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Thanaj M, Basty N, Cule M, Sorokin EP, Whitcher B, Srinivasan R, Lennon R, Bell JD, Thomas EL. Kidney shape statistical analysis: associations with disease and anthropometric factors. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:362. [PMID: 38057740 PMCID: PMC10698953 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have the potential to enhance our understanding of the precise phenotypic variations underlying many clinical conditions. METHODS We applied morphometric methods to study the kidneys by constructing surface meshes from kidney segmentations from abdominal MRI data in 38,868 participants in the UK Biobank. Using mesh-based analysis techniques based on statistical parametric maps (SPMs), we were able to detect variations in specific regions of the kidney and associate those with anthropometric traits as well as disease states including chronic kidney disease (CKD), type-2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension. Statistical shape analysis (SSA) based on principal component analysis was also used within the disease population and the principal component scores were used to assess the risk of disease events. RESULTS We show that CKD, T2D and hypertension were associated with kidney shape. Age was associated with kidney shape consistently across disease groups. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were also associated with kidney shape for the participants with T2D. Using SSA, we were able to capture kidney shape variations, relative to size, angle, straightness, width, length, and thickness of the kidneys, within disease populations. We identified significant associations between both left and right kidney length and width and incidence of CKD (hazard ratio (HR): 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.90, p < 0.05, in the left kidney; HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.92, p < 0.05, in the right kidney) and hypertension (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.29, p < 0.05, in the left kidney; HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.96, p < 0.05, in the right kidney). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that shape-based analysis of the kidneys can augment studies aiming at the better categorisation of pathologies associated with chronic kidney conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjola Thanaj
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
| | - Nicolas Basty
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | | | | | - Brandon Whitcher
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Lu S, Yang Y, Li S, Zhang L, Shi B, Zhang D, Li B, Hu Y. Preoperative Virtual Reduction Planning Algorithm of Fractured Pelvis Based on Adaptive Templates. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:2943-2954. [PMID: 37126611 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3272007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The minimally invasive treatment of pelvic fractures is one of the most challenging trauma orthopedics surgeries, where preoperative planning is crucial for the performance and outcome of the surgery. However, planning the ideal position of fragments currently relies heavily on the experience of the surgeon. METHODS A pelvic fracture virtual reduction algorithm for target position is provided based on statistical shape models (SSM). First, according to sexual dimorphism, pelvic SSM based on point cloud curvature down-sampling are constructed as adaptive templates. Then, an optimization algorithm is designed to iteratively adjust the target pose of the fragments and the adaptive matching of the templates. Finally, the feasibility of the method is verified by simulating fractures and clinical data. RESULTS The pelvis has complex shape characteristics, which can be analyzed by SSM to clearly understand the pattern of change. Experiments showed that the SSM-based pelvic fracture reduction method had translation and rotation errors of 2.20±1.09 mm and 3.16±1.26° in simulated cases, and 2.78±0.95 mm and 3.10±0.53° in clinical cases, which has higher accuracy than methods based on mean shape models, and wider applicability than methods based on pelvic symmetry. CONCLUSION The pelvic digital model created by SSM has good generalization properties, and the SSM-based virtual reduction algorithm can effectively reconstruct the target position of the fractured pelvis in preoperative planning. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed reduction method has the characteristics of high precision and wide application range, which provides a powerful tool for the surgeon's virtual preoperative planning.
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Dunning H, van de Groes S, Verdonschot N, Buckens C, Janssen D. The sensitivity of an anatomical coordinate system to anatomical variation and its effect on the description of knee kinematics as obtained from dynamic CT imaging. Med Eng Phys 2022; 102:103781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Day GA, Jones AC, Wilcox RK. Using Statistical Shape and Appearance Modelling to characterise the 3D shape and material properties of human lumbar vertebrae: A proof of concept study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 126:105047. [PMID: 34999487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patient variation affects the outcomes of a range of spinal interventions, from disc replacement to vertebral fixation and vertebroplasty. Statistical Shape and Appearance Modelling (SSAM) can be used to describe anatomical variation and pathological differences within the population. To better understand how bone density and shape variation affect load transfer with respect to surgical treatments, Finite Element (FE) models can be generated from a SSAM. The aim for this study is to understand whether geometric and density variation as well as multiple vertebral levels can be incorporated into a single SSAM and whether this can be used to investigate the relationships between, and effects of, the various modes of variation. FE models of 14 human lumbar vertebrae that had been μCT imaged and validated through experimental testing were used as input specimens for a SSAM. The validity of the SSAM was evaluated by using principal component analysis to identify the primary modes of geometric and bone density variation and comparing to those in the input set. FE models were generated from the SSAM to examine the response to loading. The mean error between the input set and generated models for volume, mean density and FE compressive stiffness were 10%, 3% and 10% respectively. Principal Component (PC) 1 captured the majority of the bone density variation. The remaining PCs described specific geometric variation. The FE models generated from the SSAM showed the variations in vertebral stiffness as a result of complex relationships between bone density and shape. The SSAM created has limited data for its input set, however, it acts as a proof of concept for the novel combination of material and shape variation into a single shape model. This approach and the tools developed can be applied to wider patient groups and treatment scenarios to improve patient stratification and to optimise treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Day
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK.
| | - A C Jones
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
| | - R K Wilcox
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
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Verwaerde J, Laforet J, Marque C, Rassineux A. Statistical shape analysis of gravid uteri throughout pregnancy by a ray description technique. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:2165-2183. [PMID: 34505224 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the anatomical variability of the uterus induced by pregnancy, a parametrization of gravid uterine geometry based on principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed. Corresponding meshes used for PCA are created by a ray description technique applied to a reference mesh. A smoothed voxel-based methodology is applied to determine the reference mesh from a database of 11 real shapes produced by the FEMONUM project. The ray-based correspondence technique is compared to two existing methods (He, Giessen) as well as a proposed mixed method. Principal component analysis results are based on a database of 11 existing shapes. Results of the parametrization show that 90% of the total variance of the database can be represented with four new shape parameters and that a wide spectrum of shapes can be generated. Graphical Abstract Proposed correspondence technique compared to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanthe Verwaerde
- CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Université de technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche Royallieu-CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Jérémy Laforet
- CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Université de technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche Royallieu-CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Marque
- CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Université de technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche Royallieu-CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Alain Rassineux
- Laboratoire Roberval, Université de technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
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Predicting pelvis geometry using a morphometric model with overall anthropometric variables. J Biomech 2021; 126:110633. [PMID: 34388538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic fractures have been identified as the second most common AIS2+ injury in motor vehicle crashes, with the highest early mortality rate compared to other orthopaedic injuries. Further, the risk is associated with occupant sex, age, stature and body mass index (BMI). In this study, clinical pelvic CT scans from 132 adults (75 females, 57 males) were extracted from a patient database. The population shape variance in pelvis bone geometry was studied by Sparse Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) and a morphometric model was developed by multivariate linear regression using overall anthropometric variables (sex, age, stature, BMI). In the analysis, SPCA identified 15 principal components (PCs) describing 83.6% of the shape variations. Eight of these were significantly captured (α < 0.05) by the morphometric model, which predicted 29% of the total variance in pelvis geometry. The overall anthropometric variables were significantly related to geometrical features primarily in the inferior-anterior regions while being unable to significantly capture local sacrum features, shape and position of ASIS and lateral tilt of the iliac wings. In conclusion, a new detailed morphometric model of the pelvis bone demonstrated that overall anthropometric variables account for only 29% of the variance in pelvis geometry. Furthermore, variations in the superior-anterior region of the pelvis, with which the lap belt is intended to interact, were not captured. Depending on the scenario, shape variations not captured by overall anthropometry could have important implications for injury prediction in traffic safety analysis.
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Armstrong JR, Campbell JQ, Petrella AJ. A comparison of Cartesian-only vs. Cartesian-spherical hybrid coordinates for statistical shape modeling in the lumbar spine. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 204:106056. [PMID: 33784547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for quantifying differences in geometric shapes of human lumbar vertebra using statistical shape modeling (SSM). METHODS A novel 3D implementation of a previously published 2D, nonlinear SSM was implemented and compared to a commonly used, Cartesian method of SSM. The nonlinear method, or Hybrid SSM, and Cartesian SSM were applied to lumbar vertebra shapes from a cohort of 18 full lumbar triangle meshes derived from CT scans. The comparison included traditional metrics for cumulative variance, generality, and specificity and results from application-based biomechanics using finite element simulation. RESULTS The Hybrid SSM has less compactness - likely due to the increased number of mathematical constraints in the SSM formulation. Similar results were found between methods for specificity and generality. Compared to the previously validated, manually-segmented FE model, both SSM methods produced similar and agreeable results. CONCLUSION Visual, statistical, and biomechanical findings did not convincingly support the superiority of the Hybrid SSM over the simpler Cartesian SSM. SIGNIFICANCE This work suggests that, of the two methods compared, the Cartesian SSM is adequate to capture the variations in shape of the posterior spinal structures for biomechanical modeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Armstrong
- Colorado School of Mines and works as a DRM/DFSS Program Manager for Medtronic Navigation, Louisville, CO, USA.
| | | | - Anthony J Petrella
- Mechanical Engineering with the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
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Yates KM, Agnew AM, Albert DL, Kemper AR, Untaroiu CD. Subject-specific rib finite element models with material data derived from coupon tests under bending loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 116:104358. [PMID: 33610029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rib fractures are common thoracic injuries in motor vehicle crashes. Several human finite element (FE) human models have been created to numerically assess thoracic injury risks. However, the accurate prediction of rib biomechanical response has shown to be challenging due to human variation and modeling approaches. The main objective of this study was to better understand the role of modeling approaches on the biomechanical response of human ribs in anterior-posterior bending. Since the development of subject specific rib models is a time-consuming process, the second objective of this study was to develop an accurate morphing approach to quickly generate high quality subject specific rib meshes. The exterior geometries and cortical-trabecular boundaries of five human 6th-level ribs were extracted from CT-images. One rib mesh was developed in a parametric fashion and the other four ribs were developed with an in-house morphing algorithm. The morphing algorithm automatically defined landmarks on both the periosteal and endosteal boundaries of the cortical layer, which were used to morph the template nodes to target geometries. Three different cortical bone material models were defined based on the stress-strain data obtained from subject-specific tensile coupon tests for each rib. Full rib anterior-posterior bending tests were simulated based on data recorded in testing. The results showed similar trends to test data with some sensitivity relative to the material modeling approach. Additionally, the FE models were substantially more resistant to failure, highlighting the need for better techniques to model rib fracture. Overall, the results of this work can be used to improve the biofidelity of human rib finite element models.
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Fontana AD, Hoyen HA, Blauth M, Galm A, Schweizer M, Raas C, Jaeger M, Jiang C, Nijs S, Lambert S. The variance of clavicular surface morphology is predictable: an analysis of dependent and independent metadata variables. JSES Int 2020; 4:413-421. [PMID: 32939461 PMCID: PMC7479165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anatomy of the clavicle is specific and varied in reference to its topography and shape. These anatomic characteristics play an important role in the open treatment of clavicle fractures. The complex and variable topography creates challenges for implant placement, contouring, and position. Hardware prominence and irritation does influence the decision for secondary surgical intervention. Methods Computerized tomographic scans of 350 adult clavicles with the corresponding patients' metadata were acquired and digitized. Morphologic parameters determining the shape of the clavicle were defined and computed for each digitized bone. The extracted morphologic parameters were correlated with patient metadata to analyze the relationship between morphologic variability and patient characteristics. Results The morphologic parameters defining the shape, that is, the radius of the medial and lateral curves, the apparent clavicle height and width, and the clavicle bow position, correlate with the clavicle length. The clavicle length correlates with the patients' height. Gender differences in shape and form were dependent and related to individual height distribution and clavicle length. Asian populations showed a similarly predictable, but shifted, correlation between shape and clavicle length. Conclusion This anatomic analysis shows that the clavicle shape can be predicted through the clavicle length and patients' stature. Smaller patients have shorter and more curved clavicles, whereas taller patients have longer and less curved clavicles. This correlation will aid surgeons in fracture reduction, implant curvature selection, and in optimal adaptation of clavicle implants, and represents the basis for anatomically accurate solutions for clavicle osteosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry A Hoyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Blauth
- Clinical Medical Department, DePuy Synthes, Zuchwil, Switzerland.,Department for Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - André Galm
- R&D Department, DePuy Synthes, Zuchwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Raas
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Shoulder Service, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, School of Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefaan Nijs
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Lambert
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Prediction and diagnosis of vertebral tumors on the Internet of Medical Things Platform using geometric rough propagation neural network. Neural Comput Appl 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-020-04935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Herteleer M, Vancleef S, Herijgers P, Duflou J, Jonkers I, Vander Sloten J, Nijs S. Variation of the clavicle's muscle insertion footprints - a cadaveric study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16293. [PMID: 31705003 PMCID: PMC6841722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscle footprint anatomy of the clavicle is described in various anatomical textbooks but research on the footprint variation is rare. Our goal was to assess the variation and to create a probabilistic atlas of the muscle footprint anatomy. 14 right and left clavicles of anatomical specimens were dissected until only muscle fibers remained. 3D models with muscle footprints were made through CT scanning, laser scanning and photogrammetry. Then, for each side, the mean clavicle was calculated and non-rigidly registered to all other cadaveric bones. Muscle footprints were indicated on the mean left and right clavicle through the 1-to-1 mesh correspondence which is achieved by non-rigid registration. Lastly, 2 probabilistic atlases from the clavicle muscle footprints were generated. There was no statistical significant difference between the surface area (absolute and relative), of the originally dissected muscle footprints, of male and female, and left and right anatomical specimens. Visualization of all muscle footprints on the mean clavicle resulted in 72% (right) and 82% (left) coverage of the surface. The Muscle Insertion Footprint of each specimen covered on average 36.9% of the average right and 37.0% of the average left clavicle. The difference between surface coverage by all MIF and the mean surface coverage, shows that the MIF location varies strongly. From the probabilistic atlas we can conclude that no universal clavicle exists. Therefore, patient-specific clavicle fracture fixation plates should be considered to minimally interfere with the MIF. Therefore, patient-specific clavicle fracture fixation plates which minimally interfere with the footprints should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herteleer
- Department of Traumatology, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - S Vancleef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300 - bus 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Herijgers
- Anatomy Skills Lab, Minderbroedersstraat 12 blok q - bus 1031, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Duflou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300 bus 2422, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Tervuursevest 101 bus 1501, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Vander Sloten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300 - bus 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Nijs
- Department of Traumatology, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Ou H, Su J, Lan S, Wang L, Xu X, Johnson S. Development of a simplified, reproducible, parametric 3D model of the talus. Med Eng Phys 2019; 71:3-9. [PMID: 31327658 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Computational foot models have significant application in surgical decision making, injury and disease diagnosis and prevention, sports performance analysis and footwear engineering. However, due to the substantial time in model building and the heavy computational costs from the complexity of the models, daily clinical application of these foot models has yet to be achieved. Much of the previous research adopted a detailed-geometry approach in modeling bones that potentially contributed to the heavy computational costs. In this research, we developed a computational talus model based on CT section image data, image reconstruction and segmentation, contact surface identification, standard shape fitting, and finite element auto meshing algorithms. Modeling the bones as rigid is common, and modeling the contact surfaces only for the rigid body saves additional computational resources. Priority, therefore, in the shape fitting with optimization is given to the contact surfaces of the talus. Thirteen sets (9 males and 4 females) of CT section data were obtained. Image reconstruction, segmentation and bone labeling were conducted on each set of CT data to identify talus and its adjacent bones. Contact surfaces of the talus were then identified based on bone spatial relationships. Apart from the talar dome surface which was fitted by a 3rd-order polynomial, standard shapes such as ellipsoids and planes were used to fit the selected contact surfaces so that the geometrical parameters maintain physical significance. Based on these parameters, we automatically recreated and meshed the least-squares fitted shapes rapidly with limited elements. Last, mean major contact surfaces of the talus were obtained and fitted by standard shapes. Although the number of samples in this study was relatively small, our method provides sufficient and accurate geometric parameters of these contact surfaces to completely describe and reproduce the talus, on both a subject specific and average basis. The method for describing the talus here helps to parametrize computational models using planes and ellipsoids, improves surgical decision making and implants with a more precise and physically significant measures, and the description provides bone geometric parameters which can later be used to relate risk analysis for bone shape specific injury rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Ou
- University of Michigan and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Su
- University of Michigan and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouren Lan
- Department of Automation, Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Automation, Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shane Johnson
- University of Michigan and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Vancleef S, Herteleer M, Carette Y, Herijgers P, Duflou JR, Nijs S, Vander Sloten J. Why off-the-shelf clavicle plates rarely fit: anatomic analysis of the clavicle through statistical shape modeling. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28:631-638. [PMID: 30609957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clavicle presents a large variability in its characterizing sigmoid shape. Prominent and nonproperly fitting fixation plates (FP) cause soft tissue irritation and lead to hardware removal. It is therefore key in FP design to account for shape variations. Statistical shape models (SSMs) have been built to analyze a cluster of complex shapes. The goal of this study was to describe the anatomic variation of the clavicle using SSMs. METHODS Two different SSMs of the clavicle were created, and their modes of variation were described. One model contained 120 left male and female clavicles. The other model consisted of 76 left and corresponding right clavicles, 41 originating from men and 35 from women. RESULTS The model of 120 left clavicles showed that 10 modes of variation are necessary to explain 95% of the variation. The most important modes of variation are the clavicle length, inferior-superior bow, and medial and lateral curvature. Statistically significant differences between male and female clavicles were seen in length, sigmoid shape, and medial curvature. Comparison in men between left and right revealed significant differences in length and medial curvature. For women, a statistically significant difference between left and right was only seen in the length. CONCLUSIONS Although the operative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures has clear benefits, the variable anatomy of the clavicle often makes it challenging for the surgeon to make the plate fit adequately. Based on the identified variability in the clavicle's anatomy, it seems unlikely that a clavicle plating system can fit the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiel Herteleer
- Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Traumatology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen (UZ) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Carette
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Joost R Duflou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Nijs
- Department of Traumatology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen (UZ) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lauzeral N, Borzacchiello D, Kugler M, George D, Rémond Y, Hostettler A, Chinesta F. A model order reduction approach to create patient-specific mechanical models of human liver in computational medicine applications. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 170:95-106. [PMID: 30712607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This paper focuses on computer simulation aspects of Digital Twin models in the medical framework. In particular, it addresses the need of fast and accurate simulators for the mechanical response at tissue and organ scale and the capability of integrating patient-specific anatomy from medical images to pinpoint the individual variations from standard anatomical models. METHODS We propose an automated procedure to create mechanical models of the human liver with patient-specific geometry and real time capabilities. The method hinges on the use of Statistical Shape Analysis to extract the relevant anatomical features from a database of medical images and Model Order Reduction to compute an explicit parametric solution for the mechanical response as a function of such features. The Sparse Subspace Learning, coupled with a Finite Element solver, was chosen to create low-rank solutions using a non-intrusive sparse sampling of the feature space. RESULTS In the application presented in the paper, the statistical shape model was trained on a database of 385 three dimensional liver shapes, extracted from medical images, in order to create a parametrized representation of the liver anatomy. This parametrization and an additional parameter describing the breathing motion in linear elasticity were then used as input in the reduced order model. Results show a consistent agreement with the high fidelity Finite Element models built from liver images that were excluded from the training dataset. However, we evidence in the discussion the difficulty of having compact shape parametrizations arising from the extreme variability of the shapes found in the dataset and we propose potential strategies to tackle this issue. CONCLUSIONS A method to represent patient-specific real-time liver deformations during breathing is proposed in linear elasticity. Since the proposed method does not require any adaptation to the direct Finite Element solver used in the training phase, the procedure can be easily extended to more complex non-linear constitutive behaviors - such as hyperelasticity - and more general load cases. Therefore it can be integrated with little intrusiveness to generic simulation software including more sophisticated and realistic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lauzeral
- ICI, High Performance Computing Institute, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France.
| | | | - Michael Kugler
- iCube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, France; IRCAD, France
| | | | - Yves Rémond
- iCube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, France
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Casier SJ, Van den Broecke R, Van Houcke J, Audenaert E, De Wilde LF, Van Tongel A. Morphologic variations of the scapula in 3-dimensions: a statistical shape model approach. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2018; 27:2224-2231. [PMID: 30100175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphologic variations of the scapula and acromion have been found to be associated with shoulder pathology. This study used statistical shape modelling to quantify these variations in healthy shoulders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A statistical shape model of the scapula was created using 3-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions of 108 survey-confirmed nonpathologic shoulders of 54 patients. The mean shape and the 95% confidence interval were calculated and analyzed in the first 5 shape modes. RESULTS The first 5 shape modes consisted of consecutively sized (72% of total variation), rotation of the coracoacromial complex (5%), acromial shape and slope (4%), shape of the scapular spine (2%), and acromial overhang (2%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In healthy shoulders, a certain variation in rotation of the coracoacromial complex and in acromial shape and slope was observed. These new parameters might be correlated with shoulder pathology such as glenohumeral osteoarthritis or rotator cuff tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J Casier
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Van Houcke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lieven F De Wilde
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Yates KM, Untaroiu CD. Finite element modeling of the human kidney for probabilistic occupant models: Statistical shape analysis and mesh morphing. J Biomech 2018; 74:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fu G, Huang M, Bo W, Hao H, Wu R. Mapping morphological shape as a high-dimensional functional curve. Brief Bioinform 2018; 19:461-471. [PMID: 28062411 PMCID: PMC5952977 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting how genes regulate biological shape has become a multidisciplinary research interest because of its wide application in many disciplines. Despite its fundamental importance, the challenges of accurately extracting information from an image, statistically modeling the high-dimensional shape and meticulously locating shape quantitative trait loci (QTL) affect the progress of this research. In this article, we propose a novel integrated framework that incorporates shape analysis, statistical curve modeling and genetic mapping to detect significant QTLs regulating variation of biological shape traits. After quantifying morphological shape via a radius centroid contour approach, each shape, as a phenotype, was characterized as a high-dimensional curve, varying as angle θ runs clockwise with the first point starting from angle zero. We then modeled the dynamic trajectories of three mean curves and variation patterns as functions of θ. Our framework led to the detection of a few significant QTLs regulating the variation of leaf shape collected from a natural population of poplar, Populus szechuanica var tibetica. This population, distributed at altitudes 2000-4500 m above sea level, is an evolutionarily important plant species. This is the first work in the quantitative genetic shape mapping area that emphasizes a sense of 'function' instead of decomposing the shape into a few discrete principal components, as the majority of shape studies do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Fu
- Department of Math and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Mian Huang
- Data Engineering Center, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Hao
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
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18
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Untaroiu CD, Pak W, Meng Y, Schap J, Koya B, Gayzik S. A Finite Element Model of a Midsize Male for Simulating Pedestrian Accidents. J Biomech Eng 2017; 140:2653833. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4037854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pedestrians represent one of the most vulnerable road users and comprise nearly 22% the road crash-related fatalities in the world. Therefore, protection of pedestrians in car-to-pedestrian collisions (CPC) has recently generated increased attention with regulations involving three subsystem tests. The development of a finite element (FE) pedestrian model could provide a complementary component that characterizes the whole-body response of vehicle–pedestrian interactions and assesses the pedestrian injuries. The main goal of this study was to develop and to validate a simplified full body FE model corresponding to a 50th male pedestrian in standing posture (M50-PS). The FE model mesh and defined material properties are based on a 50th percentile male occupant model. The lower limb-pelvis and lumbar spine regions of the human model were validated against the postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) test data recorded in four-point lateral knee bending tests, pelvic\abdomen\shoulder\thoracic impact tests, and lumbar spine bending tests. Then, a pedestrian-to-vehicle impact simulation was performed using the whole pedestrian model, and the results were compared to corresponding PMHS tests. Overall, the simulation results showed that lower leg response is mostly within the boundaries of PMHS corridors. In addition, the model shows the capability to predict the most common lower extremity injuries observed in pedestrian accidents. Generally, the validated pedestrian model may be used by safety researchers in the design of front ends of new vehicles in order to increase pedestrian protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costin D. Untaroiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060 e-mail:
| | - Wansoo Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Yunzhu Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Jeremy Schap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Bharath Koya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Scott Gayzik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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Aira JR, Simon P, Gutiérrez S, Santoni BG, Frankle MA. Morphometry of the human clavicle and intramedullary canal: A 3D, geometry-based quantification. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2191-2202. [PMID: 28150886 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Midshaft clavicle fractures are a very common occurrence. The current treatment of choice involves internal fixation with superior or anterior clavicle plating, however their clinical success and particularly patient satisfaction are decreasing. The implementation of intramedullary devices is on the rise, but data describing the intramedullary canal parameters are lacking. The aim of this study is to quantify the geometry of the clavicle and its intramedullary canal, and to evaluate the effect of gender and anatomical side. This study used three-dimensional image-based models with novel and automated methods of standardization, normalization, and bone cross-section evaluation. The data obtained in this study present intramedullary canal, and clavicle diameter and center deviation parameterized as a function of clavicle length as well as its radius of curvature and true length. Results showed that both right-sided and female clavicles were shorter and thicker, but only females showed a statistically significant difference in size compared to males (p < 0.0001). The smallest clavicle and intramedullary canal diameters were seen at different clavicle lengths (45% and 52%), suggesting that the narrowest region of intramedullary canal cannot be appreciated based on external visualization of the clavicle alone. The narrowing of the intramedullary canal is of special interest because this is a potential limiting region for surgical planning and intramedullary device design. Furthermore, the location and value of maximum lateral curvature displacement is different in the intramedullary canal, implying there exists an eccentricity of the intramedullary canal center with respect to the clavicle center. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2191-2202, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmine R Aira
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Peter Simon
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Phillip Spiegel Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Foundation for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sport Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sergio Gutiérrez
- Phillip Spiegel Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Foundation for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sport Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Brandon G Santoni
- Phillip Spiegel Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Foundation for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sport Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mark A Frankle
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sport Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Florida Orthopaedic Institute, Shoulder and Elbow Service, 13020 N Telecom Pkwy, Tampa, Florida, 33637
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20
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Klein KF, Hu J, Reed MP, Schneider LW, Rupp JD. Validation of a parametric finite element human femur model. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:420-426. [PMID: 28095035 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1269172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finite element (FE) models with geometry and material properties that are parametric with subject descriptors, such as age and body shape/size, are being developed to incorporate population variability into crash simulations. However, the validation methods currently being used with these parametric models do not assess whether model predictions are reasonable in the space over which the model is intended to be used. This study presents a parametric model of the femur and applies a unique validation paradigm to this parametric femur model that characterizes whether model predictions reproduce experimentally observed trends. METHODS FE models of male and female femurs with geometries that are parametric with age, femur length, and body mass index (BMI) were developed based on existing statistical models that predict femur geometry. These parametric FE femur models were validated by comparing responses from combined loading tests of femoral shafts to simulation results from FE models of the corresponding femoral shafts whose geometry was predicted using the associated age, femur length, and BMI. The effects of subject variables on model responses were also compared with trends in the experimental data set by fitting similarly parameterized statistical models to both the results of the experimental data and the corresponding FE model results and then comparing fitted model coefficients for the experimental and predicted data sets. RESULTS The average error in impact force at experimental failure for the parametric models was 5%. The coefficients of a statistical model fit to simulation data were within one standard error of the coefficients of a similarly parameterized model of the experimental data except for the age parameter, likely because material properties used in simulations were not varied with specimen age. In simulations to explore the effects of femur length, BMI, and age on impact response, only BMI significantly affected response for both men and women, with increasing BMI producing higher impact forces. CONCLUSIONS Impactor forces from simulations, on average, matched experimental values at the time of failure. In addition, the simulations were able to match the trends in the experimental data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Klein
- a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Jingwen Hu
- a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Matthew P Reed
- a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan
- c Center for Ergonomics, Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Lawrence W Schneider
- a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan
- d Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Jonathan D Rupp
- a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan
- d Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan
- e Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , Michigan
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21
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Melinska AU, Romaszkiewicz P, Wagel J, Antosik B, Sasiadek M, Iskander DR. Statistical shape models of cuboid, navicular and talus bones. J Foot Ankle Res 2017; 10:6. [PMID: 28163787 PMCID: PMC5282805 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-016-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to develop statistical shape models of the main human tarsal bones that would result in novel representations of cuboid, navicular and talus. METHODS Fifteen right and 15 left retrospectively collected computed tomography data sets from male individuals, aged from 17 to 63 years, with no known foot pathology were collected. Data were gathered from 30 different subjects. A process of model building includes image segmentation, unifying feature position, mathematical shape description and obtaining statistical shape geometry. RESULTS Orthogonal decomposition of bone shapes utilising spherical harmonics was employed providing means for unique parametric representation of each bone. Cross-validated classification results based on parametric spherical harmonics representation showed high sensitivity and high specificity greater than 0.98 for all considered bones. CONCLUSIONS The statistical shape models of cuboid, navicular and talus created in this work correspond to anatomically accurate atlases that have not been previously considered. The study indicates high clinical potential of statistical shape modelling in the characterisation of tarsal bones. Those novel models can be applied in medical image analysis, orthopaedics and biomechanics in order to provide support for preoperative planning, better diagnosis or implant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra U. Melinska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50370, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Romaszkiewicz
- Regional Specialist Hospital, Research and Development Centre, Chair of Orthopaedics, Kamienskiego, Wroclaw, 24105 Poland
| | - Justyna Wagel
- Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Chair of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska, Wroclaw, 24105 Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Antosik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50370, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Sasiadek
- Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Chair of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska, Wroclaw, 24105 Poland
| | - D. Robert Iskander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50370, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Meng Y, Pak W, Guleyupoglu B, Koya B, Gayzik FS, Untaroiu CD. A finite element model of a six-year-old child for simulating pedestrian accidents. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 98:206-213. [PMID: 27760408 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Child pedestrian protection deserves more attention in vehicle safety design since they are the most vulnerable road users who face the highest mortality rate. Pediatric Finite Element (FE) models could be used to simulate and understand the pedestrian injury mechanisms during crashes in order to mitigate them. Thus, the objective of the study was to develop a computationally efficient (simplified) six-year-old (6YO-PS) pedestrian FE model and validate it based on the latest published pediatric data. The 6YO-PS FE model was developed by morphing the existing GHBMC adult pedestrian model. Retrospective scan data were used to locally adjust the geometry as needed for accuracy. Component test simulations focused only the lower extremities and pelvis, which are the first body regions impacted during pedestrian accidents. Three-point bending test simulations were performed on the femur and tibia with adult material properties and then updated using child material properties. Pelvis impact and knee bending tests were also simulated. Finally, a series of pediatric Car-to-Pedestrian Collision (CPC) were simulated with pre-impact velocities ranging from 20km/h up to 60km/h. The bone models assigned pediatric material properties showed lower stiffness and a good match in terms of fracture force to the test data (less than 6% error). The pelvis impact force predicted by the child model showed a similar trend with test data. The whole pedestrian model was stable during CPC simulations and predicted common pedestrian injuries. Overall, the 6YO-PS FE model developed in this study showed good biofidelity at component level (lower extremity and pelvis) and stability in CPC simulations. While more validations would improve it, the current model could be used to investigate the lower limb injury mechanisms and in the prediction of the impact parameters as specified in regulatory testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhu Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Wansoo Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Berkan Guleyupoglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Bharath Koya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - F Scott Gayzik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Costin D Untaroiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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Xu C, Silder A, Zhang J, Hughes J, Unnikrishnan G, Reifman J, Rakesh V. An Integrated Musculoskeletal-Finite-Element Model to Evaluate Effects of Load Carriage on the Tibia During Walking. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2537122. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have assessed the effects of load carriage on the tibia. Here, we expand on these studies and investigate the effects of load carriage on joint reaction forces (JRFs) and the resulting spatiotemporal stress/strain distributions in the tibia. Using full-body motion and ground reaction forces from a female subject, we computed joint and muscle forces during walking for four load carriage conditions. We applied these forces as physiological loading conditions in a finite-element (FE) analysis to compute strain and stress. We derived material properties from computed tomography (CT) images of a sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched subject using a mesh morphing and mapping algorithm, and used them within the FE model. Compared to walking with no load, the knee JRFs were the most sensitive to load carriage, increasing by as much as 26.2% when carrying a 30% of body weight (BW) load (ankle: 16.4% and hip: 19.0%). Moreover, our model revealed disproportionate increases in internal JRFs with increases in load carriage, suggesting a coordinated adjustment in the musculature functions in the lower extremity. FE results reflected the complex effects of spatially varying material properties distribution and muscular engagement on tibial biomechanics during walking. We observed high stresses on the anterior crest and the medial surface of the tibia at pushoff, whereas high cumulative stress during one walking cycle was more prominent in the medioposterior aspect of the tibia. Our findings reinforce the need to include: (1) physiologically accurate loading conditions when modeling healthy subjects undergoing short-term exercise training and (2) the duration of stress exposure when evaluating stress-fracture injury risk. As a fundamental step toward understanding the instantaneous effect of external loading, our study presents a means to assess the relationship between load carriage and bone biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xu
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012
| | - Amy Silder
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6175
| | - Ju Zhang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Julie Hughes
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007
| | - Ginu Unnikrishnan
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, MCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012 e-mail:
| | - Vineet Rakesh
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5012
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Yates KM, Lu YC, Untaroiu CD. Statistical shape analysis of the human spleen geometry for probabilistic occupant models. J Biomech 2016; 49:1540-1546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weaver AA, Nguyen CM, Schoell SL, Maldjian JA, Stitzel JD. Image segmentation and registration algorithm to collect thoracic skeleton semilandmarks for characterization of age and sex-based thoracic morphology variation. Comput Biol Med 2015; 67:41-8. [PMID: 26496701 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic anthropometry variations with age and sex have been reported and likely relate to thoracic injury risk and outcome. The objective of this study was to collect a large volume of homologous semilandmark data from the thoracic skeleton for the purpose of quantifying thoracic morphology variations for males and females of ages 0-100 years. A semi-automated image segmentation and registration algorithm was applied to collect homologous thoracic skeleton semilandmarks from 343 normal computed tomography (CT) scans. Rigid, affine, and symmetric diffeomorphic transformations were used to register semilandmarks from an atlas to homologous locations in the subject-specific coordinate system. Homologous semilandmarks were successfully collected from 92% (7077) of the ribs and 100% (187) of the sternums included in the study. Between 2700 and 11,000 semilandmarks were collected from each rib and sternum and over 55 million total semilandmarks were collected from all subjects. The extensive landmark data collected more fully characterizes thoracic skeleton morphology across ages and sexes. Characterization of thoracic morphology with age and sex may help explain variations in thoracic injury risk and has important implications for vulnerable populations such as pediatrics and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Weaver
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
| | - Callistus M Nguyen
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
| | - Samantha L Schoell
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
| | - Joseph A Maldjian
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
| | - Joel D Stitzel
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University Center for Injury Biomechanics, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
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Statistical, Morphometric, Anatomical Shape Model (Atlas) of Calcaneus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134603. [PMID: 26270812 PMCID: PMC4536012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to develop a morphometric and anatomically accurate atlas (statistical shape model) of calcaneus. The model is based on 18 left foot and 18 right foot computed tomography studies of 28 male individuals aged from 17 to 62 years, with no known foot pathology. A procedure for automatic atlas included extraction and identification of common features, averaging feature position, obtaining mean geometry, mathematical shape description and variability analysis. Expert manual assistance was included for the model to fulfil the accuracy sought by medical professionals. The proposed for the first time statistical shape model of the calcaneus could be of value in many orthopaedic applications including providing support in diagnosing pathological lesions, pre-operative planning, classification and treatment of calcaneus fractures as well as for the development of future implant procedures.
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Klein KF, Hu J, Reed MP, Hoff CN, Rupp JD. Development and Validation of Statistical Models of Femur Geometry for Use with Parametric Finite Element Models. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2503-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bischoff JE, Dai Y, Goodlett C, Davis B, Bandi M. Incorporating population-level variability in orthopedic biomechanical analysis: a review. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021004. [PMID: 24337168 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effectively addressing population-level variability within orthopedic analyses requires robust data sets that span the target population and can be greatly facilitated by statistical methods for incorporating such data into functional biomechanical models. Data sets continue to be disseminated that include not just anatomical information but also key mechanical data including tissue or joint stiffness, gait patterns, and other inputs relevant to analysis of joint function across a range of anatomies and physiologies. Statistical modeling can be used to establish correlations between a variety of structural and functional biometrics rooted in these data and to quantify how these correlations change from health to disease and, finally, to joint reconstruction or other clinical intervention. Principal component analysis provides a basis for effectively and efficiently integrating variability in anatomy, tissue properties, joint kinetics, and kinematics into mechanistic models of joint function. With such models, bioengineers are able to study the effects of variability on biomechanical performance, not just on a patient-specific basis but in a way that may be predictive of a larger patient population. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the broad use of statistical modeling within orthopedics and to discuss ways to continue to leverage these techniques to improve biomechanical understanding of orthopedic systems across populations.
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Lu YC, Untaroiu CD. A statistical geometrical description of the human liver for probabilistic occupant models. J Biomech 2014; 47:3681-8. [PMID: 25315219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Realistic numerical assessments of liver injury risk for the entire occupant population require incorporating inter-subject variations into numerical models. Statistical shape models of the abdominal organs have been shown to be useful tools for the investigation of the organ variations and could be applied to the development of statistical computational models. The main objective of this study was to establish a standard procedure to quantify the shape variations of a human liver in a seated posture, and construct three-dimensional (3D) statistical shape boundary models. Statistical shape analysis was applied to construct shape models of 15 adult human livers. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then utilized to obtain the modes of variation, the mean model, and a set of statistical boundary shape models, which were constructed using the q-hyper-ellipsoid approach. The first five modes of a human liver accounted for the major anatomical variations. The modes were highly correlated to the height, thickness, width, and curvature of the liver, and the concavity of the right lobe. The mean model and the principal components were utilized to construct four boundary models of human liver. The statistical boundary model approach presented in this study could be used to develop probabilistic finite element (FE) models. In the future, the probabilistic liver models could be used in FE simulations to better understand the variability in biomechanical responses and abdominal injuries under impact loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chiao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Costin D Untaroiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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Shi X, Cao L, Reed MP, Rupp JD, Hoff CN, Hu J. A statistical human rib cage geometry model accounting for variations by age, sex, stature and body mass index. J Biomech 2014; 47:2277-85. [PMID: 24861634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a statistical rib cage geometry model accounting for variations by age, sex, stature and body mass index (BMI). Thorax CT scans were obtained from 89 subjects approximately evenly distributed among 8 age groups and both sexes. Threshold-based CT image segmentation was performed to extract the rib geometries, and a total of 464 landmarks on the left side of each subject׳s ribcage were collected to describe the size and shape of the rib cage as well as the cross-sectional geometry of each rib. Principal component analysis and multivariate regression analysis were conducted to predict rib cage geometry as a function of age, sex, stature, and BMI, all of which showed strong effects on rib cage geometry. Except for BMI, all parameters also showed significant effects on rib cross-sectional area using a linear mixed model. This statistical rib cage geometry model can serve as a geometric basis for developing a parametric human thorax finite element model for quantifying effects from different human attributes on thoracic injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China; University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Libo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Matthew P Reed
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Ergonomics, Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rupp
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carrie N Hoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jingwen Hu
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Shi X, Cao L, Reed MP, Rupp JD, Hu J. Effects of obesity on occupant responses in frontal crashes: a simulation analysis using human body models. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2014; 18:1280-92. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2014.900544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yue N, Untaroiu CD. A numerical investigation on the variation in hip injury tolerance with occupant posture during frontal collisions. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2014; 15:513-522. [PMID: 24678575 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2013.840884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than half of occupant lower extremity (LEX) injuries during automotive frontal crashes are in the knee-thigh-hip (KTH) complex. The objective of this study is to develop a detailed and biofidelic finite element (FE) occupant LEX model that may improve current understanding of mechanisms and thresholds of KTH injuries. METHODS Firstly, the pelvis, thigh-knee-hip, and foot models developed in our previous studies were connected into an occupant lower limb model. Further validations, including posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) stretching, thigh lateral loading, KT, and KTH impact loading were then performed to verify the injury predictability of the model under complex frontal and lateral loading corresponding to automotive impacts. Finally, a sensitivity study was performed with the whole lower limb model to investigate the effect of the hip joint angle to acetabulum injury tolerance in frontal impacts. RESULTS The whole lower limb model proved to be stable under severe impacts along the knee, foot, and lateral components. In addition, the biomechanical and injury responses predicted by the model correlated well with the corresponding test data. An increase in hip joint extension angle from -30 to +20° relative to neutral posture showed an increase of 19 to 58 percent hip injury tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The stability and biofidelity response of the pelvis-lower limb (PLEX) model indicates its potential application in future frontal and lateral impact FE simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Yue
- a University of Virginia , Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , Charlottesville , Virginia
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Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Biomechanical and Injury Response of Human Foot and Ankle Under Complex Loading. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135:101008. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4025108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ankle and subtalar joint injuries of vehicle front seat occupants are frequently recorded during frontal and offset vehicle crashes. A few injury criteria for foot and ankle were proposed in the past; however, they addressed only certain injury mechanisms or impact loadings. The main goal of this study was to investigate numerically the tolerance of foot and ankle under complex loading which may appear during automotive crashes. A previously developed and preliminarily validated foot and leg finite element (FE) model of a 50th percentile male was employed in this study. The model was further validated against postmortem human subjects (PMHS) data in various loading conditions that generates the bony fractures and ligament failures in ankle and subtalar regions observed in traffic accidents. Then, the foot and leg model were subjected to complex loading simulated as combinations of axial, dorsiflexion, and inversion loadings. An injury surface was fitted through the points corresponding to the parameters recorded at the time of failure in the FE simulations. The compelling injury predictions of the injury surface in two crash simulations may recommend its application for interpreting the test data recorded by anthropometric test devices (ATD) during crash tests. It is believed that the methodology presented in this study may be appropriate for the development of injury criteria under complex loadings corresponding to other body regions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Shin
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Costin D. Untaroiu
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060 e-mail:
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