S Rudrappa
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Hannah G Phillips
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Reesha A Ranat
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Edward J O Hardy
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - John A Rathmacher
- Metabolic Technologies Inc., Iowa State University Research Park, Iowa, USA
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mirzoev TM. Skeletal Muscle Recovery from Disuse Atrophy: Protein Turnover Signaling and Strategies for Accelerating Muscle Regrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217940. [PMID: 33114683 PMCID: PMC7663166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers have a unique capacity to adjust their metabolism and phenotype in response to alternations in mechanical loading. Indeed, chronic mechanical loading leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, while prolonged mechanical unloading results in a significant decrease in muscle mass (muscle atrophy). The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is dependent on the balance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. While molecular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis during mechanical unloading have been relatively well studied, signaling events implicated in protein turnover during skeletal muscle recovery from unloading are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular events that underpin muscle mass recovery following disuse-induced atrophy is of significant importance for both clinical and space medicine. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the activation of protein synthesis and subsequent restoration of muscle mass after a period of mechanical unloading. In addition, the efficiency of strategies proposed to improve muscle protein gain during recovery is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow 123007, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rathmacher JA, Pitchford LM, Khoo P, Angus H, Lang J, Lowry K, Ruby C, Krajek AC, Fuller JC, Sharp RL. Long-term Effects of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Muscular Function in Older Adults With and Without Resistance Training: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:2089-2097. [PMID: 32857128 PMCID: PMC7566440 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and vitamin D3 (D) would enhance muscle function and strength in older adults. Older adults over 60 years of age with insufficient circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OH-D) levels were enrolled in a double-blinded controlled 12-month study. Study participants were randomly assigned to treatments consisting of: (a) Control + no exercise, (b) HMB+D + no exercise, (c) Control + exercise, and (d) HMB+D + exercise. The study evaluated 117 participants via multiple measurements over the 12 months that included body composition, strength, functionality, and questionnaires. HMB+D had a significant benefit on lean body mass within the nonexercise group at 6 months (0.44 ± 0.27 kg, HMB+D vs −0.33 ± 0.28 kg, control, p < .05). In nonexercisers, improvement in knee extension peak torque (60°/s) was significantly greater in HMB+D-supplemented participants than in the nonsupplemented group (p = .04) at 3 months, 10.9 ± 5.7 Nm and −5.2 ± 5.9 Nm, respectively. A composite functional index, integrating changes in handgrip, Get Up, and Get Up and Go measurements, was developed. HMB+D + no exercise resulted in significant increases in the functional index compared with those observed in the control + no exercise group at 3 (p = .03), 6 (p = .04), and 12 months (p = .04). Supplementation with HMB+D did not further improve the functional index within the exercising group. This study demonstrated the potential of HMB and vitamin D3 supplementation to enhance muscle strength and physical functionality in older adults, even in individuals not engaged in an exercise training program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Rathmacher
- MTI BioTech, Inc., Iowa State University Research Park, Ames.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Lisa M Pitchford
- MTI BioTech, Inc., Iowa State University Research Park, Ames.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Paul Khoo
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Hector Angus
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - James Lang
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Kristin Lowry
- Department of Physical Therapy, Des Moines University
| | - Carol Ruby
- Department of Physical Therapy, Des Moines University
| | - Alex C Krajek
- Department of Physical Therapy, Des Moines University
| | | | - Rick L Sharp
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity: interactive influences on skeletal muscle proteostasis. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:106-117. [PMID: 33023679 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein is a pre-requisite for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass; stimulating increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS), via essential amino acids (EAA), and attenuating muscle protein breakdown, via insulin. Muscles are receptive to the anabolic effects of dietary protein, and in particular the EAA leucine, for only a short period (i.e. about 2-3 h) in the rested state. Thereafter, MPS exhibits tachyphylaxis despite continued EAA availability and sustained mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling. Other notable characteristics of this 'muscle full' phenomenon include: (i) it cannot be overcome by proximal intake of additional nutrient signals/substrates regulating MPS; meaning a refractory period exists before a next stimulation is possible, (ii) it is refractory to pharmacological/nutraceutical enhancement of muscle blood flow and thus is not induced by muscle hypo-perfusion, (iii) it manifests independently of whether protein intake occurs in a bolus or intermittent feeding pattern, and (iv) it does not appear to be dependent on protein dose per se. Instead, the main factor associated with altering muscle full is physical activity. For instance, when coupled to protein intake, resistance exercise delays the muscle full set-point to permit additional use of available EAA for MPS to promote muscle remodelling/growth. In contrast, ageing is associated with blunted MPS responses to protein/exercise (anabolic resistance), while physical inactivity (e.g. immobilisation) induces a premature muscle full, promoting muscle atrophy. It is crucial that in catabolic scenarios, anabolic strategies are sought to mitigate muscle decline. This review highlights regulatory protein turnover interactions by dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bennett BT, Mohamed JS, Alway SE. The Effects of Calcium- β-Hydroxy- β-Methylbutyrate on Aging-Associated Apoptotic Signaling and Muscle Mass and Function in Unloaded but Nonatrophied Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscles of Aged Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3938672. [PMID: 32774671 PMCID: PMC7396042 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3938672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), a naturally occurring leucine metabolite, has been shown to attenuate plantar flexor muscle loss and increase myogenic stem cell activation during reloading after a period of significant muscle wasting by disuse in old rodents. However, it was less clear if HMB would alter dorsiflexor muscle response to unloading or reloading when there was no significant atrophy that was induced by unloading. In this study, we tested if calcium HMB (Ca-HMB) would improve muscle function and alter apoptotic signaling in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of aged animals that were unloaded but did not undergo atrophy. The EDL muscle was unloaded for 14 days by hindlimb suspension (HS) in aged (34-36 mo.) male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats. The rats were removed from HS and allowed normal cage ambulation for 14 days of reloading (R). Throughout the study, the rats were gavaged daily with 170 mg of Ca-HMB or water 7 days prior to HS, then throughout 14 days of HS and 14 days of recovery after removing HS. The animals' body weights were significantly reduced by ~18% after 14 days of HS and continued to decline by ~22% during R as compared to control conditions; however, despite unloading, EDL did not atrophy by HS, nor did it increase in mass after R. No changes were observed in EDL twitch contraction time, force production, fatigue resistance, fiber cross-sectional area, or markers of nuclear apoptosis (myonuclei + satellite cells) after HS or R. While HS and R increased the proapoptotic Bax protein abundance, BCL-2 abundance was also increased as was the frequency of TUNEL-positive myonuclei and satellite cells, yet muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area did not change and Ca-HMB treatment had no effect reducing apoptotic signaling. These data indicate that (i) increased apoptotic signaling preceded muscle atrophy or occurred without significant EDL atrophy and (ii) that Ca-HMB treatment did not improve EDL signaling, muscle mass, or muscle function in aged rats, when HS and R did not impact mass or function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Bennett
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA 26506
| | - Junaith S. Mohamed
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Laboratory of Nerve and Muscle, Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
| | - Stephen E. Alway
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA 26506
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mangine GT, VanDusseldorp TA, Hester GM, Julian JM, Feito Y. The addition of β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) to creatine monohydrate supplementation does not improve anthropometric and performance maintenance across a collegiate rugby season. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:28. [PMID: 32460801 PMCID: PMC7254750 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscular damage sustained while playing rugby may hinder performance across a season. β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) may help attenuate muscle damage and maintain lean mass and performance. This study sought to determine the effect of combining HMB with creatine monohydrate supplementation on measures of stress and muscle damage, body composition, strength and sprinting kinetics throughout a rugby season. METHODS This double-blind, cross-over investigation recruited 16 male collegiate rugby players to provide resting blood samples and complete assessments of body composition, strength and sprinting performance prior to their fall season (PREFALL). After testing, the athletes were matched for fat-free mass and assigned to consume one of two supplementation regimens for 6 weeks: 5 g HMB + 5 g creatine per day (HMB-Cr: 20.9 ± 1.1 years; 177 ± 2 cm; 88.4 ± 4.9 kg) or 5 g creatine + 5 g placebo per day (Cr: 21.4 ± 2.1 years; 179 ± 2 cm; 88.3 ± 4.9 kg). After 6 weeks (POSTFALL), PREFALL testing was repeated in 13 of the original 16 athletes before a 10-wk wash-out period. Athletes who returned for the spring season (n = 8) repeated all fall-season procedures and testing prior to (PRESPRING) and following (POSTSPRING) their 6-wk spring season, except they were assigned to the opposite supplementation regimen. RESULTS Linear mixed models with repeated measures revealed group x time interactions (p < 0.05) for observed for several measures but did not consistently and positively favor one group. During the fall season, knee extensor peak torque was reduced by 40.7 ± 28.1 Nm (p = 0.035) for HMB-Cr but remained consistent for Cr, and no group differences or changes were noted in the spring. In the spring, greater knee flexor rate of torque development (~ 149 Nm·sec- 1, p = 0.003) and impulse (~ 4.5 Nm·sec, p = 0.022) were observed in Cr at PRESPRING but not at POSTSPRING. Although significant interactions were found for cortisol concentrations, vastus lateralis pennation angle, and sprinting force, post-hoc analysis only revealed differences between fall and spring seasons. No other differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS The combination of HMB and creatine monohydrate supplementation does not provide a greater ergogenic benefit compared to creatine monohydrate supplementation alone. Body composition, strength, and sprinting ability did not change across the season with creatine monohydrate supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia.
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia
| | - Garrett M Hester
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia
| | - Jennifer M Julian
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marshall RN, Smeuninx B, Morgan PT, Breen L. Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051533. [PMID: 32466126 PMCID: PMC7284346 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity is essential for healthy ageing. Transient periods of disuse and/or inactivity in combination with sub-optimal dietary intake have been shown to accelerate the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, predisposing to disability and metabolic disease. Mechanisms underlying disuse and/or inactivity-related muscle deterioration in the older adults, whilst multifaceted, ultimately manifest in an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, resulting in net muscle loss. To date, the most potent intervention to mitigate disuse-induced muscle deterioration is mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. However, the feasibility of older individuals performing resistance exercise during disuse and inactivity has been questioned, particularly as illness and injury may affect adherence and safety, as well as accessibility to appropriate equipment and physical therapists. Therefore, optimising nutritional intake during disuse events, through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated proteins and nutrient compounds with purported pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties could offset impairments in muscle protein turnover and, ultimately, the degree of muscle atrophy and recovery upon re-ambulation. The current review therefore aims to provide an overview of nutritional countermeasures to disuse atrophy and anabolic resistance in older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4109
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jakubowski JS, Nunes EA, Teixeira FJ, Vescio V, Morton RW, Banfield L, Phillips SM. Supplementation with the Leucine Metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) does not Improve Resistance Exercise-Induced Changes in Body Composition or Strength in Young Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051523. [PMID: 32456217 PMCID: PMC7285233 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite that is purported to increase fat-free mass (FFM) gain and performance in response to resistance exercise training (RET). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of HMB supplementation in augmenting FFM and strength gains during RET in young adults. Outcomes investigated were: total body mass (TBM), FFM, fat mass (FM), total single repetition maximum (1RM), bench press (BP) 1RM, and lower body (LwB) 1RM. Databases consulted were: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Excerpta Medica database (Embase), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and SportDiscus. Fourteen studies fit the inclusion criteria; however, 11 were analyzed after data extraction and funnel plot analysis exclusion. A total of 302 participants (18-45 y) were included in body mass and composition analysis, and 248 were included in the strength analysis. A significant effect was found on TBM. However, there were no significant effects for FFM, FM, or strength outcomes. We conclude that HMB produces a small effect on TBM gain, but this effect does not translate into significantly greater increases in FFM, strength or decreases in FM during periods of RET. Our findings do not support the use of HMB aiming at improvement of body composition or strength with RET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S. Jakubowski
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.S.J.); (E.A.N.); (V.V.); (R.W.M.)
| | - Everson A. Nunes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.S.J.); (E.A.N.); (V.V.); (R.W.M.)
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Campo Grande, 1749 024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Victoria Vescio
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.S.J.); (E.A.N.); (V.V.); (R.W.M.)
| | - Robert W. Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.S.J.); (E.A.N.); (V.V.); (R.W.M.)
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.S.J.); (E.A.N.); (V.V.); (R.W.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 24465)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gonzalez AM, Church DD, Townsend JR, Bagheri R. Emerging Nutritional Supplements for Strength and Hypertrophy: An Update of the Current Literature. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal muscle wasting during critical illness is the result of disturbed metabolism. No proven effective interventions targeting skeletal muscle mass and function during critical illness currently exist. This review summarizes recent advances regarding the complexity of metabolic factors involved and the challenge of establishing the clinical effects of metabolic interventions targeting the muscle. RECENT FINDINGS Although the catabolic state is limited to the acute phase of critical illness, its subsequent impact on muscle mass and function persists long after ICU discharge. Immobilization, inflammation and disturbed muscle energy and nutrient metabolism are key drivers of muscle protein loss. Current research focuses on the effects of enhanced protein provision, specific substrate delivery and physical exercise. Whilst some interventions have been successful at improving muscle mass, these effects do not always carry over into muscle function or strength. SUMMARY Increased understanding of metabolic derangements during critical illness provides new potential targets for treatment. The potential of dietary protein to attenuate the muscle protein catabolic state has yet to be established in clinical trials. Basic research should focus on ways to further improve the anabolic potential of nutrition by unravelling mechanisms that regulate anabolic and catabolic pathways and energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J.J. van Gassel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel C.G. van de Poll
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Engelen MPKJ, Jonker R, Thaden JJ, Ten Have GAM, Jeon MS, Dasarathy S, Deutz NEP. Comprehensive metabolic flux analysis to explain skeletal muscle weakness in COPD. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3056-3065. [PMID: 32035752 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic characterization of a well-defined group of patients could be a powerful tool in revealing metabolic signatures to explain limb muscle weakness in chronic diseases. Studies are currently limited in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) to the identification of differential amino acid concentrations but lack comprehensive analysis of the flux through relevant muscle function related metabolic pathways. METHODS In 23 stable patients with moderate to very severe COPD and 19 healthy controls, a comprehensive metabolic flux analysis was conducted by administering an intravenous pulse and primed constant infusion of multiple stable tracers of amino acids known to play a role in muscle health. Blood samples were obtained to calculate production (WBP) and interconversion rates, and plasma concentrations of these amino acids. Lower and upper limb muscle strength, muscle mass, lung function, physical activity level, and disease history and characteristics were assessed. RESULTS The COPD group was characterized by lower and upper limb muscle weakness (P < 0.01) despite preserved muscle mass. Higher values were found in COPD for plasma glutamine, WBP of leucine (P < 0.001), 3-methylhistidine (P < 0.01) (marker of enhanced myofibrillar protein breakdown), citrulline (P < 0.05), and arginine to citrulline conversion (P < 0.05) (reflecting enhanced nitric oxide synthesis). Plasma concentration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB with anticatabolic, anabolic and contractile properties), WBP of glycine (precursor of creatine and glutathione), and transcutaneous O2 saturation explained up to 79% and 65% of the variation in strength of the lower and upper limb muscles, respectively, in COPD. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive metabolic flux analysis revealed a homogenous metabolic signature in stable patients with COPD and a specific metabolic profile in those with skeletal muscle weakness. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT01787682; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Renate Jonker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John J Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Moon Sun Jeon
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fuchs CJ, Hermans WJH, Holwerda AM, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, van Kranenburg J, Gijsen AP, Wodzig WKHW, Schierbeek H, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Branched-chain amino acid and branched-chain ketoacid ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older adults: a double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:862-872. [PMID: 31250889 PMCID: PMC6766442 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. However, limited data are currently available on the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and branched-chain ketoacid (BCKA) ingestion on postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the impact of ingesting 6 g BCAA, 6 g BCKA, and 30 g milk protein (MILK) on the postprandial rise in circulating amino acid concentrations and subsequent myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in older males. METHODS In a parallel design, 45 older males (age: 71 ± 1 y; BMI: 25.4 ± 0.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to ingest a drink containing 6 g BCAA, 6 g BCKA, or 30 g MILK. Basal and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were assessed by primed continuous l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine infusions with the collection of blood samples and muscle biopsies. RESULTS Plasma BCAA concentrations increased following test drink ingestion in all groups, with greater increases in the BCAA and MILK groups compared with the BCKA group (P < 0.05). Plasma BCKA concentrations increased following test drink ingestion in all groups, with greater increases in the BCKA group compared with the BCAA and MILK groups (P < 0.05). Ingestion of MILK, BCAA, and BCKA significantly increased early myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (0-2 h) above basal rates (from 0.020 ± 0.002%/h to 0.042 ± 0.004%/h, 0.022 ± 0.002%/h to 0.044 ± 0.004%/h, and 0.023 ± 0.003%/h to 0.044 ± 0.004%/h, respectively; P < 0.001), with no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during the late postprandial phase (2-5 h) remained elevated in the MILK group (0.039 ± 0.004%/h; P < 0.001), but returned to baseline values following BCAA and BCKA ingestion (0.024 ± 0.005%/h and 0.024 ± 0.005%/h, respectively; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 6 g BCAA, 6 g BCKA, and 30 g MILK increases myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during the early postprandial phase (0-2 h) in vivo in healthy older males. The postprandial increase following the ingestion of 6 g BCAA and BCKA is short-lived, with higher myofibrillar protein synthesis rates only being maintained following the ingestion of an equivalent amount of intact milk protein. This trial was registered at Nederlands Trial Register (www.trialregister.nl) as NTR6047.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Will K H W Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bear DE, Langan A, Dimidi E, Wandrag L, Harridge SDR, Hart N, Connolly B, Whelan K. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and its impact on skeletal muscle mass and physical function in clinical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1119-1132. [PMID: 30982854 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle weakness are common in a variety of clinical conditions with both wasting and weakness associated with an impairment of physical function. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a nutrition supplement that has been shown to favorably influence muscle protein turnover and thus potentially plays a role in ameliorating skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of HMB alone, or supplements containing HMB, on skeletal muscle mass and physical function in a variety of clinical conditions characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and weakness. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting outcomes of muscle mass, strength, and physical function was performed. Two reviewers independently performed screening, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. Outcome data were synthesized through meta-analysis with the use of a random-effects model and data presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs). RESULTS Fifteen randomized controlled trials were included, involving 2137 patients. Meta-analysis revealed some evidence to support the effect of HMB alone, or supplements containing HMB, on increasing skeletal muscle mass (SMD = 0.25; 95% CI: -0.00, 0.50; z = 1.93; P = 0.05; I2 = 58%) and strong evidence to support improving muscle strength (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.50; z = 3.25; P = 0.001; I2 = 0%). Effect sizes were small. No effect on bodyweight (SMD = 0.16; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.41; z = 1.34; P = 0.18; I2 = 67%) or any other outcome was found. No study was considered to have low risk of bias in all categories. CONCLUSION HMB, and supplements containing HMB, increased muscle mass and strength in a variety of clinical conditions, although the effect size was small. Given the bias associated with many of the included studies, further high-quality studies should be undertaken to enable interpretation and translation into clinical practice. The trial was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42017058517.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Bear
- Departments of 1Nutrition and Dietetics.,Critical Care.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.,Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Research Centre.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences
| | - Anne Langan
- Departments of 1Nutrition and Dietetics.,Critical Care
| | - Eirini Dimidi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Liesl Wandrag
- Departments of 1Nutrition and Dietetics.,Critical Care
| | | | - Nicholas Hart
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.,Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Research Centre.,Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences
| | - Bronwen Connolly
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.,Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Research Centre.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jakubowski JS, Wong EPT, Nunes EA, Noguchi KS, Vandeweerd JK, Murphy KT, Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Equivalent Hypertrophy and Strength Gains in β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate- or Leucine-supplemented Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:65-74. [PMID: 30113522 PMCID: PMC6303132 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of proteins with high leucine content during resistance training (RT) can augment hypertrophy. Some data suggest that a leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy, β-methylbutyrate (HMB), is substantially more anabolically efficacious than leucine. PURPOSE We aimed to test whether supplementation with HMB versus leucine, added to whey protein, would result in differential muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in young men performing RT. METHODS Twenty-six resistance-trained men (23 ± 2 yr) performed 12 wk of RT with three phases. Phase 1: 8 wk of periodized RT (three training sessions per week). Phase 2: 2 wk overreaching period (five sessions per week). Phase 3: 2 wk taper (three sessions per week). Participants were randomly assigned to twice daily ingestion of: whey protein (25 g) plus HMB (1.5 g) (whey+HMB; n = 13) or whey protein (25 g) plus leucine (1.5 g) (whey+leu; n = 13). Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed before and after RT. Measures of fat- and bone-free mass, vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (both by ultrasound), muscle fiber CSA, and 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength tests were determined. RESULTS We observed increases in fat- and bone-free mass, VL muscle thickness, muscle CSA and fiber type CSA and 1-RM strength with no differences between groups at any phase. We observed no differences between groups or time-group interactions in hormone concentrations at any phase of the RT program. CONCLUSIONS β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate added to whey did not result in greater increases in any measure of muscle mass, strength, or hormonal concentration compared to leucine added to whey. Our results show that HMB is no more effective in stimulating RT-induced hypertrophy and strength gains than leucine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin P T Wong
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Kevin T Murphy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tal G, Dar DE, Idin A, Korman SH, Dumin E. Argininemia, Hyperornithinemia, and 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Aciduria. Clin Chem 2018; 64:978-980. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.286617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galit Tal
- Metabolic Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalit E Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna Idin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stanley H Korman
- Metabolic Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elena Dumin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Engelen MPKJ, Deutz NEP. Is β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate an effective anabolic agent to improve outcome in older diseased populations? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2018; 21:207-213. [PMID: 29406417 PMCID: PMC5882564 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been used for many years in athletes for muscle buildup and strength, and endurance enhancement. In recent years, its interest quickly expanded in older (diseased) populations and during (exercise) rehabilitation and recovery from hospitalization and surgery. We will discuss recent literature about HMB metabolism, its pharmacokinetics compared with the frequently used metabolite leucine, effectiveness of HMB to improve outcome in older diseased adults, and novel approaches for HMB use. RECENT FINDINGS HMB supplementation resulted in positive outcomes on muscle mass and functionality, related to its anabolic and anticatabolic properties and prolonged half-life time in blood. Furthermore, it was able to increase the benefits of (exercise) rehabilitation programs to enhance recovery from illness or medical procedures. There is promising evidence that HMB might support bone density, improve cognitive function, and reduce abdominal obesity, which is of importance particularly in the older (diseased) population. SUMMARY The older diseased population might benefit from dietary HMB because of its established positive properties as well as its long lasting (pharmacological) effect. In addition to evaluating its efficacy and application in various clinical conditions, more research is needed into the mechanisms of action, the optimal dosage, and its potential additional beneficial effects on outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E954. [PMID: 29570613 PMCID: PMC5979320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val), play critical roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, nutrition metabolism, gut health, immunity and disease in humans and animals. As the most abundant of essential amino acids (EAAs), BCAAs are not only the substrates for synthesis of nitrogenous compounds, they also serve as signaling molecules regulating metabolism of glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis, intestinal health, and immunity via special signaling network, especially phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signal pathway. Current evidence supports BCAAs and their derivatives as the potential biomarkers of diseases such as insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). These diseases are closely associated with catabolism and balance of BCAAs. Hence, optimizing dietary BCAA levels should have a positive effect on the parameters associated with health and diseases. This review focuses on recent findings of BCAAs in metabolic pathways and regulation, and underlying the relationship of BCAAs to related disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunxi Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, No. 221. Beisi Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, No. 221. Beisi Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tajiri K, Shimizu Y. Branched-chain amino acids in liver diseases. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:47. [PMID: 30148232 PMCID: PMC6088198 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.07.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are involved in various bioprocess such as protein metabolism, gene expression, insulin resistance and proliferation of hepatocytes. BCAAs have also been reported to suppress the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and to be required for immune cells to perform the function. In advanced cirrhotic patients, it has been clarified that serum concentrations of BCAA are decreased, whereas those of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) are increased. These alterations are thought to be the causes of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), sarcopenia and hepatocarcinogenesis and may be associated with the poor prognosis of patients with these conditions. Administration of BCAA-rich medicines has shown positive results in patients with cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Tajiri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|