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Bakhti A, Shokouhi Z, Mohammadipanah F. Modulation of proteins by rare earth elements as a biotechnological tool. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129072. [PMID: 38163500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Although rare earth element (REE) complexes are often utilized in bioimaging due to their photo- and redox stability, magnetic and optical characteristics, they are also applied for pharmaceutical applications due to their interaction with macromolecules namely proteins. The possible implications induced by REEs through modification in the function or regulatory activity of the proteins trigger a variety of applications for these elements in biomedicine and biotechnology. Lanthanide complexes have particularly been applied as anti-biofilm agents, cancer inhibitors, potential inflammation inhibitors, metabolic elicitors, and helper agents in the cultivation of unculturable strains, drug delivery, tissue engineering, photodynamic, and radiation therapy. This paper overviews emerging applications of REEs in biotechnology, especially in biomedical imaging, tumor diagnosis, and treatment along with their potential toxic effects. Although significant advances in applying REEs have been made, there is a lack of comprehensive studies to identify the potential of all REEs in biotechnology since only four elements, Eu, Ce, Gd, and La, among 17 REEs have been mostly investigated. However, in depth research on ecotoxicology, environmental behavior, and biological functions of REEs in the health and disease status of living organisms is required to fill the vital gaps in our understanding of REEs applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bakhti
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shokouhi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.
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Yue H, Zhao D, Tegafaw T, Ahmad MY, Saidi AKAA, Liu Y, Cha H, Yang BW, Chae KS, Nam SW, Chang Y, Lee GH. Core-Shell Fe 3O 4@C Nanoparticles as Highly Effective T 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:177. [PMID: 38251140 PMCID: PMC10819740 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) have been intensively investigated because of their potential biomedical applications due to their high saturation magnetization. In this study, core-shell Fe3O4@C NPs (core = Fe3O4 NPs and shell = amorphous carbons, davg = 35.1 nm) were synthesized in an aqueous solution. Carbon coating terminated with hydrophilic -OH and -COOH groups imparted excellent biocompatibility and hydrophilicity to the NPs, making them suitable for biomedical applications. The Fe3O4@C NPs exhibited ideal relaxometric properties for T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (i.e., high transverse and negligible longitudinal water proton spin relaxivities), making them exclusively induce only T2 relaxation. Their T2 MRI performance as contrast agents was confirmed in vivo by measuring T2 MR images in mice before and after intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dejun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Abdullah Khamis Ali Al Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hyunsil Cha
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byeong Woo Yang
- Theranocure, Medlifescience Bldg. 1, Chilgok, Bukgu, Taegu 41405, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwon Seok Chae
- Department of Biology Education, Teachers’ College, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.); (D.Z.); (T.T.); (M.Y.A.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (Y.L.)
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3
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Lin L, Chen D, Lu C, Wang X. Fluorescence and colorimetric dual-signal determination of Fe3+ and glutathione with MoSe2@Fe nanozyme. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yogesh Kumar K, Prashanth MK, Parashuram L, Palanivel B, Alharti FA, Jeon BH, Raghu MS. Gadolinium sesquisulfide anchored N-doped reduced graphene oxide for sensitive detection and degradation of carbendazim. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134030. [PMID: 35189195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is having a major role in solving issues associated with food shortages across the globe. Carbendazim (CZM) is one of the fungicides which is commonly used in agriculture to grow crops in large quantities and fast. Monitoring CZM content is in high demand for environmental remediation. The present work deals with the synthesis of gadolinium sesquisulfide anchored Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Gd2S3/NRGO) through a simple microwave-assisted method. X-ray diffraction and morphological studies confirm the formation of the nanocomposite. Gd2S3/NRGO showed enhanced activity both in electrochemical detection and light-driven degradation of CZM compared to Gd2S3 and NRGO. Gd2S3/NRGO modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibit a wide linear range of 0.01-450 μM CZM with 0.009 μM LOD using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Gd2S3/NRGO@GCE showed good selectivity, stability, and recovery (98.13-99.10%) in the river water sample. In addition, Gd2S3/NRGO has been explored towards the visible-light-induced degradation of CZM. The reactions conditions were optimized to achieve maximum efficiency. 94% of CZM was degraded within 90 min in presence of Gd2S3/NRGO. Mechanism of electrochemical redox reaction and degradation of CZM in presence of Gd2S3/NRGO has been explored to the maximum extent possible. Degradation intermediates were identified using LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - M K Prashanth
- Department of Chemistry, BNM Institute of Technology, Banashankari, Bangalore, 560070, India
| | - L Parashuram
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore, 560103, India
| | - Baskaran Palanivel
- Department of Physics, King Engineering College, Sriperumbudur, Kancheepuram, 602117, India
| | - Fahad A Alharti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - M S Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore, 560103, India.
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Devi RK, Ganesan M, Chen TW, Chen SM, Liu X, Ali MA, Almutairi SM, Sethupathi M. Surface engineering of gadolinium oxide nanoseeds with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: an efficient nanocomposite for precise detection of antibiotic drug clioquinol. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot decorated gadolinium oxide nanoseeds as an electrode modifier for the sensitive electrochemical detection of the antibiotic drug clioquinol in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhass Keerthika Devi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, College of Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Muthusankar Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, College of Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - M. Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeedah M. Almutairi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murugan Sethupathi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ahmad MY, Yue H, Tegafaw T, Liu S, Ho SL, Lee GH, Nam SW, Chang Y. Functionalized Lanthanide Oxide Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting, Medical Imaging, and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1890. [PMID: 34834305 PMCID: PMC8624040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in functionalized lanthanide oxide (Ln2O3) nanoparticles for tumor targeting, medical imaging, and therapy is reviewed. Among the medical imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important noninvasive imaging tool for tumor diagnosis due to its high spatial resolution and excellent imaging contrast, especially when contrast agents are used. However, commercially available low-molecular-weight MRI contrast agents exhibit several shortcomings, such as nonspecificity for the tissue of interest and rapid excretion in vivo. Recently, nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents have become a hot research topic in biomedical imaging due to their high performance, easy surface functionalization, and low toxicity. Among them, functionalized Ln2O3 nanoparticles are applicable as MRI contrast agents for tumor-targeting and nontumor-targeting imaging and image-guided tumor therapy. Primarily, Gd2O3 nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as tumor-targeting T1 MRI contrast agents. T2 MRI is also possible due to the appreciable paramagnetic moments of Ln2O3 nanoparticles (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Tb) at room temperature arising from the nonzero orbital motion of 4f electrons. In addition, Ln2O3 nanoparticles are eligible as X-ray computed tomography contrast agents because of their high X-ray attenuation power. Since nanoparticle toxicity is of great concern, recent toxicity studies on Ln2O3 nanoparticles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Korea; (M.Y.A.); (H.Y.); (T.T.); (S.L.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Huan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Korea; (M.Y.A.); (H.Y.); (T.T.); (S.L.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Korea; (M.Y.A.); (H.Y.); (T.T.); (S.L.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Korea; (M.Y.A.); (H.Y.); (T.T.); (S.L.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Son Long Ho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Korea; (M.Y.A.); (H.Y.); (T.T.); (S.L.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Korea; (M.Y.A.); (H.Y.); (T.T.); (S.L.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41405, Korea;
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41405, Korea;
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Fatima A, Ahmad MW, Al Saidi AKA, Choudhury A, Chang Y, Lee GH. Recent Advances in Gadolinium Based Contrast Agents for Bioimaging Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2449. [PMID: 34578765 PMCID: PMC8465722 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) based contrast agents (CAs) (Gd-CAs) represent one of the most advanced developments in the application of Gd for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Current challenges with existing CAs generated an urgent requirement to develop multimodal CAs with good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and prolonged circulation time. This review discussed the Gd-CAs used in bioimaging applications, addressing their advantages and limitations. Future research is required to establish the safety, efficacy and theragnostic capabilities of Gd-CAs. Nevertheless, these Gd-CAs offer extraordinary potential as imaging CAs and promise to benefit bioimaging applications significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiya Fatima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dhofar University, P.O. Box 2509, Salalah 211, Sultanate of Oman;
| | - Md. Wasi Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dhofar University, P.O. Box 2509, Salalah 211, Sultanate of Oman;
| | - Abdullah Khamis Ali Al Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 702-701, Korea;
| | - Arup Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical & Biological Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 702-701, Korea;
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 702-701, Korea;
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An Overview of Gadolinium-Based Oxide and Oxysulfide Particles: Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the publications presenting novel physical and chemical aspects of gadolinium-based oxide (Gd2O3) and oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) particles in the micro- or nano-scale have increased, mainly stimulated by the exciting applications of these materials in the biomedical field. Their optical properties, related to down and upconversion phenomena and the ability to functionalize their surface, make them attractive for developing new probes for selective targeting and emergent bioimaging techniques, either for biomolecule labeling or theranostics. Moreover, recent reports have shown interesting optical behavior of these systems influenced by the synthesis methods, dopant amount and type, particle shape and size, and surface functionality. Hence, this review presents a compilation of the latest works focused on evaluating the optical properties of Gd2O3 and Gd2O2S particles as a function of their physicochemical and morphological properties; and also on their novel applications as MRI contrast agents and drug delivery nanovehicles, discussed along with their administration routes, biodistribution, cytotoxicity, and clearance mechanisms. Perspectives for this field are also identified and discussed.
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Wang F, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang K, Qin S, Guo Q, Zhi J, Shan CX. A nanocomposite of rare earth upconversion nanoparticles and nanodiamonds for dual-mode imaging and drug delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li X, Sun Y, Ma L, Liu G, Wang Z. The Renal Clearable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents: State of the Art and Recent Advances. Molecules 2020; 25:E5072. [PMID: 33139643 PMCID: PMC7662352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancements of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents (MRCAs) are continuously driven by the critical needs for early detection and diagnosis of diseases, especially for cancer, because MRCAs improve diagnostic accuracy significantly. Although hydrophilic gadolinium (III) (Gd3+) complex-based MRCAs have achieved great success in clinical practice, the Gd3+-complexes have several inherent drawbacks including Gd3+ leakage and short blood circulation time, resulting in the potential long-term toxicity and narrow imaging time window, respectively. Nanotechnology offers the possibility for the development of nontoxic MRCAs with an enhanced sensitivity and advanced functionalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided synergistic therapy. Herein, we provide an overview of recent successes in the development of renal clearable MRCAs, especially nanodots (NDs, also known as ultrasmall nanoparticles (NPs)) by unique advantages such as high relaxivity, long blood circulation time, good biosafety, and multiple functionalities. It is hoped that this review can provide relatively comprehensive information on the construction of novel MRCAs with promising clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Yanhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Guifeng Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.)
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Yue H, Park JA, Ho SL, Ahmad MY, Cha H, Liu S, Tegafaw T, Marasini S, Ghazanfari A, Kim S, Chae KS, Chang Y, Lee GH. New Class of Efficient T 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent: Carbon-Coated Paramagnetic Dysprosium Oxide Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100312. [PMID: 33076332 PMCID: PMC7602642 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are considered potential candidates for a new class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Negative MRI contrast agents require high magnetic moments. However, if nanoparticles can exclusively induce transverse water proton spin relaxation with negligible induction of longitudinal water proton spin relaxation, they may provide negative contrast MR images despite having low magnetic moments, thus acting as an efficient T2 MRI contrast agent. In this study, carbon-coated paramagnetic dysprosium oxide (DYO@C) nanoparticles (core = DYO = DyxOy; shell = carbon) were synthesized to explore their potential as an efficient T2 MRI contrast agent at 3.0 T MR field. Since the core DYO nanoparticles have an appreciable (but not high) magnetic moment that arises from fast 4f-electrons of Dy(III) (6H15/2), the DYO@C nanoparticles exhibited an appreciable transverse water proton spin relaxivity (r2) with a negligible longitudinal water proton spin relaxivity (r1). Consequently, they acted as a very efficient T2 MRI contrast agent, as proven from negative contrast enhancements seen in the in vivo T2 MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Ji Ae Park
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01817, Korea;
| | - Son Long Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Hyunsil Cha
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical & Biological Engineering, DNN, School of Medicine, KNU and Hospital, Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Shanti Marasini
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Adibehalsadat Ghazanfari
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical & Biological Engineering, DNN, School of Medicine, KNU and Hospital, Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Kwon Seok Chae
- Department of Biology Education, DNN, Teachers’ College, KNU, Taegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical & Biological Engineering, DNN, School of Medicine, KNU and Hospital, Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.C.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (G.H.L.)
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (DNN), College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu 41566, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.L.H.); (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (G.H.L.)
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