1
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Yang Z, Zhou Q, Wu W, Zhang D, Mo L, Liu J, Yang X. Food fraud vulnerability assessment in the edible vegetable oil supply chain: A perspective of Chinese enterprises. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Previti A, Vicari D, Conte F, Pugliese M, Gargano V, Alibrandi A, Zirilli A, Passantino A. The "Hygiene Package": Analysis of Fraud Rates in Italy in the Period before and after Its Entry into Force. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091244. [PMID: 35563967 PMCID: PMC9103962 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In violation of EU legislation, fraudulent activities in agri-food chains seek to make economic profits at the expense of consumers. Food frauds (FFs) often constitute a public health risk as well as a risk to animal and plant health, animal welfare and the environment. To analyze FFs in Italy during 1997-2020 with the aim of gaining observational insights into the effectiveness of the legislation in force and consequently of inspection activities, FFs were determined from official food inspections carried out by the Central Inspectorate of Quality Protection and Fraud Repression of Agri-food Products in 1997-2020. Inspected sectors were wine, oils and fats, milk and dairy products, fruit and vegetables, meat, eggs, honey, feeds and supplements, and seeds. Data show that the inspection activities have significantly improved in terms of sampling and fraud detection. However, a higher incidence of fraud involving the meat sector was observed. The obtained results demonstrate that there has not been a clear change of direction after the so-called "hygiene package" (food hygiene rules in the EU) came into force. Thus, more effective measures are needed to manage risk as well as new analytical solutions to increase the deterrence against meat adulteration and the rapid detection of fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Previti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.P.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sicilia “A.Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.V.); (V.G.)
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.P.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Michela Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.P.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-90-676-6743
| | - Valeria Gargano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sicilia “A.Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.V.); (V.G.)
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Agata Zirilli
- Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.P.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
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3
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Kowalska A, Manning L. Food Safety Governance and Guardianship: The Role of the Private Sector in Addressing the EU Ethylene Oxide Incident. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020204. [PMID: 35053936 PMCID: PMC8774432 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesame seeds within the European Union (EU) are classified as foods not of animal origin. Two food safety issues associated with sesame seeds have emerged in recent years, i.e., Salmonella contamination and the presence of ethylene oxide. Fumigation with ethylene oxide to reduce Salmonella in seeds and spices is not approved in the EU, so its presence in sesame seeds from India was a sentinel incident sparking multiple trans-European product recalls between 2020-2021. Following an interpretivist approach, this study utilises academic and grey sources including data from the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database to inform a critical appraisal of current EU foods not of animal origin legislation and associated governance structures and surveillance programs. This is of particular importance as consumers are encouraged towards plant-based diets. This study shows the importance of collaborative governance utilizing data from company testing and audits as well as official regulatory controls to define the depth and breadth of a given incident in Europe. The development of reflexive governance supported by the newest technology (e.g., blockchain) might be of value in public-private models of food safety governance. This study contributes to the literature on the adoption of risk-based food safety regulation and the associated hybrid public-private models of food safety governance where both regulators and private organizations play a vital role in assuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kowalska
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Louise Manning
- School of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
- Correspondence:
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4
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Manning L, Kowalska A. Considering Fraud Vulnerability Associated with Credence-Based Products Such as Organic Food. Foods 2021; 10:1879. [PMID: 34441656 PMCID: PMC8393577 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic foods carry a premium price. They are credence-based foods, i.e., it is difficult for consumers to evaluate the premium aspects of organic food under normal use. In global supply chains, organic food is purchased on institutional trust (certification, logos, standards) rather than on relational trust. Relying on institutional trust makes consumers vulnerable to criminals who intentionally label conventional product as organic or develop sophisticated organized crime networks to defraud businesses and consumers. The aim of this research is to explore cases of organic fraud that are emergent from academic and gray literature searches to identify ways to strengthen future capabilities to counter illicit activities in a globalized food environment. Each case is considered in terms of perpetrator motivations (differentiated as economic, cultural, and behaviorally orientated drivers), the mode of operation (simple or organized), the guardians involved/absent, and the business and supply chain level vulnerabilities the cases highlight. The study finds that institutional trust is particularly vulnerable to fraud. Supply chain guardians need to recognize this vulnerability and implement effective controls to reduce the likelihood of occurrence. However, in some cases considered in the study, the guardians themselves were complicit in the illicit behavior, further increasing consumer vulnerability. Future research needs to consider how additional controls can be implemented, without increasing supply chain friction that will impact on food trade and supply, that can ensure consumers are purchasing what they believe they are paying for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Manning
- School of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6JS, UK
| | - Aleksandra Kowalska
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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5
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Robson K, Dean M, Haughey SA, Elliott CT. The identification of beef crimes and the creation of a bespoke beef crimes risk assessment tool. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Shurson GC, Palowski A, van de Ligt JLG, Schroeder DC, Balestreri C, Urriola PE, Sampedro F. New perspectives for evaluating relative risks of African swine fever virus contamination in global feed ingredient supply chains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:31-56. [PMID: 34076354 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are no published reports indicating that the African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been detected in feed ingredients or complete feed. This is primarily because there are only a few laboratories in the world that have the biosecurity and analytical capabilities of detecting ASFV in feed. Several in vitro studies have been conducted to evaluate ASFV concentration, viability and inactivation when ASFV was added to various feed ingredients and complete feed. These inoculation studies have shown that some feed matrices support virus survival longer than others and the reasons for this are unknown. Current analytical methodologies have significant limitations in sensitivity, repeatability, ability to detect viable virus particles and association with infectivity. As a result, interpretation of findings using various measures may lead to misleading conclusions. Because of analytical and technical challenges, as well as the lack of ASFV contamination data in feed supply chains, quantitative risk assessments have not been conducted. A few qualitative risk assessments have been conducted, but they have not considered differences in potential scenarios for ASFV contamination between various types of feed ingredient supply chains. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a more holistic understanding of the relative potential risks of ASFV contamination in various global feed ingredient supply chains and provide recommendations for addressing the challenges identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda Palowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer L G van de Ligt
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cecilia Balestreri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Robson K, Dean M, Haughey S, Elliott C. A comprehensive review of food fraud terminologies and food fraud mitigation guides. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Ulberth F. Tools to combat food fraud - A gap analysis. Food Chem 2020; 330:127044. [PMID: 32563930 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A complex legal and institutional framework exists in the EU to ensure the safety of the feed-food chain, while such an integrated system for combating food fraud is under development. The European Commission (EC) Knowledge Centre for Food Fraud and Quality is charged with the provision of scientific insight for the policy making of EC services dealing with food fraud, and the creation of expert networks with the competent authorities of the EU Member States. To flag gaps in the existing infrastructure needed for effectively and efficiently fighting food fraud, the Centre together with the competent authorities and several EC services undertook a stocktaking exercise of what works well and which areas will need improvement. Out of several focus areas, (i) the development of early warning systems, (ii) the availability of compositional databases of vulnerable foods, and (iii) the creation of centres of competence were prioritised for further action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Ulberth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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9
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Kowalska A, Manning L. Using the rapid alert system for food and feed: potential benefits and problems on data interpretation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:906-919. [PMID: 32274931 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1747978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), where competent authorities in each Member State (MS) submit notifications on the withdrawal of unsafe or illegal products from the market, makes a significant contribution to food safety control in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to frame the potential challenges of interpreting and then acting upon the dataset contained within the RASFF system. As it is largest cause of RASFF notifications, the lens of enquiry used is mycotoxin contamination. The methodological approach is to firstly iteratively review existing literature to frame the problem, and then to interrogate the RASFF system and analyze the data available. Findings are that caution should be exercised in using the RASFF database both as a predictive tool and for trend analysis, because iterative changes in food law impact on the frequency of regulatory sampling associated with border and inland regulatory checks. The study highlights the variability of engagement by MSs with the RASFF database, influencing generalisability of the trends noted. As importing countries raise market standards, there are wider food safety implications for the exporting countries themselves. As this is one of the first studies articulating the complexities and opportunities of using the RASFF database, this research makes a strong contribution to literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Manning
- School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, UK
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10
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Pezzolato M, Baioni E, Maurella C, Varello K, Meistro S, Balsano A, Bozzetta E. Distinguishing between Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Smoked Salmon: Histology To Detect Food Adulteration in High-Value Products. J Food Prot 2020; 83:52-53. [PMID: 31825675 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The issue of food safety has acquired increased importance, and fraud is a major concern for the food industry. Among different types of food adulteration, there is the sale of frozen-thawed smoked salmon product as fresh, which not only decreases the quality of products but also misleads consumers and may involve associated health risks. In response to this problem, we tested the performance of histology to identify smoked salmon as fresh or frozen-thawed as a valid analytical method, so food business operators and official controllers can reliably and correctly classify the storage state of the product. Three groups of samples were prepared: group A (n = 36), fresh samples; group B (n = 36), frozen at -18°C for 30 days; and group C (n = 36), stored at -3°C for 30 days after packaging. Two histopathologists examined all samples in blind evaluations and classified them as fresh or frozen-thawed. Sensitivity, specificity, and interrater agreement were calculated. Results show high performance with the test: 80.6% sensitivity (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 64 to 91.8%); 95.6% specificity (95% CI: 89.1 to 98.8%); and Cohen's kappa was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.98%). Histology is a reliable and highly accurate method to differentiate fresh from frozen-thawed smoked salmon and could be used by the industry and official controllers to verify the labeling of the commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-9016 [M.P.])
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-9016 [M.P.])
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-9016 [M.P.])
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-9016 [M.P.])
| | - Serena Meistro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-9016 [M.P.])
| | | | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-9016 [M.P.])
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11
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Introducing the Food Fraud Prevention Cycle (FFPC): A dynamic information management and strategic roadmap. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Minnens F, Lucas Luijckx N, Verbeke W. Food Supply Chain Stakeholders' Perspectives on Sharing Information to Detect and Prevent Food Integrity Issues. Foods 2019; 8:E225. [PMID: 31242589 PMCID: PMC6616500 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges facing the food industry is assuring food integrity. Dealing with complex food integrity issues requires a multi-dimensional approach. Preventive actions and early reactive responses are key for the food supply chain. Information sharing could facilitate the detection and prevention of food integrity issues. This study investigates attitudes towards a food integrity information sharing system (FI-ISS) among stakeholders in the European food supply chain. Insights into stakeholders' interest in participating and their conditions for joining an FI-ISS are assessed. The stakeholder consultation consisted of three rounds. During the first round, a total of 143 food industry stakeholders-covering all major food sectors susceptible to food integrity issues-participated in an online quantitative survey between November 2017 and February 2018. The second round, an online qualitative feedback survey in which the findings were presented, received feedback from 61 stakeholders from the food industry, food safety authorities and the science community. Finally, 37 stakeholders discussed the results in further detail during an interactive workshop in May 2018. Three distinct groups of industry stakeholders were identified based on reported frequency of occurrence and likelihood of detecting food integrity issues. Food industry stakeholders strongly support the concept of an FI-ISS, with an attitude score of 4.49 (standard deviation (S.D.) = 0.57) on a 5-point scale, and their willingness to participate is accordingly high (81%). Consensus exists regarding the advantages an FI-ISS can yield towards detection and prevention. A stakeholder's perception of the advantages was identified as a predictor of their intention to join an FI-ISS, while their perception of the disadvantages and the perceived risk of food integrity issues were not. Medium-sized companies perceive the current detection of food integrity issues as less likely compared to smaller and large companies. Interestingly, medium-sized companies also have lower intentions to join an FI-ISS. Four key success factors for an FI-ISS are defined, more specifically with regards to (1) the actors to be involved in a system, (2) the information to be shared, (3) the third party to manage the FI-ISS and (4) the role of food safety authorities. Reactions diverged concerning the required level of transparency, the type of data that stakeholders might be willing to share in an FI-ISS and the role authorities can have within an FI-ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Minnens
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Spink JW. The current state of food fraud prevention: overview and requirements to address ‘How to Start?’ and ‘How Much is Enough?’. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Spink J, Elliott C, Dean M, Speier-Pero C. Food fraud data collection needs survey. NPJ Sci Food 2019; 3:8. [PMID: 31304280 PMCID: PMC6550154 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-019-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This research project was conducted to understand the data collection needs when addressing food fraud prevention. The foundation for an understanding of the fraud opportunity utilizes a holistic and all-encompassing information sharing system. The anonymous online survey was distributed first to a targeted group of food fraud leaders from manufacturer or brand owner companies and then to a public group. From the 96 survey responses, first, regarding "data" there is generally "enough" and "good enough" data to meet the current assessments and compliance needs. Second, regarding the process, there is a need for more guidance or harmonization on vulnerability assessments, strategy development and management, and correlation to all other enterprise-wide risks (ERM/COSO). Third, there is the general activity of conducting food fraud vulnerability assessments, but there is a lack of clarity or direction on the scope (all types of fraud) and confidence in the conclusions (a clear insight or diagnosis of root-cause). This survey suggests there is a need for more definition and formality of the method and process for addressing food fraud. Finally, a focus on harmonizing terms, vulnerability assessment methods, and then of common policy/strategy will enable the risk assessors to define their future data collection requirements and needs. Further research should explore the specifics of the data collection needs and expand to other stakeholders such as regulators and enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Spink
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland UK
| | - Moira Dean
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland UK
| | - Cheri Speier-Pero
- Department of Supply Chain Management, Broad Business School, Michigan State University, 632 Bogue St. N520, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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15
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The application of public policy theory to the emerging food fraud risk: Next steps. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Fraud vulnerability in the Dutch milk supply chain: Assessments of farmers, processors and retailers. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Pallone JAL, Caramês ETDS, Alamar PD. Green analytical chemistry applied in food analysis: alternative techniques. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Ahmad AN, Ungku Zainal Abidin UF, Othman M, Abdul Rahman R. Overview of the halal food control system in Malaysia. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Tibola CS, da Silva SA, Dossa AA, Patrício DI. Economically Motivated Food Fraud and Adulteration in Brazil: Incidents and Alternatives to Minimize Occurrence. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2028-2038. [PMID: 30020548 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers. Adulteration of foods is often reported and represent an important potential threat to food safety. Because of this, reduction of the vulnerability of foods to adulteration is of high priority to Brazil. This study analyzes economically motivated food fraud and adulterations in Brazil between 2007 and 2017, based on academic journal reports. In addition, alternatives are proposed to minimize these incidents through good practices, traceability systems and the development of methods to detect food fraud and adulteration. Complex supply chains for foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products, were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Other products prone to fraudulent activities were vegetable oils, especially olive oil, which are high value products. Meat and fish, as well as their respective by-products, were also involved in some food fraud and adulteration, especially substitution. Cases of extraneous ingredient addition were also reported in the coffee and tea sectors. Comprehensive food fraud and adulteration prevention requires the enforcement of regulatory systems, increased sampling and monitoring, training of food producers and handlers, and development of precise, rapid, and cost-effective methods of fraud detection. The availability of robust methods to identify the chemical constituents of foods could be a decisive step, both to detect and prevent fraud in producer countries and to open up new markets to these products. The results of this study can be used to analyze food safety risks and prioritize target areas for food research and policy-making in order to enforce food safety regulations in Brazil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casiane Salete Tibola
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, km 294, C.P. 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Simone Alves da Silva
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Inst., Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 355-Cerqueira César-São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Augusto Dossa
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, km 294, C.P. 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Inácio Patrício
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, km 294, C.P. 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
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20
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Sousa N, Moreira MJ, Saraiva C, de Almeida JMMM. Applying Fourier Transform Mid Infrared Spectroscopy to Detect the Adulteration of Salmo salar with Oncorhynchus mykiss. Foods 2018; 7:foods7040055. [PMID: 29621135 PMCID: PMC5920420 DOI: 10.3390/foods7040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods to detect fish adulteration. Muscles of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (SS) and Salmon trout (Onconrhynchus mykiss) (OM) muscles were mixed in different percentages and transformed into mini-burgers. These were stored at 3 °C, then examined at 0, 72, 160, and 240 h for deteriorative microorganisms. Mini-burgers was submitted to Soxhlet extraction, following which lipid extracts were analyzed by FTIR. The principal component analysis (PCA) described the studied adulteration using four principal components with an explained variance of 95.60%. PCA showed that the absorbance in the spectral region from 721, 1097, 1370, 1464, 1655, 2805, to 2935, 3009 cm−1 may be attributed to biochemical fingerprints related to differences between SS and OM. The partial least squares regression (PLS-R) predicted the presence/absence of adulteration in fish samples of an external set with high accuracy. The proposed methods have the advantage of allowing quick measurements, despite the storage time of the adulterated fish. FTIR combined with chemometrics showed that a methodology to identify the adulteration of SS with OM can be established, even when stored for different periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sousa
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, B. Laboratorial, B1.03, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Moreira
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, B. Laboratorial, B1.03, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Saraiva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, B. Laboratorial, B1.03, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - José M M M de Almeida
- Physics Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta do Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
- CAP/INESC TEC-Technology and Science and FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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van Ruth S, Luning P, Silvis I, Yang Y, Huisman W. Differences in fraud vulnerability in various food supply chains and their tiers. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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