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Cuperus T, Wit B, Castelijn G, Hengeveld P, Opsteegh M, van der Giessen J, Harmanus C, van Prehn J, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK. Clostridioides difficile in calves, cattle and humans from Dutch dairy farms: Predominance of PCR ribotype 695 (clade 5, sequence type 11) in cattle. One Health 2024; 18:100739. [PMID: 38707933 PMCID: PMC11067380 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea in both humans and livestock. In particular, C. difficile strains belonging to sequence type (ST) 11 are common enteropathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and genetic relatedness of C. difficile types in dairy cattle and calves. Method Dutch dairy farms were visited between February and December 2021. Feces was collected from adult dairy cattle and calves of two age categories (<4 weeks and 4 weeks-4 months). Fecal samples were also requested from dairy farmers, family members and employees. Fecal samples were cultured in an enrichment medium for 10-15 days and subcultured on solid media for capillary PCR ribotyping and whole genome sequencing. Results C. difficile was detected on 31 out of 157 (19.8%) dairy farms. The highest prevalence was found in calves <4 weeks (17.5%). None of the 99 human samples collected were positive. Thirty-seven cultured isolates belonged to 11 different PCR ribotypes (RT) of which RT695 (56.8%) and RT078/126 (16.2%) were most abundant. In the database of the Netherlands National Expertise Centre for C. difficile infections (CDI, >10.000 patient isolates), RT695 was found in only two patients with hospital-onset CDI, diagnosed in 2020 and 2021. Sequence analysis of 21C. difficile RT695 from cattle revealed that all isolates belonged to clade 5, ST11 and contained genes encoding toxin A, toxin B and binary toxin. RT695 strains carried antimicrobial resistance genes typically found in clade 5C. difficile. Groups of genetically related RT695 isolates were found between dairy farms, whereas identical strains were only present in individual farms. Conclusions C. difficile was found in ∼20% of dairy farms with a predominance of the relatively unknown RT695. Isolates of RT695 belonged to the same clade and sequence type as RT078/126, which is recognized as an important zoonotic type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Wit
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Greetje Castelijn
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Hengeveld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Opsteegh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Céline Harmanus
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joffrey van Prehn
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
- National Expertise Centre for Clostridiodes difficile infections at Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands and Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ed J. Kuijper
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
- National Expertise Centre for Clostridiodes difficile infections at Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands and Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
- National Expertise Centre for Clostridiodes difficile infections at Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands and Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Moloney G, Eyre DW, Mac Aogáin M, McElroy MC, Vaughan A, Peto TE, Crook DW, Rogers TR. Human and Porcine Transmission of Clostridioides difficile Ribotype 078, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2294-2300. [PMID: 34423760 PMCID: PMC8386809 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.203468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis of a diverse collection of Clostridioides difficile ribotype 078 isolates from Ireland and 9 countries in Europe provided evidence for complex regional and international patterns of dissemination that are not restricted to humans. These isolates are associated with C. difficile colonization and clinical illness in humans and pigs.
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Redding L, Huang E, Ryave J, Webb T, Barnhart D, Baker L, Bender J, Kristula M, Kelly D. Clostridioides difficile on dairy farms and potential risk to dairy farm workers. Anaerobe 2021; 69:102353. [PMID: 33639290 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile causes severe colitis in people and is a significant enteric pathogen in many species of animals, including swine, horses, and potentially cattle. C. difficile is shed in feces, and transmission occurs horizontally via the fecal-oral route. Livestock has been suggested as a potential reservoir for C. difficile, and while studies have shown that swine and farm workers can be colonized with identical clones of C. difficile, the zoonotic transmission of C. difficile from livestock to people has not been definitively demonstrated. The goal of this study was to determine whether dairy calves and dairy farm workers harbored genetically similar isolates of C. difficile. First, we validated a glove juice protocol for detecting C. difficile on farm workers' hands. We then visited 23 farms and collected 1) fecal samples from 92 dairy calves, 2) hand rinsates from 38 dairy farm workers, and 3) fecal samples from five of the dairy farm workers who were willing to submit them. All samples underwent anaerobic culture and qPCR to detect C. difficile. C. difficile was detected on 15 of the farms (65.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 42.7%-83.6%) and in 28 calves (30.4%, 95% CI 21.2-40.9%) but in none of the hand rinsates or human fecal samples. Thus, the zoonotic transmission of C. difficile on dairy farms could not be demonstrated, and dairy farmers did not appear to be at increased risk of acquiring C. difficile via the fecal-oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Redding
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob Ryave
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Terry Webb
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Denise Barnhart
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Linda Baker
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Bender
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Michaela Kristula
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Donna Kelly
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Lal A, Swaminathan A, Holani T. Spatial clusters of Clostridium difficile infection and an association with neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage in the Australian Capital Territory, 2004-2014. Infect Dis Health 2019; 25:3-10. [PMID: 31680021 DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Australia, rates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in all States and Territories have increased significantly since mid-2011, with rates of infection increasing faster in the community setting than within hospitals. Knowledge about the risk factors for CDI is essential to determine the risk of community outbreaks of CDI and to design interventions that reduce those risks. METHODS We examine the role of neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage, demography and testing practices on spatial patterns in CDI incidence in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Data on all tests conducted for CDI, including postcode of residence, were obtained from January 2004-December 2014. Distribution of age groups and the neighbourhood Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage Disadvantage (IRSAD) were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 National Census data. A Bayesian spatial conditional autoregressive model was fitted at the postcode level to quantify the relationship between CDI and socio-demographic factors. To identify CDI hotspots, exceedance probabilities were set at a threshold of twice the estimated relative risk. RESULTS After controlling for spatial patterns in testing practices, area-level socio-economic advantage (IRSAD) (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.57, 0.94) was inversely associated with CDI. Three postcodes had a high probability (0.8-1.0) of excess risk of diagnosed CDI. CONCLUSION We demonstrate geographic variations in CDI in the ACT with a positive association of CDI with neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and identify areas with a high probability of elevated risk compared with surrounding communities. These findings provide further evidence to inform a targeted response to reduce CDI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lal
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Australia.
| | - Ashwin Swaminathan
- General Medicine & Infectious Diseases Physician, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia
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