Antibiogramj: A tool for analysing images from disk diffusion tests

Variation in the response to antibiotics and life-history across the major Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone type (mPact) panel

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous, opportunistic human pathogen. Since it often expresses multidrug resistance, new treatment options are urgently required. Such new treatments are usually assessed with one of the canonical laboratory strains, PAO1 or PA14. However, these two strains are unlikely representative of the strains infecting patients, because they have adapted to laboratory conditions and do not capture the enormous genomic diversity of the species. Here, we characterized the major P. aeruginosa clone type (mPact) panel. This panel consists of 20 strains, which reflect the species' genomic diversity, cover all major clone types, and have both patient and environmental origins. We found significant strain variation in distinct responses toward antibiotics and general growth characteristics. Only few of the measured traits are related, suggesting independent trait optimization across strains. High resistance levels were only identified for clinical mPact isolates and could be linked to known antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. One strain, H01, produced highly unstable AMR combined with reduced growth under drug-free conditions, indicating an evolutionary cost to resistance. The expression of microcolonies was common among strains, especially for strain H15, which also showed reduced growth, possibly indicating another type of evolutionary trade-off. By linking isolation source, growth, and virulence to life history traits, we further identified specific adaptive strategies for individual mPact strains toward either host processes or degradation pathways. Overall, the mPact panel provides a reasonably sized set of distinct strains, enabling in-depth analysis of new treatment designs or evolutionary dynamics in consideration of the species' genomic diversity.

IMPORTANCE

New treatment strategies are urgently needed for high-risk pathogens such as the opportunistic and often multidrug-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we characterize the major P. aeruginosa clone type (mPact) panel. It consists of 20 strains with different origins that cover the major clone types of the species as well as its genomic diversity. This mPact panel shows significant variation in (i) resistance against distinct antibiotics, including several last resort antibiotics; (ii) related traits associated with the response to antibiotics; and (iii) general growth characteristics. We further developed a novel approach that integrates information on resistance, growth, virulence, and life-history characteristics, allowing us to demonstrate the presence of distinct adaptive strategies of the strains that focus either on host interaction or resource processing. In conclusion, the mPact panel provides a manageable number of representative strains for this important pathogen for further in-depth analyses of treatment options and evolutionary dynamics.

Maximally stable extremal regions-based algorithm for automatic interpretation of disc-diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test

Antibiotic resistance causes a major threat to patients suffering from infectious diseases. Accurate and timely assessment of Antibiotic Susceptibility Test (AST) is of great importance to ensure adequate treatment for patients and for epidemiological monitoring. Disc Diffusion Test (DDT) is a standard and widely used method for AST. Manual interpretation of DDT results is a tedious task and susceptible to human errors. Computer vision-based automated interpretation of DDT results will speed up the process and reduces the manpower requirement. This would assist the physician to initiate the antibiotic treatment for the patients on time and results in saving the patient's life. The crucial step in automatic interpretation of DDT result is to measure and present the diameter of zone of inhibition without manual intervention. The existing methods require manual interventions at various stages during inhibition zone diameter measurement for some typical cases. This issue is addressed in the present work through maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) based algorithm. Dataset consisting of 60 agar plate images that includes different agar medium, images having different resolution and visual quality is used to validate the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between standard method and the proposed method.

Synergizing Nanomaterials and Artificial Intelligence in Advanced Optical Biosensors for Precision Antimicrobial Resistance Diagnosis

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global One Health concern, ensuing from unintentional and continuous exposure to antibiotics, as well as challenges in accurate contagion diagnostics. Addressing AMR requires a strategic approach that emphasizes early stage prevention through screening in clinical, environmental, farming, and livestock settings to identify nonvulnerable antimicrobial agents and the associated genes. Conventional AMR diagnostics, like antibiotic susceptibility testing, possess drawbacks, including high costs, time-consuming processes, and significant manpower requirements, underscoring the need for intelligent, prompt, and on-site diagnostic techniques. Nanoenabled artificial intelligence (AI)-supported smart optical biosensors present a potential solution by facilitating rapid point-of-care AMR detection with real-time, sensitive, and portable capabilities. This Review comprehensively explores various types of optical nanobiosensors, such as surface plasmon resonance sensors, whispering-gallery mode sensors, optical coherence tomography, interference reflection imaging sensors, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, microring resonance sensors, and optical tweezer biosensors, for AMR diagnostics. By harnessing the unique advantages of these nanoenabled smart biosensors, a revolutionary paradigm shift in AMR diagnostics can be achieved, characterized by rapid results, high sensitivity, portability, and integration with Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies. Moreover, nanoenabled optical biosensors enable personalized monitoring and on-site detection, significantly reducing turnaround time and eliminating the human resources needed for sample preservation and transportation. Their potential for holistic environmental surveillance further enhances monitoring capabilities in diverse settings, leading to improved modern-age healthcare practices and more effective management of antimicrobial treatments. Embracing these advanced diagnostic tools promises to bolster global healthcare capacity to combat AMR and safeguard One Health.

Increasing segmentation performance with synthetic agar plate images

Background

Agar plate analysis is vital for microbiological testing in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. Manual inspection is slow, laborious, and error-prone, while existing automated systems struggle with the complexity of real-world agar plates. A shortage of diverse datasets hinders the development and evaluation of robust automated systems.

Methods

In this paper, two new annotated datasets and a novel methodology for synthetic agar plate generation are presented. The datasets comprise 854 images of cultivated agar plates and 1,588 images of empty agar plates, encompassing various agar plate types and microorganisms. These datasets are an extension of the publicly available BRUKERCOLONY dataset, collectively forming one of the largest publicly available annotated datasets for research. The methodology is based on an efficient image generation pipeline that also simulates cultivation-related phenomena such as haemolysis or chromogenic reactions.

Results

The augmentations significantly improved the Dice coefficient of trained U-Net models, increasing it from 0.671 to 0.721. Furthermore, training the U-Net model with a combination of real and 150% synthetic data demonstrated its efficacy, yielding a remarkable Dice coefficient of 0.729, a substantial improvement from the baseline of 0.518. UNet3+ exhibited the highest performance among the U-Net and Attention U-Net architectures, achieving a Dice coefficient of 0.767.

Conclusions

Our experiments showed the methodology's applicability to real-world scenarios, even with highly variable agar plates. Our paper contributes to automating agar plate analysis by presenting a new dataset and effective methodology, potentially enhancing fully automated microbiological testing.

Cold plasma for sustainable control of hygienically relevant biofilms. The interaction of plasma distance and exposure time

This study aimed to analyse the efficacy of a new cold plasma device adapted for treatment with a low power consumption . We tested the reduction of bacterial cells in biofilms of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. . The results show significant differences between bacterial cells, suggesting that Gramme-positive S. aureus is less susceptible to plasma treatment than Gramme-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Increasing the exposure time and decreasing the distance decreases the number of cells in the biofilm. However, the combination of close distance and long exposure time resulted in synergistic effects. We demonstrated a reduction of up to 6.6 log CFU cm2 for E. coli at 1 mm and an exposure time of 60 seconds. All these indicate that the new cold plasma jet device can be an important key to ensuring hygiene and numerous applications in medicine and engineering are possible.

Negative regulation of MurZ and MurA underlies the essentiality of GpsB- and StkP-mediated protein phosphorylation in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39

GpsB links peptidoglycan synthases to other proteins that determine the shape of the respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus; Spn) and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. GpsB is also required for phosphorylation of proteins by the essential StkP(Spn) Ser/Thr protein kinase. Here we report three classes of frequently arising chromosomal duplications (≈21-176 genes) containing murZ (MurZ-family homolog of MurA) or murA that suppress ΔgpsB or ΔstkP. These duplications arose from three different repeated sequences and demonstrate the facility of pneumococcus to modulate gene dosage of numerous genes. Overproduction of MurZ or MurA alone or overproduction of MurZ caused by ΔkhpAB mutations suppressed ΔgpsB or ΔstkP phenotypes to varying extents. ΔgpsB and ΔstkP were also suppressed by MurZ amino-acid changes distant from the active site, including one in commonly studied laboratory strains, and by truncation or deletion of the homolog of IreB(ReoM). Unlike in other Gram-positive bacteria, MurZ is predominant to MurA in pneumococcal cells. However, ΔgpsB and ΔstkP were not suppressed by ΔclpCP, which did not alter MurZ or MurA amounts. These results support a model in which regulation of MurZ and MurA activity, likely by IreB(Spn), is the only essential requirement for StkP-mediated protein phosphorylation in exponentially growing D39 pneumococcal cells.

Chromosomal Duplications of MurZ (MurA2) or MurA (MurA1), Amino Acid Substitutions in MurZ (MurA2), and Absence of KhpAB Obviate the Requirement for Protein Phosphorylation in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39

GpsB links peptidoglycan synthases to other proteins that determine the shape of the respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus; Spn ) and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. GpsB is also required for phosphorylation of proteins by the essential StkP( Spn ) Ser/Thr protein kinase. Here we report three classes of frequently arising chromosomal duplications (≈21-176 genes) containing murZ (MurZ-family homolog of MurA) or murA that suppress Δ gpsB or Δ stkP . These duplications arose from three different repeated sequences and demonstrate the facility of pneumococcus to modulate gene dosage of numerous genes. Overproduction of MurZ or MurA alone or overexpression of MurZ caused by Δ khpAB mutations suppressed Δ gpsB or Δ stkP phenotypes to varying extents. Δ gpsB and Δ stkP were also suppressed by MurZ amino-acid changes distant from the active site, including one in commonly studied laboratory strains, and by truncation or deletion of the homolog of IreB(ReoM). Unlike in other Gram-positive bacteria, MurZ is predominant to MurA in pneumococcal cells. However, Δ gpsB and Δ stkP were not suppressed by Δ clpCP , which did not alter MurZ or MurA amounts. These results support a model in which regulation of MurZ and MurA activity, likely by IreB( Spn ), is the only essential requirement for protein phosphorylation in exponentially growing D39 pneumococcal cells.

Scaffolds in the microbial resistant era: Fabrication, materials, properties and tissue engineering applications

Due to microbial infections dramatically affect cell survival and increase the risk of implant failure, scaffolds produced with antimicrobial materials are now much more likely to be successful. Multidrug-resistant infections without suitable prevention strategies are increasing at an alarming rate. The ability of cells to organize, develop, differentiate, produce a functioning extracellular matrix (ECM) and create new functional tissue can all be controlled by careful control of the extracellular microenvironment. This review covers the present state of advanced strategies to develop scaffolds with antimicrobial properties for bone, oral tissue, skin, muscle, nerve, trachea, cardiac and other tissue engineering applications. The review focuses on the development of antimicrobial scaffolds against bacteria and fungi using a wide range of materials, including polymers, biopolymers, glass, ceramics and antimicrobials agents such as antibiotics, antiseptics, antimicrobial polymers, peptides, metals, carbon nanomaterials, combinatorial strategies, and includes discussions on the antimicrobial mechanisms involved in these antimicrobial approaches. The toxicological aspects of these advanced scaffolds are also analyzed to ensure future technological transfer to clinics. The main antimicrobial methods of characterizing scaffolds’ antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties are described. The production methods of these porous supports, such as electrospinning, phase separation, gas foaming, the porogen method, polymerization in solution, fiber mesh coating, self-assembly, membrane lamination, freeze drying, 3D printing and bioprinting, among others, are also included in this article. These important advances in antimicrobial materials-based scaffolds for regenerative medicine offer many new promising avenues to the material design and tissue-engineering communities.

•

Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm scaffolds.

•

Antimicrobial scaffold fabrication techniques.

•

Antimicrobial biomaterials for tissue engineering applications.

•

Antimicrobial characterization methods of scaffolds.

•

Bone, oral tissue, skin, muscle, nerve, trachea, cardiac, among other applications.

Clinical Prevalence, Antibiogram Profiling and Gompertz Growth Kinetics of Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Treated with Nanoparticles of Rosin Extracted from Pinus roxburghii

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) makes it difficult to treat infections that increase morbidity and mortality rates in various parts of the world. The study’s objectives include identifying the clinical prevalence, antibiogram profile, and Gompertz growth kinetics of MRSE treated with synthetically created nanoparticles of rosin obtained from Pinus roxburghii. A total of 64 of 200 clinical isolates of S. epidermidis (32% of the total) displayed sensitivity (40.62%) and resistance (59.37%) to seven different antibiotic classes. The most sensitive patterns of antibiotic resistance were seen in 20 (78.95%) and 24 (94.74%) isolates of MRSE against piperacillin/tazobactam and cephradine, respectively. Fosfomycine was found to be the most effective antibiotic against MRSE in 34 (89.47%) isolates, followed by amoxicillin. Successfully produced, described, and used against MRSE were rosin maleic anhydride nanoparticles with a size range of 250 nm to 350 nm. Five different concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg mL⁻¹ rosin maleic anhydride nanoparticles were investigated to treat MRSE resistance. According to Gompertz growth kinetics, the maximal growth response was 32.54% higher and the lag phase was also 10.26% longer compared to the control when the amount of rosin maleic anhydride nanoparticles was increased in the MRSE. Following the application of rosin maleic anhydride nanoparticles, the growth period is extended from 6 to 8 h. A potential mechanism for cell disintegration and distortion is put forth. This investigation came to the conclusion that rosin maleic anhydride nanoparticles better interfere with the surface of MRSE and demonstrated a preferred bacteriostatic action.

Phytochemical composition and bio-functional properties of Apis mellifera propolis from Kenya

There is an increased demand for natural products like propolis, yet little information is available about the chemical composition of African propolis and its bio-functional properties. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to quantify the phytochemicals and determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Apis mellifera propolis (n = 59) sourced from various regions in Kenya. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the sampling region had a remarkable impact on the propolis's composition and bio-functional properties. Generally, the propolis contained high amounts of phytochemicals, particularly alkaloids (5.76 g CE/100 g) and phenols (2.24 g GAE/100 g). Furthermore, analysis of propolis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed various compounds with varying bio-functional activities. These compounds included triterpenoids alpha- and beta-amyrin, oleanen-3-yl-acetate, urs-12-en-24-oic acid, lanosta-8,24-dien-3-one, and hydrocarbons tricosane and nondecane, which have been reported to have either antimicrobial or antioxidant activities. The propolis samples collected from hotter climatic conditions contained a higher composition of phytochemicals, and additionally, they displayed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than those obtained from cooler climatic conditions. Key findings of this study demonstrate the occurrence of relatively high phytochemical content in Kenya's propolis, which has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties; hence this potential could be harnessed for disease control.

Phytochemical composition and bio-functional properties of Apis mellifera propolis from Kenya

There is an increased demand for natural products like propolis, yet little information is available about the chemical composition of African propolis and its bio-functional properties. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to quantify the phytochemicals and determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Apis mellifera propolis (n = 59) sourced from various regions in Kenya. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the sampling region had a remarkable impact on the propolis's composition and bio-functional properties. Generally, the propolis contained high amounts of phytochemicals, particularly alkaloids (5.76 g CE/100 g) and phenols (2.24 g GAE/100 g). Furthermore, analysis of propolis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed various compounds with varying bio-functional activities. These compounds included triterpenoids alpha- and beta-amyrin, oleanen-3-yl-acetate, urs-12-en-24-oic acid, lanosta-8,24-dien-3-one, and hydrocarbons tricosane and nondecane, which have been reported to have either antimicrobial or antioxidant activities. The propolis samples collected from hotter climatic conditions contained a higher composition of phytochemicals, and additionally, they displayed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than those obtained from cooler climatic conditions. Key findings of this study demonstrate the occurrence of relatively high phytochemical content in Kenya's propolis, which has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties; hence this potential could be harnessed for disease control.

A Critical Review of the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Green-Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) produced by green synthesis using plant extracts have attracted huge interest in the scientific community due to their excellent antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activities. To evaluate these pharmacological properties, several methods or protocols have been successfully developed and implemented. Although these protocols were mostly inspired by the guidelines from national and international regulatory bodies, they suffer from a glaring absence of standardization of the experimental conditions. This situation leads to a lack of reproducibility and comparability of data from different study settings. To minimize these problems, guidelines for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs should be developed by specialists in the field. Being aware of the immensity of the workload and the efforts required to achieve this, we set out to undertake a meticulous literature review of different experimental protocols and laboratory conditions used for the antimicrobial and antibiofilm evaluation of MNPs that could be used as a basis for future guidelines. This review also brings together all the discrepancies resulting from the different experimental designs and emphasizes their impact on the biological activities as well as their interpretation. Finally, the paper proposes a general overview that requires extensive experimental investigations to set the stage for the future development of effective antimicrobial MNPs using green synthesis.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Human Commensal Neisseria Species

Pathogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. N. gonorrhoeae has evolved high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AR) leading to therapeutic failures even in dual-therapy treatment with azithromycin and ceftriaxone. AR mechanisms can be acquired by genetic transfer from closely related species, such as naturally competent commensal Neisseria species. At present, little is known about the antimicrobial resistance profiles of commensal Neisseria. Here, we characterized the phenotypic resistance profile of four commensal Neisseria species (N. lactamica, N. cinerea, N. mucosa, and N. elongata) against 10 commonly used antibiotics, and compared their profiles to 4 N. gonorrhoeae strains, using disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration assays. Overall, we observed that 3 of the 4 commensals were more resistant to several antibiotics than pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae strains. Next, we compared publicly available protein sequences of known AR genes, including penicillin-binding-protein 2 (PBP2) from commensals and N. gonorrhoeae strains. We found mutations in PBP2 known to confer resistance in N. gonorrhoeae also present in commensal Neisseria sequences. Our results suggest that commensal Neisseria have unexplored antibiotic resistance gene pools that may be exchanged with pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae, possibly impairing drug development and clinical treatment.

AI-based mobile application to fight antibiotic resistance

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat and its development is promoted by antibiotic misuse. While disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST, also called antibiogram) is broadly used to test for antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections, it faces strong criticism because of inter-operator variability and the complexity of interpretative reading. Automatic reading systems address these issues, but are not always adapted or available to resource-limited settings. We present an artificial intelligence (AI)-based, offline smartphone application for antibiogram analysis. The application captures images with the phone’s camera, and the user is guided throughout the analysis on the same device by a user-friendly graphical interface. An embedded expert system validates the coherence of the antibiogram data and provides interpreted results. The fully automatic measurement procedure of our application’s reading system achieves an overall agreement of 90% on susceptibility categorization against a hospital-standard automatic system and 98% against manual measurement (gold standard), with reduced inter-operator variability. The application’s performance showed that the automatic reading of antibiotic resistance testing is entirely feasible on a smartphone. Moreover our application is suited for resource-limited settings, and therefore has the potential to significantly increase patients’ access to AST worldwide.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat and its development is promoted by antibiotic misuse. Here, the authors present an offline smartphone application for automated and standardized antibiotic susceptibility testing, to be deployed in resource-limited settings.

Innovative and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human health worldwide, and the rapid detection and quantification of resistance, combined with antimicrobial stewardship, are key interventions to combat the spread and emergence of AMR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) systems are the collective set of diagnostic processes that facilitate the phenotypic and genotypic assessment of AMR and antibiotic susceptibility. Over the past 30 years, only a few high-throughput AST methods have been developed and widely implemented. By contrast, several studies have established proof of principle for various innovative AST methods, including both molecular-based and genome-based methods, which await clinical trials and regulatory review. In this Review, we discuss the current state of AST systems in the broadest technical, translational and implementation-related scope.

Bioactive constituents, in vitro radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of selected Apis mellifera honey from Kenya

There is limited information about the relative composition and health benefits of various honey consumed across Africa. This study aimed at estimating the bioactive constituents, in vitro radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of 16 kinds of honey obtained from different geographical locations in Kenya. Manuka 5 + honey was included for comparison. Some of the tested honey had biochemicals and bioactivities similar to or higher than Manuka 5 + honey. The honey exhibited DPPH radical scavenging ability, with several types of honey showing superior scavenging potential than Manuka 5 + honey, owing to their high phenol content. All types of honey inhibited the growth of E. coli and further showed a substantial amount of nonperoxide antimicrobial activity. The geographical origin of honey had an influence on its bioactive contents. Overall, these findings suggest that Kenyan honey has great therapeutic potential, and thus, its clinical application should not be overlooked.

The toxin from a ParDE toxin-antitoxin system found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa offers protection to cells challenged with anti-gyrase antibiotics

Toxin-antitoxin systems are mediators of diverse activities in bacterial physiology. For the ParE-type toxins, their reported role of gyrase inhibition utilized during plasmid-segregation killing indicates they are toxic. However, their location throughout chromosomes leads to questions about function, including potential non-toxic outcomes. The current study has characterized a ParDE system from the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). We identified a protective function for this ParE toxin, PaParE, against effects of quinolone and other antibiotics. However, higher concentrations of PaParE are themselves toxic to cells, indicating the phenotypic outcome can vary based on its concentration. Our assays confirmed PaParE inhibition of gyrase-mediated supercoiling of DNA with an IC50 value in the low micromolar range, a species-specificity that resulted in more efficacious inhibition of Escherichia coli derived gyrase versus Pa gyrase, and overexpression in the absence of antitoxin yielded an expected filamentous morphology with multi-foci nucleic acid material. Additional data revealed that the PaParE toxin is monomeric and interacts with dimeric PaParD antitoxin with a KD in the lower picomolar range, yielding a heterotetramer. This work provides novel insights into chromosome-encoded ParE function, whereby its expression can impart partial protection to cultures from selected antibiotics.